腔镜腹股沟淋巴结清扫术治疗阴茎癌研究新进展

腹股沟淋巴结状态是影响阴茎癌预后重要因素之一。传统腹股沟淋巴结清扫术因较高的并发症发生率,严重影响手术效果和生活质量,现已较少应用。腔镜腹股沟淋巴结清扫术能显著降低手术相关并发症发生率且控瘤效果令人满意,有利于改善患者的预后。本文着重于腹腔镜腹股沟淋巴结清扫术在阴茎癌治疗中的应用、发展、适应证、有效性和并发症进行综述。     

改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术治疗阴茎癌26例报告

目的：探讨改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术在阴茎癌治疗中的作用,为临床治疗阴茎癌提供新的方法。方法：采用改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术治疗阴茎癌患者26例,并对患者的治疗结果进行临床观察。结果：每侧平均浅组清扫出淋巴结13．2枚（10～19枚）,深组清扫出淋巴结2．1枚（1～4枚）。术后早期主要并发症为皮瓣皮缘坏死,2侧轻度,1侧中度,无一例患者发生淋巴瘘及淋巴囊肿。晚期并发症为轻度双下肢水肿,共4例（15．4%）。26例患者平均随访时间为34．2个月（14～86个月）,总体无瘤生存率为80．8％,其中N0为100％（17／17）,N1为80％（4／5）,N2为0（0／4）。结论：改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术具有手术效果好、并发症少的特点,有助于提高患者的治疗效果。     

阴茎癌治疗中的腹股沟淋巴结清扫术

阴茎鳞状细胞癌(penile squamous cell carcinoma,PSCC)是一种罕见的生殖器恶性肿瘤。其主要预后因素仍是淋巴结是否存在转移以及淋巴结转移的程度。多年以来,根治性腹股沟淋巴结切除术虽然一直是区域淋巴结治疗的基石,但其仍与显著的术后并发症和心理障碍相关,且在泌尿肿瘤学界在关于根治性腹股沟淋巴结切除术治疗PSCC的最新进展中存在部分争议。本文旨在讨论目前关于腹股沟淋巴结清扫术在阴茎癌治疗的作用及可能存在的争议。     

阴茎癌改良根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术25例报告

目的：将阴茎癌腹股沟淋巴结清扫手术进行改良,以期降低术后并发症的发生率及其严重程度.方法：2000～2008年对25例阴茎癌患者施行改良根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术.清扫范围包括腹股沟浅组和深组淋巴结,清除区域内Scarper＇s筋膜下脂肪及纤维组织,不切断大隐静脉主干,旋转带精索的睾丸及鞘膜覆盖股管,而不离断和转移缝匠肌.结果：两侧腹股沟区淋巴结共检出432枚,平均17.3枚,病理证实阳性共17例29枚淋巴结,68%的患者淋巴结转移.术后1例患者出现高热、切口感染、皮缘坏死及远期并发症,另有16%的单侧腹股沟区域出现局部并发症,包括皮缘轻度坏死及愈合延迟、阴囊水肿、淋巴漏.无一例出现严重的大片皮肤坏死、股血管损伤、淋巴管瘤、下肢运动障碍等严重的并发症.五年无进展生存率和总生存率分别为72%和76%.结论：改良根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫手术保证根治性清扫范围的同时,减少了手术并发症.     

腹腔镜下腹股沟淋巴结清扫技术新进展

传统开放手术清扫腹股沟淋巴结是治疗阴茎癌伴腹股沟淋巴结转移的标准术式之一,但存在切口感染、伤口愈合慢、皮肤坏死等并发症。随着研究的进步和微创技术的发展,腹腔镜下腹股沟淋巴结清扫术(VEIL)在取得与开放手术相同的清扫效果的同时,减少了一系列术后并发症的发生率,逐步成为腹股沟淋巴结清扫的可选治疗方式之一,本文就VEIL的现状作一综述。     

腹股沟淋巴结清扫术在阴茎癌治疗中的作用

目的:探讨腹股沟淋巴结清扫术在阴茎癌治疗中的作用,为临床治疗阴茎癌提供成功案例.方法:对15例阴茎癌而接受腹股沟淋巴结清扫术的患者进行临床治疗观察.结果:术后病理检查均发现13例有腹股沟淋巴结转移,2例有淋巴结增大,均诊断为鳞状细胞癌.结论:阴茎癌容易并发腹股沟淋巴结转移,建议常规行预防性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术,这有助于提高患者的生存率.     

阴茎癌根治性髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫术的改进

目的:对根治性髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫手术进行改进,以完整清除淋巴结并减少术后并发症。方法:2003~2004年对20例阴茎鳞状细胞癌患者施行根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫,其中5例还施行了髂淋巴结清扫。腹股沟区的清扫范围包括腹股沟浅组和深组淋巴结,采用暴露好的直切口,皮瓣厚度适中,切断大隐静脉且不转移缝匠肌。髂淋巴结清扫采用下腹正中切口,术后采用逐步降低的负压吸引促进引流和皮瓣愈合。结果:两侧腹股沟区淋巴结平均为21个,阳性淋巴结平均为1.6个。术后病理检查证实55%的患者有淋巴结转移,纠正了40%的术前分期。术后有1例出现高热和局部感染,另有27.5%的单侧腹股沟区域出现局部并发症,包括皮缘坏死、愈合延迟、皮下积液和淋巴瘘。无一例出现大面积皮片坏死和股血管损伤。结论:改进的根治性髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫手术保证了清扫范围,减少了手术并发症。     

阴茎癌的髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫

淋巴结清扫手术是治愈阴茎癌的重要手段,同时也有很多的并发症。临床的争论在于如何选择性的施行手术,制定合理的手术范围,减少手术并发症。本文就这些问题作初步探讨。     

阴茎癌腹腔镜下和开放式腹股沟淋巴结清扫术的对比研究

目的 比较阴茎癌腹腔镜下与开放式双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫术的临床效果. 方法 回顾性分析2007年6月至2011年6月收治的23例阴茎癌患者的临床资料,年龄40～75岁,平均57岁.病程7d～9年,平均18.6个月.术前临床分期T1期10例,T2期7例,T3期6例.10例腹股沟淋巴结肿大,其中3例有2枚肿大淋巴结.根据腹股沟淋巴结清扫方式将患者分为腹腔镜手术(laparoscopic surgery,LS)组10例和开放式手术(open surgery,OS)组13例,两组患者的年龄、病程、肿瘤分期和淋巴结肿大情况等比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流管留置时间、平均住院时间、切除淋巴结数量及并发症等情况. 结果 LS组手术时间(103.6±15.2)min、术中出血量(56.5±6.8)ml、术后引流管留置时间(5.8±0.8)d、住院时间(8.5±1.1)d,OS组手术时间(156.8±18.3) min、术中出血量(88.5±9.5)ml、术后引流管留置时间(12.5±1.3)d、住院时间(15.7±1.9)d,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).LS组切除淋巴结数量为(9.5±1.3)枚、OS组为(10.3±1.5)枚;LS组病理阳性淋巴结数量为5处6枚,OS组为5处7枚,两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组均无输血病例,无败血症等严重并发症发生,无死亡病例.随访12～48个月,OS组出现肺转移1例,其余患者无原位复发及转移. 结论 与开放手术比较,阴茎癌腹腔镜下双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫术具有术中出血量少、术后恢复快、住院时间短、并发症少等优点,是一项安全有效的手术.     

腹腔镜改良性腹膜后淋巴清除术治疗临床Ⅰ期睾丸非精原细胞瘤

目的:探讨腹腔镜改良性腹膜后淋巴清除术初步经验,评估其手术可行性和近期临床疗效。方法:2004年10月~2006年7月,对7例临床诊断为Ⅰ期睾丸非精原细胞瘤患者,施行了经腹腔途径腹腔镜改良性腹膜后淋巴清除术,年龄26~36岁,平均年龄为30岁,睾丸肿瘤大小为3.0 cm×2.5 cm×2.0 cm~6.5 cm×4.5 cm×3.0 cm,左侧3例,右侧4例,均通过B超、腹膜后CT、胸片检查,并施行了根治性睾丸切除和病理证实。术后淋巴结阳性患者施行了3个疗程的化疗。结果:7例均获得成功,无1例改开放手术。手术时间为120~210 min,平均160 min,手术失血量50~200 ml,平均150 ml,均未输血。术后1~3 d肛门排气,于1~2 d拔除引流管;术后平均住院时间5.5 d。病理报告6例均无转移性淋巴结,其中1例为1/18淋巴结转移,术后无明显并发症。随访6~32个月,平均14个月,阴茎勃起功能良好,射精功能正常。定期复查血hCG、AFP均阴性,B超复查均未发现腹膜后淋巴结,胸片表现均正常。其中淋巴结阳性1例患者术后接受3个疗程的辅助化疗,随访6个月,无瘤存活。结论:腹腔镜改良性腹膜后淋巴清除术具有损伤小、并发症少、术后恢复快等特点,可以代替传统开放手术。     

Dynamic Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Patients with Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis: A Prospective Study of the Long-Term Outcome of 500 Inguinal Basins Assessed at a Single Institution

Background

Dynamic sentinel node biopsy (DSNB) in combination with ultrasound scan (USS) has been the technique of choice at our centre since 2004 for the assessment of nonpalpable inguinal lymph nodes (cN0) in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (SCCp). Sensitivity and false-negative rates may vary depending on whether results are reported per patient or per node basin, and with or without USS.

Objective

To determine the long-term outcome of patients undergoing DSNB and USS-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in our cohort of newly diagnosed cN0 SCCp patients, as well as to analyse any variation in sensitivity of the procedure.

Design, setting, and participants

A series of consecutive patients with newly diagnosed SCCp, over a 6-yr period (2004–2010), were analysed prospectively with a minimum follow-up period of 21 mo. All patients had definitive histology of ≥T1G2 and nonpalpable nodes in one or both inguinal basins. Patients with persistent or untreated local disease were excluded from the study.

Intervention

All eligible patients had DSNB and USS with or without FNAC of cN0 groins.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

The primary end point was no nodal disease recurrence on follow-up. The secondary end point was complications after DSNB. Sensitivity of the procedure was calculated per node basin, per patient, with DSNB alone, and with USS with DSNB combined.

Results and limitations

Five hundred inguinal basins in 264 patients underwent USS with or without FNAC and DSNB. Seventy-three positive inguinal basins (14.6%) in 59 patients (22.3%) were identified. Four inguinal basins in four patients were confirmed false negative at 5, 8, 12, and 18 mo. Two inguinal basins had positive USS and FNAC and negative DSNB results. Sensitivity of DSNB with USS, with and without FNAC, per inguinal basin was 95% and per patient was 94%. Sensitivity of DSNB alone per inguinal basin and per patient was 92% and 91%, respectively. The DSNB morbidity rate was 7.6%.

Conclusions

DSNB in combination with USS has excellent performance characteristics to stage patients with cN0 SCCp, with a 5% false-negative rate per node basin and a 6% false-negative rate per patient.     

cN0甲状腺乳头状癌行中央区颈淋巴结清扫术的临床研究

目的探讨中央区颈淋巴结清扫术对cN0甲状腺乳头状癌患者的意义。方法对解放军总医院2010年12月至2012年7月期间128例行中央区颈淋巴结清扫术的cN0甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果cN0甲状腺乳头状癌患者中央区颈淋巴结转移率为35．94％（46／128）。年龄〈45岁、原发病灶直径〉1cm、包膜或腺外侵犯的cN0甲状腺乳头状癌患者中央区颈淋巴结转移率均明显高于年龄≥45岁、原发病灶直径≤1cm、无包膜或腺外侵犯者（P〈0．05）。术后22例（17．19％）患者出现暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下,3例（2．34％）患者出现暂时性喉返神经损伤,无永久性喉返神经损伤及永久性甲状旁腺功能低下发生。术后随访14～32个月（平均23．4个月）,2例患者出现颈侧区淋巴结转移。结论中央区颈淋巴结清扫术对cN0甲状腺乳头状癌患者是一种必要、安全且有效的术式,且应由经验丰富的专科医生来实施。     

Prognostic Factors for Occult Inguinal Lymph Node Involvement in Penile Carcinoma and Assessment of the High-Risk EAU Subgroup: A Two-Institution Analysis of 342 Clinically Node-Negative Patients

Background

The European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines advise an elective bilateral lymphadenectomy in clinically node-negative (cN0) patients with high-risk penile carcinoma (≥pT2, G3, or lymphovascular invasion [LVI]).

Objective

Our aim was to assess prognostic factors for occult metastasis and to determine whether current EAU guidelines accurately stratify patients at high risk.

Design, setting, and participants

Data of 342 cN0 patients with histologically proven invasive penile squamous cell carcinoma who had undergone the current dynamic sentinel node biopsy (DSNB) protocol were analysed. A complete ipsilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy was only done if the sentinel node was tumour positive.

Measurements

The presence of occult metastasis was established by preoperative ultrasound and tumour-positive fine-needle aspiration cytology, tumour-positive sentinel nodes, and groin metastases during follow-up after a negative DSNB procedure. Median follow-up was 31 mo.

Results and limitations

Sixty-eight of 342 patients (20%) and 87 of 684 groins (13%) had occult nodal involvement including 6 patients (2%) with a groin metastasis after negative DSNB. Corpus spongiosum invasion, corpus cavernosum invasion, histologic grade, and LVI were each significant prognosticators for occult metastasis on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, grade (odds ratio [OR]: 3.3 for intermediate and 4.9 for poor, respectively) and LVI (OR: 2.2) remained predictive factors. In total, 245 patients (72%) were classified high risk according to EAU guidelines. Among them, the incidence of occult metastasis was 23% (57 of 245). A potential limitation of this study is the lack of external review.

Conclusions

Histologic grade and LVI are independent prognostic factors for occult metastasis in penile carcinoma. Although both predictors are incorporated into the current EAU guidelines, the stratification of patients needing a lymph node dissection is inaccurate. Approximately 77% of high-risk patients (188 of 245) would have had a negative bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy. For the time being, DSNB is considered a more suitable staging method than EAU risk stratification for an accurate determination of patients who require lymph node dissection.     

选择性中央区淋巴结清扫治疗cNO甲状腺乳头状癌的临床价值

目的探讨选择性中央区淋巴结清扫术在临床颈淋巴结阴性（cN0）的甲状腺乳头状癌患者中的治疗价值。方法回顾性分析中国医科大学附属第一医院2007年1月至2011年12月期间收治的326例cN0甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床资料,并对影响中央区淋巴结转移的相关因素进行分析。结果本组326例cN0甲状腺乳头状癌患者的中央区淋巴结转移率为35．89％（117／326）。年龄在〈45岁、肿瘤直径〉1cm及原发灶浸润包膜的cN0甲状腺乳头状癌患者的淋巴结转移率明显高于年龄≥45岁、肿瘤直径≤1cm及原发灶未浸润包膜的oN0甲状腺乳头状癌患者（年龄：46．56％比28．72％,P=0．001;肿瘤直径：44．44％比26．45％,P=0．001;包膜浸润：50．00％比33．09％,P=0．020）。进一步的多因素分析显示,年龄〈45岁和肿瘤直径〉1cm是cN0甲状腺乳头状癌中央区淋巴结转移的独立危险因素（P〈0。05）。术后6例出现暂时性喉返神经损伤,18例并发暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下,4例出现暂时性喉上神经损伤,1例并发急性喉头水肿,无永久性喉神经损伤、甲状旁腺功能低下等并发症发生。术后266例（81．60％）获得随访,随访7～67个月（平均31．2个月）,有3例发生侧颈区淋巴结转移。结论cN0甲状腺乳头状癌行选择性中央区淋巴结清扫术是必要的、安全的处理方式,建议对cN0甲状腺乳头状癌常规行患侧中央区淋巴结清扫术,特别是年龄〈45岁和肿瘤直径〉1cm的cN0甲状腺乳头状癌患者。