急性心肌梗死并发室间隔穿孔患者的临床特征分析

目的 探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）并发室间隔穿孔（VSR）患者的临床特征及冠状动脉病变特点,为早期识别高危患者提供理论依据。方法 入选1995年1月至2010年1月解放军总医院心内科收治的AMI患者2544例,将并发VSR的患者作为VSR组（n＝40）;同时采用单纯随机抽取的方法,在同期住院的其余AMI患者中选出120例患者作为对照组（n＝120）。回顾性地分析两组患者的临床资料及冠状动脉造影特征。结果 VSR组患者中女性所占比例（62.5% vs 36.4%,P＜0.01）和年龄[（66.85±10.92） vs （60.79±12.65）岁,P＜0.01] 均显著高于对照组患者。 VSR组的C?反应蛋白（CRP）、D?二聚体、血肌酐（SCr）、肌钙蛋白T（TnT）均显著高于对照组,而血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞压积（Hct）和红细胞计数（RBC）均显著低于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 女性,高龄,CRP、D?二聚体、SCr、TnT升高,Hb、Hct、RBC降低,可作为AMI并发VSR的高危因素。     

Left ventricular free wall rupture following acute myocardial infarction and cardiac amyloid

A 74-year-old man died of left ventricular free wall rupture 6 days following an acute inferoposterior wall myocardial infarction. His hospital course was complicated by pump failure which proved resistant to inotropic support, diuresis, and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. At necropsy, extensive amyloid deposition was noted. This case constitutes an unusual clinical setting for myocardial rupture because of the severity of systolic left ventricular dysfunction as well as cardiac amyloidosis.     

急性心肌梗死患者合并心脏破裂的分析

目的:观察急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者发生心脏破裂的特点。方法:连续入选2004年1月至2006年2月收入我院心内科监护室(CCU)确诊为AMI患者共1324例,经超声心动图证实心脏破裂18例。结果:前壁梗死509例,下壁梗死528例,非ST段抬高心肌梗死287例。发生心脏破裂18例(1.36%),其中游离壁破裂9例,室间隔穿孔9例。13例发病72h内破裂,5例在发病4～7d破裂。男性8例(8/973,0.82%),女性10例(10/351,2.85%),女性明显高于男性(P=0.005)。发生心脏破裂患者年龄[(72.6±8.2)岁]明显高于无破裂者[(63.3±12.2)岁,P=0.000]。成功再灌注治疗者心脏破裂发生率(5/575,0.87%)明显少于无再灌注者(13/749,1.74%,P=0.041)。所有合并心脏破裂者全部死亡。前壁梗死合并心脏破裂的发生明显多于下壁和非ST段抬高心肌梗死(2.16%,1.32%,0%,P=0.041)。结论:AMI合并心脏破裂的发生率为1.36%,其预后极差。女性、高龄、前壁梗死患者易于发生心脏破裂。成功再灌注治疗减少心脏破裂的发生。     

Primary angioplasty reduces risk of myocardial rupture compared to thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction

Although the mechanical complications of acute ventricular septal defect and acute mitral regurgitation are uncommon after acute myocardial infarction, these complications are associated with an extremely high morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that the administration of thrombolytic drugs may result in hemorrhagic infarction as well as the potential for incomplete revascularization and thus may lead to an increased incidence of mechanical complications compared to primary angioplasty. Accordingly, we reviewed the data of the most contemporary thrombolytic and primary angioplasty trials and compared the incidence of mechanical complications among 36,303 patients treated with thrombolytics reported in the GUSTO trial to the incidence of mechanical complications among 1,295 patients treated with primary angioplasty obtained from the PAMI-1 and PAMI-2 trials. We found that angioplasty resulted in an overall 86% relative risk reduction in mechanical complications (2.20% vs. 0.31%, P < 0.001). In comparison to thrombolytic therapy, angioplasty resulted in an 82% decrease in acute mitral regurgitation (1.73% vs. 0.31%, P < 0.001) and a 100% decrease in acute ventricular septal defect (0.47% vs. 0.00%, P < 0.03). In conclusion, in patients with acute myocardial infarction, reperfusion with primary angioplasty is associated with less myocardial rupture and mechanical complications than thrombolytics. This finding may, in part, explain the improved prognosis observed in myocardial infarction patients treated with primary angioplasty. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 42:151–157, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者发生心室游离壁破裂的危险因素分析

目的：分析急性ST段抬高心肌梗死（STEMI）患者发生心室游离壁破裂（FWR）的危险因素。方法回顾性分析武汉亚洲心脏病医院心内科2005年1月至2010年7月间确诊为STEMI患者（1247例）的临床资料,其中发生FWR的患者29例。将患者分为静脉溶栓组、直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PPCI）组和未再灌注治疗组。结果 FWR总体发生率为2.3%,其中静脉溶栓治疗患者128例（10.2%）,发生FWR 6例（4.7%）;接受PPCI患者623例（50.0%）,发生FWR 2例（0.3%）;未再灌注治疗患者496例（39.8%）,发生FWR 21例（4.2%）。FWR组与非FWR组间临床特点比较,高龄（70.2±9.09岁比63.2±11.23岁,P=0.042）、合并高血压病史（62.1%比33.0%,P=0.013）、糖尿病病史（55.2%比23.5%,P=0.022）、合并心力衰竭（Killip分级≥Ⅱ级）（58.6%比21.9%,P=0.012）,既往无陈旧性心肌梗死患者（10.3%比18.4%,P=0.018）等项的差异均有统计学意义;经多因素Logistic逐步回归分析显示年龄（≥70岁）、心功能（Killip≥Ⅱ）、静脉溶栓治疗、高敏C反应蛋白（hsCRP）＞100 mg/L与心肌梗死后发生FWR相关。结论高龄、心力衰竭、静脉溶栓治疗以及hsCRP＞100 mg/L是预测FWR发生的独立危险因素。     

及时再灌注对急性心肌梗塞近期预后的影响

根据溶栓治疗后梗塞相关冠状动脉获开通的时间不同，将５９例急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）病人分为＜６小时组和＞６小时组，又根据溶栓后冠状动脉造影显示的冠状动脉通畅的程度不同，分为通畅组、基本通畅组和未通组，观察梗塞相关血管开通的不同时间和不同程度对心肌梗塞近期预后的影响。结果发现，６小时内开通者可明显降低心肌梗塞面积，改善梗塞后左室功能以及减少并发症的发生，＞６小时开通组与未通组相比，也有一定程度缩小梗塞面积和减少并发症的作用；基本通畅组近期心律失常、心绞痛以及再梗塞率高于通畅组和未通组，但基本通畅组和通畅组心肌梗塞缩小面积差异无显著性。提示ＡＭＩ后梗塞相关血管及时有效再灌注有利于改善心肌梗塞的近期预后。     

Anterior wall myocardial infarction in real world: Does reperfusion strategy make any differences?

Some prospective randomized trials have established the superiority of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) over fibrinolytic treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). These excellent PCI results are not duplicated in smaller hospitals where there may be delays in getting the cardiac catheterization team to the laboratory. This study aimed to compare the outcome of patients with anterior wall MI, without cardiogenic shock on admission, treated with primary PCI or thrombolytic therapy, in everyday practice. The data of all patients with MI hospitalized in all coronary care units operating in Israel during three consecutive national surveys was analyzed. A total of 1,038 patients with anterior wall MI were treated by reperfusion (886 received thrombolytic therapy, 152 primary PCI). Overall, the outcome of patients treated using primary PCI was better compared to patients treated with thrombolysis, with 68% relative risk reduction of 30-day mortality (mortality at 30 days: 2% vs. 6.3%; P = 0.04). A subanalysis of patients according to age showed that the beneficial effect of primary PCI on mortality was mainly clustered among the younger. In our study, patients (especially younger than 75 years) with anterior wall MI allocated to primary PCI have a better clinical outcome.     

Angiographic assessment of prospectively determined non-invasive reperfusion indices in acute myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVE—To investigate the value of non-invasive reperfusion indices in acute myocardial infarction, avoiding the possible need for acute coronary angiography and subsequent angioplasty.
DESIGN—In a prospective angiographic study, seven potential ECG or clinical markers of reperfusion were analysed in 230 patients with acute myocardial infarction. In all patients two 12 lead ECGs were used: the ECG on admission and the ECG immediately before coronary angiography. Non-invasive markers of reperfusion determined just before coronary angiography were prospectively correlated to thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow. Data analysis correlated these non-invasive indices with coronary flow (analysis A: TIMI 2-3 v TIMI 0-1 flow; analysis B: TIMI 3 v TIMI 0-2 flow).
RESULTS—A sudden decrease in chest pain was the most common sign of reperfusion (36%), followed by reduction in ST segment elevation by  50% (30%), and the development of a terminal negative T wave (20%) in the lead with the highest ST segment elevation. Reduction in ST segment elevation by  50% and the appearance of an accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR) had the highest positive predictive value for reperfusion. For analyses A and B, the positive predictive values were 85% and 66% for resolution of ST segment elevation, and 94% and 59% for AIVR, respectively. The presence of three or more non-invasive markers of reperfusion predicted TIMI 3 flow accurately in 80% of cases.
CONCLUSIONS—The prospective use of non-invasive indices of reperfusion is simple, practical, and can be of value in assessing coronary patency in patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction. Using these indices, discrimination between TIMI 0-1 and TIMI 2-3 flow can be made with good accuracy. However, TIMI 3 flow cannot be determined reliably. The use of such non-invasive indices depends on the goal of reperfusion.


Keywords: reperfusion indices; acute myocardial infarction     

急性心肌梗死后左心室游离壁破裂患者临床特点分析

目的探讨急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)后发生左心室游离壁破裂(free wall rupture,FWR)患者的临床特点及危险因素。方法入选2010年12月至2018年12月南京医科大学附属南京医院明确诊断为AMI的患者4221例,其中发生FWR的患者81例(FWR组),按照1:5匹配原则,随机选取未发生心脏破裂(且未发生室间隔穿孔)的患者405例作为非FWR组,比较两组患者临床基线资料及预后。结果(1)AMI患者中出现FWR的风险为1.9%。(2)与非FWR组相比,FWR组患者年龄偏大,前壁心肌梗死较多,心功能更差,接受手术治疗(包括经皮支架植入和冠状动脉旁路移植术)的患者比例偏低,且所有患者均出现院内死亡。(3)91.4%的患者FWR发生在AMI起病1周之内,其中24 h内发生FWR 37例(45.7%)。(4)COX回归分析发现,年龄(HR=1.055,95%CI:1.032~1.078,P<0.001)、急性前壁心肌梗死(HR=1.907,95%CI:1.211~3.002,P=0.005)和手术治疗(HR=0.126,95%CI:0.072~0.220,P<0.001)是AMI患者出现FWR的独立预测因子。结论AMI患者发生FWR的风险约为1.9%,而且通常发生在心肌梗死1周内,高龄和急性前壁心肌梗死患者容易发生FWR,而手术治疗能明显降低FWR风险。     

Prediction of rupture in acute myocardial infarction

In two patient series including 809 and 327 patients, respectively, with acute myocardial infarction we have compared those who died in myocardial rupture (verified at autopsy, Group A) with those who died without rupture (autopsied, Group B), and those who survived hospitalization (Group C) with regard to previous history and clinical course in hospital. Rupture among autopsied patients was observed in 45% and 40% of the cases in the respective studies. Previous infarction was observed in each study as 0% and 0% in Group A compared with 25% and 31% in Group B, and 20% and 34% in Group C. Previous angina pectoris was observed in 26% and 22% in Group A compared with 50% and 54% in Group B and 52% and 54% in Group C. Maximum serum enzyme activity in Group A did not differ from Group B, but was higher than in Group C (p less than 0.001). Group A patients tended to have a higher initial pain score and a higher requirement of analgesics compared with other groups, whereas initial heart rate or systolic blood pressure did not differ in these patients compared to others. We thus conclude that patients with myocardial rupture have a very low occurrence of previous myocardial infarction and angina pectoris, and that their pain course appears to be particularly severe in the acute phase.     

急性心肌梗死再灌注损伤临床表现及分析

目的对急性心肌梗死再灌注后出现的特殊临床表现进行分析。方法50例急性心肌梗死患者经静脉溶栓后行冠状动脉造影显示TIMI血流3级。结果再灌注后48例胸痛迅速缓解,2例患者在再灌注后胸痛突然加重;44例患者出现心律失常;40例出现一过性低血压;8例出现一过性ST段抬高。结论冠脉血管再通后绝大部分患者胸痛迅速缓解,且有心律失常发生,一部分患者可出现一过性胸痛加重;一过性低血压也比较常见,可能与多种因素有关;ST段反常性抬高可能是心肌再灌注的指标;溶栓后应进行持续心电和血压监测。     

Percutaneous reperfusion of left main coronary disease complicated by acute myocardial infarction.

Previous studies have shown a benefit of a strategy of direct angioplasty and stenting in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by early cardiogenic shock. However, few data exist for the subset of patients with left main trunk disease complicated by AMI and cardiogenic shock. We performed an analysis of patients with AMI who underwent mechanical intervention between January 1995 and December 2000. Out of 1,433 patients with ST segment elevation AMI treated with primary coronary angioplasty (PTCA), 22 patients (1.5%) had left main disease (LMD) as the culprit lesion. Baseline characteristics were age, 66 +/- 11 years; female gender, 9%; diabetes, 14%; previous myocardial infarction, 14%; mean systolic blood pressure, 77 +/- 24 mm Hg; time to treatment, 4.8 +/- 2.2 hr; TIMI 0-1, 77%; collateral flow (Rentrop grade >or= 2) 9%. The primary success rate was 91%. Primary stenting was performed in 17 patients (77%). The in-hospital mortality rate was 50%. All deaths were due to refractory shock. The 6-month survival rate was 41% +/- 1%, while the event-free survival rate was 27% +/- 10%. At 6-month follow-up, the mortality rate increased to 59%; the target vessel revascularization rate was 14%. A percutaneous mechanical intervention strategy in patients with left main disease complicated by AMI is feasible and effective, and patients discharged alive have a good mid-term prognosis.     

急诊PCI术中再灌注心律失常的研究

目的探讨急性心肌梗死患者急诊行经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)中再灌注心律失常(RA)的临床特点。方法回顾性分析125例急性心肌梗死且急诊行PCI术治疗患者的临床资料。观察分析再灌注心律失常与梗死相关动脉(IRA)开通所需时间、IRA是否完全闭塞及梗死面积大小的之间的关系。结果 125例患者中85例发生RA(68%)。梗死6h内开通冠状动脉者再灌注心律失常发生率明显高于6～12h开通者(p<0.05)。完全闭塞组RA发生率总体发生率均显著高于次全闭塞组RA发生率(p<0.05)。广泛前壁心肌梗死与局限性心肌梗死RA的发生率无统计学差异(p>0.05)。结论 AMI患者直接PCI后RA发病率及严重程度与IRA病变程度、发病至开通IRA时间明确相关,与梗死面积无关。     

The role of magnesium therapy in acute myocardial infarction

Magnesium possesses numerous salutary effects for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It is a coronary vasodilator, calcium antagonist, afterload reducer, antiarrhythmic, and antiplatelet drug that modulates autonom-ic function and limits reperfusion injury when administered early in infarction. Various clinical trials of magnesium therapy for AMI have proffered conflicting results as to the efficacy of magnesium therapy because of significant differences in the timing of magnesium administration. Additional clinical trials that focus on early administration of magnesium are warranted to delineate the role of magnesium therapy for AMI.     

Early diagnosis of subacute free wall rupture complicating acute myocardial infarction

Of 2608 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction,24 developed subacute free wall rupture (=0.92%; 95% C.I.=0.6–1.4).Clinical manifestations varied widely (shock on admission: 25%of cases; severe arrhythmias followed by shock: 17%; shock duringhospital stay: 42%; symptoms suggestive of infarct extensionwithout shock: 17%). The electrocardiograms were confusing ratherthan revealing: 56% of patients showed new ST segment elevationsof 0.2 to 1 mV in the infarct-related leads, while autopsy orcreatinine phosphokinase evidence of infarct extension was missing.In the first 21 cases, therefore, no definitive diagnosis wasmade before autopsy. Using 197 infarct patients in cardiogenic shock or with infarctextension during the acute stage, i.e. a patient group withcomparable clinical manifestations, as control group, a logisticregression model was generated in which the variables age, lateralwall involvement and history of hypertension were used for estimatingthe probability of subacute rupture. In fact, probability mayrise to more than 40% in major subgroups. As death occurred after a median interval of 8 h (45 min–6.5weeks) following the onset of rupture symptoms, echo-cardiographymust be performed urgently in all cases presenting symptomsof shock or infarct extension. Pretest probability which canbe roughly estimated from our model as well as sensitivity andspecifity of individual echocardiographic or clinical parametersare indispensable for correct therapeutic decisions. The routineapplication of this algorithm in our department contributedto a timely diagnosis in the last three consecutive cases ofwhom one patient survived.     

Dissecting intramyocardial hematoma masquerading as a pseudoaneurysm of left ventricular free wall: an unusual case of myocardial rupture.

This report presents a case of left ventricular intramyocardial dissection masquerading as a ventricular pseudoaneurysm. Only serial echocardiograms could lead to the correct diagnosis, and left ventricular angiography could appropriately direct further testing and treatment.     

Rapid myoglobin analysis to assess coronary artery reperfusion after acute myocardial infarction

Background: Coronary artery reperfusion significantly improves outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction. A noninvasive method for assessing reperfusion in the early stage of infarction should be helpful in patient management. Hypothesis:We sought to assess whether release pattern of myoglobin is helpful in identifying patients with and without reperfusion following thrombolytic therapy for myocardial infarction. Methods: Myoglobin was measured before thrombolysis, half hourly for 4 h, then every 2 h for 10 h. Myoglobin was analyzed using a ward-based “rapid” and automated analyzer that yielded quantitative results within 10 min of blood collection. Results: In the 15 patients with coronary reperfusion, the time from thrombolysis to peak myoglobin levels (mean ± SD, 2.4 ± 1.5 h) was significantly lower than in nonreperfused patients (5.1 ± 2.9, p < 0.01). As an indicator for reperfusion, a doubling of myoglobin 1 h after streptokinase achieved a sensitivity of 80%, a specificity of 80%, and a predictive accuracy of 80%. Conclusions: The difference in myoglobin release kinetics is useful in identifying patients without coronary reperfusion and should aid in their management.     

Direct visualization of left ventricular free wall rupture by levocardiography.

Two cases of left ventricular free wall rupture and one case of combined left ventricular free wall and ventricular septal rupture are described where ventriculography played a key role in diagnosis. In all three cases of patients with acute myocardial infarction, identification and localization of the defect was made by angiography. This report illustrates the safety and feasibility of ventriculography in patients with suspected cardiac rupture.     

Left ventricular free wall rupture during coronary intervention after acute myocardial infarction: Report of two cases exhibiting fatal pseudocomplications

Two cases of left ventricular free wall rupture occurring in temporal relation to interventional coronary procedures are presented as autopsy-verified pseudocomplications. The possible impact of pseudocomplications on operator-specific registry data and credentialing is briefly discussed. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 47:67–72, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

急性心肌梗死并发心脏破裂危险因素分析

目的分析急性心肌梗死(AMI)并发心脏破裂的临床特点、危险因素及预后,并探讨临床防治措施。方法回顾性收集AMI患者1561例,其中发生心脏破裂患者21例为心脏破裂组,随机选取未发生心脏破裂的AMI患者105例为对照组,采集2组患者临床资料及治疗方案,分析AMI并发心脏破裂的危险因素。结果与对照组比较,心脏破裂组年龄、入院心率、女性、肌钙蛋白、N末端B型钠尿肽前体、尿素明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),急诊PCI、血红蛋白、红细胞计数、使用β受体阻滞剂及血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)/血管紧张素受体阻滞剂(ARB)比例明显降低,差异有统计学意义[42.86%vs 72.38%,P=0.011;(119.33±19.37)g/L vs (139.29±17.65)g/L,P=0.001;(4.13±0.62)×10^12/L vs (4.60±0.69)×10^12/L,P=0.010;47.62%vs 73.33%,P=0.020;23.81%vs 52.38%,P=0.017]。结论女性、高龄、再灌注时间延迟、入院心率快、高NT-ProBNP、高肌钙蛋白、低血红蛋白、低红细胞计数是AMI患者心脏破裂的危险因素,早期的再灌注治疗、ACEI/ARB、β受体阻滞剂的使用是预防AMI后发生心脏破裂的重要措施。