足底内侧皮瓣在足底恶性黑色素瘤治疗中的应用

1991～ 1998年 ,我院共收治足底恶性黑色素瘤患者 2 0例 ,其中 12例应用带血管神经束的岛状足底内侧皮瓣 ,顺行或逆行转移修复足底负重区软组织缺损 ,取得了满意的临床效果 ,较好地恢复了足的功能。1　临床资料1.1　一般资料本组共 12例 ,男 8例 ,女 4例 ;年龄最大 6 5岁 ,最小 36岁 ,平均年龄 5 2岁。肿瘤发生的部位 :足跟部 9例 ,足底前区内侧2例 ,足底前区外侧 1例。肿瘤最大直径 4 8ｃｍ ,最小 2ｃｍ ,平均直径 3 2ｃｍ。肿瘤切除后足底软组织缺损最大为 9ｃｍ× 8ｃｍ ,最小为 4ｃｍ× 4ｃｍ。1.2　手术方法其中 9例行足底内侧皮瓣顺行…     

各种皮瓣在足底负重区恶性黑色素瘤术后缺损修复中的应用

目的：探讨足底内侧皮瓣、局部逆行岛状皮辫、外踝上穿支皮瓣、内踝上穿支皮瓣和游离股前外侧皮瓣修复足底负重区恶性黑色素瘤广泛切除术后缺损的优缺点。方法：浙江省肿瘤医院骨和软组织肿瘤外科2010-01-13-2013-12～25收治的23例足底负重区皮肤恶性黑色素瘤患者,进行原发灶广泛切除后分别采用足底内侧皮瓣、局部逆行岛状皮瓣、外踝上穿支皮瓣、内踝上穿支皮瓣及游离股前外侧皮瓣进行修复,对其临床资料和随访结果进行分析。结果：术后缺损面积为4cm×4cm～11cm×9cm,切取皮瓣面积5cmX5cm～12cm×10cm。14倒足底内侧皮瓣全部成活,其中皮瓣最大切取面积为7cm×7cm。1例局部逆行岛状皮瓣出现小部分坏死,二期愈合,4例外踝上及内踝上穿支皮瓣全部成活,其中皮瓣最大切取面积为12cm×10cm。4例游离股前外侧皮瓣中,3例成活,1例皮瓣出现远端部分浅表性坏死,经换药后愈合。所有患者无继发性渍疡出现,患足均可无痛行走。2例行足底内侧皮瓣修复术后出现局部复发。结论：各种皮瓣修复足底黑色素瘤术后缺损均可获得较好疗效,对较小足根部的缺损（直径〈8cm）首选足底内侧皮瓣,较大的缺损可采用内外踝上穿支皮瓣,有显微外科条件的可考虑游离股前外侧皮瓣修复局部皮瓣不能覆盖的缺损。     

足底内侧皮瓣与腓肠神经逆行筋膜皮瓣修复足跟部黑色素瘤切除后的皮肤缺损

目的研究采用足底内侧皮瓣和腓肠神经逆行筋膜皮瓣修复足跟部黑色素瘤切除后皮肤缺损的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2008年9月至2018年12月间北京大学肿瘤医院收治的足跟恶性黑色素瘤的临床资料,在原发灶局部广泛切除后分别采用足底内侧皮瓣(A组)或腓肠神经逆行筋膜皮瓣(B组)进行修复。统计分析患者的生存情况,同时比较两种皮瓣在修复范围、坏死率、感觉恢复及溃疡率等方面的差异。结果共87例。A组25例,平均缺损长径为(61±14)cm,其中1例(40％)发生皮瓣坏死;B组62例,平均缺损长径为(75±24)cm,其中5例(81％)发生皮瓣坏死。A组的皮瓣感觉恢复要明显优于B组(P<0001);A组无皮瓣发生溃疡,B组16例(258％)发生溃疡,两组间差异有统计学意义(P=0004)。总体中位无病生存时间为665个月(551～780个月);中位总生存时间为809个月(693～925个月)。AJCC分期是影响无病生存时间(P<0001)和总生存时间(P=0006)的唯一因素。结论早中期足跟部恶性黑素瘤的预后较好,应尽量采用局部带蒂皮瓣进行修复。足底内侧皮瓣术后的外形美观,感觉恢复更好,发生远期溃疡的风险低,是首选的修复方法;腓肠神经逆行筋膜皮瓣则更适合于缺损范围较大或偏足跟外侧的病灶。     

足底内侧皮瓣修复足跟部皮肤恶性黑色素瘤术后缺损23例

[目的]分析足跟部皮肤恶性黑色素瘤切除术后应用足底内侧皮瓣修复的临床疗效及优势。[方法]足跟部恶性黑色素瘤均明确诊断，根据肿瘤厚度扩大切除切缘1～1．3cm，治疗组23例应用带神经血管蒂足底内侧皮瓣移位修复足跟部缺损，随机抽取同期45例采用游离皮片移植修复者作对照组，对比分析临床效果。[结果]全组术后随访6～72个月，平均随访48．6个月，两组局部复发率、生存率相仿，治疗组足底内侧皮瓣除1例坏死外，其余22例全部成活，且皮瓣均感觉灵敏，能正常穿鞋、行走，足跟外形满意，足及足趾活动良好，无溃疡发生，与对照组相比足跟部形态、功能修复具有显著优势。[结论]在足跟部皮肤恶性黑色素瘤治疗中应用足底内侧皮瓣修复足跟部创面是可行的、有效的、理想的方法。临床效果良好。     

足底内侧皮瓣与腓肠神经逆行筋膜皮瓣修复足跟部黑色素瘤切除后的皮肤缺损

目的研究采用足底内侧皮瓣和腓肠神经逆行筋膜皮瓣修复足跟部黑色素瘤切除后皮肤缺损的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2008年9月至2018年12月间北京大学肿瘤医院收治的足跟恶性黑色素瘤的临床资料,在原发灶局部广泛切除后分别采用足底内侧皮瓣(A组)或腓肠神经逆行筋膜皮瓣(B组)进行修复。统计分析患者的生存情况,同时比较两种皮瓣在修复范围、坏死率、感觉恢复及溃疡率等方面的差异。结果共87例。A组25例,平均缺损长径为(6.1±1.4)cm,其中1例(4.0%)发生皮瓣坏死;B组62例,平均缺损长径为(7.5±2.4)cm,其中5例(8.1%)发生皮瓣坏死。A组的皮瓣感觉恢复要明显优于B组(P0.001);A组无皮瓣发生溃疡,B组16例(25.8%)发生溃疡,两组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.004)。总体中位无病生存时间为66.5个月(55.1～78.0个月);中位总生存时间为80.9个月(69.3～92.5个月)。AJCC分期是影响无病生存时间(P0.001)和总生存时间(P=0.006)的唯一因素。结论早中期足跟部恶性黑素瘤的预后较好,应尽量采用局部带蒂皮瓣进行修复。足底内侧皮瓣术后的外形美观,感觉恢复更好,发生远期溃疡的风险低,是首选的修复方法;腓肠神经逆行筋膜皮瓣则更适合于缺损范围较大或偏足跟外侧的病灶。     

带神经血管蒂岛状皮瓣在足部低恶性肿瘤切除术中的应用

足部浅表低恶性肿瘤行局部广泛切除术后,往往造成严重的组织缺损,由于足部有行走和负重的特殊要求。修复常较为困难。作者应用邻近带神经血管蒂岛状皮瓣修复三例足跟和内踝旁组织缺损,效果满意,报告如下。例1,男,二十九岁,右内踝前下方复发性隆突性皮纤维肉瘤,病灶范围2×3cm,切除后皮肤缺损面积9×6cm,深达骨膜面,设计等大的足背岛状皮瓣,蒂部包括足背动、静脉、胫深神经及腓浅神经中间皮。旋转150°覆盖创面。供区用中厚     

胫后血管逆行皮瓣修复足部肿瘤性软组织缺损

目的探讨足部软组织肿瘤扩大切除术后出现缺损的修复方法.方法自1989年10月～2001年10月,应用胫后血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复15例足部软组织肿瘤扩大切除术后的缺损.结果15例患者随访12～84个月,平均38个月.胫后血管逆性岛状皮瓣完全成活,并且无局部复发.结论小腿内侧胫后血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复足部肿瘤性软组织缺损是理想的选择.具有就近取材、皮肤色泽结构相似,操作简单的特点.     

股深动脉穿支供血的横半月形股薄肌肌皮瓣的解剖研究及在乳房再造中的应用

目的为股深动脉穿支供血的横半月形股薄肌肌皮瓣在乳房再造中的应用提供解剖学依据,并探讨将其做成穿支皮瓣的可能性及大隐静脉属支在该皮瓣的分布规律。方法在4例8侧灌注红色乳胶的成人尸体下肢标本上对股薄肌上股深动脉穿支的出现率及其在股薄肌内的走行、血管外径、血管蒂长度以及伴随静脉和神经情况等进行解剖学观测。结果股深动脉股薄肌支在股薄肌肌皮瓣中的出现率为100%,其中75%来自于股深动脉,25%来自于旋股内侧动脉。穿支入肌点距股薄肌起点为(13.21±1.03)cm,入肌处动脉外径(1.35±0.30)mm,沿途发出2~3只皮支,血管蒂动脉起点外径(2.77±0.54)mm,蒂长为(74.14±9.42)mm。伴随静脉终点外径(2.83±0.63)mm,大隐静脉属支在皮瓣范围内出现率87.5%,除1例无大隐静脉属支分布外,其余7例标本均有1支属支,外径为(2.60±0.64)mm。闭孔神经外径(1.85±0.53)mm。结论①股深动脉穿支在股薄肌中上1/3处出现率高,分布具有规律性,可以作为乳房再造的可靠供区;②皮瓣范围内存在较为恒定的大隐静脉的属支,可以作为皮瓣的第二套静脉系统予以保留以获得更好的静脉回流;③存在将横半月形股薄肌肌皮瓣做成穿支皮瓣的可能,在适合的病例中可以考虑减少肌肉的携带量以减少供区损伤;④股深动脉穿支供血的横半月形股薄肌肌皮瓣经标本手术模拟,证明切实可行;⑤供区关闭后切口瘢痕隐蔽,患者更易于接受;⑥根据胸部乳腺切除后缺损大小设计皮瓣,皮瓣宽度以供区能直接拉拢关闭为准,不仅可用于整个乳房的再造,而且适合于保乳术后乳房局部缺损的修复,对于双侧缺损的患者可以提供双侧皮瓣作为供区。     

岛状肌皮瓣在软组织恶性肿瘤术后修复中的应用

目的 彻底切除软组织的恶性肿瘤。方法 应用胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣,背阔肌皮瓣腹内外皮瓣,臀大肌皮瓣,足外侧皮瓣,切除肿瘤后大面积组织缺损的修复,结果 20例中18例成功,2例失败。其中1例皮瓣坏死,但肌蒂成活。结论 周身各部位的恶性肿瘤大面积切除后组织缺损,该皮瓣修复解决了组织缺损及修复问题。     

超长下斜方肌肌皮瓣在头部肿瘤术中的应用

应用超长下外方肌肌皮瓣修复头部肿瘤术后缺损３例，效果满意。颈横动脉发出后于肩胛上角外上方１．５ｃｍ处分为深、浅两支，浅降支即为该皮瓣的轴型血管，此点即为皮瓣的旋转轴心。皮的远端可超出斜方肌范围，达肩胛下角下方１７ｃｍ，属任意筋膜皮瓣，皮瓣面积最大达３６ｃｍ×１２ｃｍ，肌肉血管蒂长１６ｃｍ，基本满足颅顶及上颌面部肿瘤切除后修复的需要。皮瓣供区隐蔽，对肩部功能无影响；采用逆行法切取皮瓣，操作简单，不易损伤血管蒂；病人取头低后侧卧位，术中不需要变换体位。     

Repairing Facial Soft Tissue Defects by Swelling Anesthesia after Tumor Resection with Narrow Pedicle Flaps

Aims: To investigate the role of swelling anesthesia in repairing facial soft tissue defects after tumor resectionand temporal superficial artery frontal branch of narrow pedicle flap. Materials and Methods: From January2008 to June 2008, 16 patients from Department of Ophthalmology with eye or eyelid tumors after eyeballremoval of eye and part resection of surrounding soft tissue, undergoing postoperative swelling anesthesiawith superficial temporal artery flap repair to prevent facial soft tissue defect formation and bone exposure,were recruited. Results: In all 16 patients facial soft tissue defect repair had good effects, with limited bleeding,and short operation times. Seven days after surgery, all flaps were in good repair. On postoperative follow-upafter 3 months, flaps showed a similar appearance as with facial tissue. Conclusions: Swelling anesthesia forsuperficial temporoparietal artery frontal branch of narrow pedicle flap to repair soft tissue defect after facialtumor resection is feasible, and is linked with good analgesic effects, high postoperative survival of skin flaps,and good cosmetic effects.     

Breast reconstruction using perforator flaps

BACKGROUND: Perforator flaps allow the transfer of the patient's own skin and fat in a reliable manner with minimal donor-site morbidity. The deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEP) and superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flaps transfer the same tissue from the abdomen to the chest for breast reconstruction as the TRAM flap without sacrificing the rectus muscle or fascia. Gluteal artery perforator (GAP) flaps allow transfer of tissue from the buttock, also with minimal donor-site morbidity. INDICATIONS: Most women requiring tissue transfer to the chest for breast reconstruction or other reasons are candidates for perforator flaps. Absolute contraindications to perforator flap breast reconstruction include history of previous liposuction of the donor site or active smoking (within 1 month prior to surgery). ANATOMY AND TECHNIQUE: The DIEP flap is supplied by intramuscular perforators from the deep inferior epigastric artery and vein. The SIEA flap is based on the SIEA and vein, which arise from the common femoral artery and saphenous bulb. GAP flaps are based on perforators from either the superior or inferior gluteal artery. During flap harvest, these perforators are meticulously dissected free from the surrounding muscle which is spread in the direction of the muscle fibers and preserved intact. The pedicle is anastomosed to recipient vessels in the chest and the donor site is closed without the use of mesh or other materials. CONCLUSIONS: Perforator flaps allow the safe and reliable transfer of abdominal tissue for breast reconstruction.     

Sternocleidomastoid island flap preserving the branch from superior thyroid artery for the reconstruction following resection of oral cancer

Introduction

Sternocleidomastoid muscle has been described as a myocutaneous skin island flap where a skin paddle is taken over the lower aspect of the muscle for reconstruction of defect following resection of oral cavity cancer; however, its routine use is not recommended because of number of disadvantages including loss of flap. It is a superior pedicle based flap on the branch of occipital artery and lower arterial pedicle is sacrificed to gain the full length of the muscle. The oral part of the skin undergoes total or partial necrosis in many of the cases as this skin paddle receives its blood supply from a segment which is very far from the superior arterial pedicle.

Patients and methods

We describe a technique in which we preserve the branch from superior thyroid artery to the lower half of the muscle while raising the flap which leads to augmentation of the blood supply of the flap and reduces the incidence of necrosis and superficial sloughing. A total of 32 cases underwent reconstruction with this flap.

Results

The flap was used for floor of mouth defects in 8, tongue in 7, buccal mucosa in 8, base of tongue defects in 5 and lateral pharyngeal wall in two cases. Total flap loss occurred in 2, and loss of skin paddle in 5. Partial skin loss was seen in 3 cases. None of these 10 cases required secondary reconstruction as the mucosal defects healed by itself on prolonged nasogastric feeding and antibiotic cover. The final cosmesis was good.

Conclusions

Preserving the branch of superior thyroid artery supplements supply of blood and increases the viability of the flap. This flap may be a good option in select cases of oral cancer.     

颏下岛状皮瓣修复面部皮肤癌术后缺损

目的探讨颏下岛状皮瓣修复面部皮肤癌术后缺损的临床效果。方法 2009年1月至2012年12月,收治面部皮肤癌患者13例,肿瘤扩大切除后面部遗留缺损范围为5.0 cm×4.5 cm~12.0 cm×10.0 cm,以颏下动静脉为血管蒂,制成颏下岛状皮瓣,最大面积为13.0 cm×9.0 cm,最小面积为5.5 cm×5.0cm,修复肿瘤扩大切除的面部大范围缺损。结果 12例皮瓣一期愈合,有1例皮瓣局部裂开,延期愈合。随访12~18个月,所有患者均无肿瘤复发,皮瓣全部成活,供区瘢痕不明显,受区外观及功能良好。结论颏下岛状皮瓣具有血供稳定充足,可供面积大,弹性及颜色与面部组织接近,成活率高等优点,是修复面部皮肤癌术后大范围缺损的理想选择。     

筋膜皮瓣修复四肢关节周围肿瘤术后巨大创面的应用研究

目的分析筋膜皮瓣在四肢关节周围软组织肿瘤切除术后巨大皮肤缺损重建术中的可行性及相关并发症。方法2007年1月至2012年1月,共39例因腕、肘、髋、膝及踝等关节周围软组织恶性肿瘤在我院行病灶广泛切除及邻近部位的筋膜皮瓣转移覆盖创面术。其中男21例,女18例。患者平均年龄45．72（14～731岁。初诊10例,术后6个月内原发灶再次行扩大切除14例,术后复发15例。研究内容包括：肿瘤切除后皮肤缺损大小、筋膜皮瓣种类、术后伤口及皮瓣愈合情况、患肢外观及功能、肿瘤复发率等。结果切除肿瘤部位包括腕关节5例,肘关节3例,髋关节8例,膝关节6例,踝关节17例。采用的皮瓣包括桡动脉腕上支筋膜皮瓣5例、上臂外侧筋膜皮瓣3例、腹股沟筋膜皮瓣3例、阔筋膜张肌筋膜皮瓣3例、大腿后侧筋膜皮瓣2例、小腿后侧筋膜皮瓣6例及腓肠神经逆行筋膜皮瓣17例。所有筋膜皮瓣均可完整覆盖创面,而且血运良好。除2例发生皮缘少许坏死及1例浅表感染外,其余皮瓣均正常存活。皮瓣外观均可被患者接受,术后患肢关节活动度正常,MSTS及TESS功能评分优良。本组病例未发生大面积的皮瓣坏死及术后皮瓣严重挛缩等并发症。初诊与扩大切除及复发病例在复发率上存在显著性差异。结论筋膜皮瓣具有血供丰富、切取范围大、皮瓣弹性好及厚度适中等优点,术后皮瓣坏死及感染率低,是一类适合在关节周围软组织肿瘤切除后巨大缺损创面应用的临近皮瓣。     

The impact of a double vein anastomoses on doppler's loss of signal rates

BackgroundImpact on blood flow by double vein anastomosis in head and neck free flaps is unclear. We aimed to assess venous doppler loss of signal (LOS) rates of double vein system compared with a single vein system.MethodsConsecutive free flaps with implanted venous flow couplers between 2015–2017 were included. LOS rates were compared between groups and with regard to flap type, defect site and recipient vein within double vein group.Results92 double-vein (184 veins) and 48 single-vein flaps were included. LOS was similar in single- and double-vein flaps (11/48 (25%) versus 46/184 (25%), p = 0.765). Double veins had fewer flap takebacks compared with single vein (4.3% vs. 12.5%, p = 0.075). Common facial vein (CFV) anastomosis showed superior LOS rates compared with external jugular and CFV branches (p = 0.026).ConclusionsDouble vein anastomosis does not impact LOS rates, results in fewer flap takebacks, yet LOS rates depend on selected recipient vein.     

Choice of flaps for breast reconstruction

The optimal method for breast reconstruction should be safe, reliable, and accessible for every patient, and it should display little or no donor-site morbidity. After comparing mammary implants it has been found that autogenous breast reconstruction can create a ptotic, soft, symmetrical breast mound. The transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap (TRAM) remains the most popular method for autogenous reconstruction. Modern trends in breast reconstruction using the TRAM flap have promoted adequate blood supply to the flap while minimizing donor-site defects in the anterior abdominal wall. The pedicled TRAM flap remains one of the most frequently used flaps, but the indirect blood supply in this flap has required many modifications and refinements. Such modifications have included the bipedicled TRAM flap, the free TRAM flap, and the supercharged TRAM flap. To avoid donor-site morbidities, the muscle-sparing free TRAM, deep inferior epigastric perforator flap (DIEP), and superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flap were introduced. The DIEP perforator flap requires meticulous technique but offers proven reliability and a low rate of complications. As surgeons become more comfortable with harvesting DIEP flaps, the frequency of usage seems likely to increase. The latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap, gluteus maximus musculocutaneous flap, and others may be selected when these modifications of free TRAM flap are unavailable or unusable.