乙型肝炎血源疫苗免疫后16～18年的长期免疫效果定群研究

目的 评价新生儿乙肝疫苗普种预防乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染的长期免疫效果,探讨乙肝血源疫苗免疫持久性.方法 出生队列定群研究结合横断面调查的方法,对象为1987-1989年出生并接种乙肝血源疫苗的人群,用固相放射免疫法(SPRIA)法检测HBV感染标志,结果与前期数据比较分析.结果 (1)1987-1989队列的免疫人群在免疫7年、14年、18年后的疫苗保护效果分别为89.7%,94.8%和87.8%,差别无统计学意义;保护性抗体水平分别为57.37%,32.80%,36.67%,免后14、18年的抗体保持在一致水平;(2)乙肝血源疫苗接种16～18年后,平均HBsAg阳性率为1.99%;保护性抗体水平为36.67%,总表面抗体阳性率为62.91%.结论 新生儿普种乙肝血源疫苗可有效预防HBV感染,疫苗免疫18年后保护效果稳定,不必进行人群加强免疫.     

不同人群接种重组(酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗免疫效果分析

为观察重组 (酵母 )乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )疫苗在不同人群中的免疫效果 ,于 1997～ 2 0 0 2年随机抽取 1～ 5 9岁人群 ,进行乙肝病毒 (HBV)感染史和乙肝疫苗接种史调查。根据调查情况 ,将调查对象分为易感人群和非易感人群 ,对易感人群和非易感人群分别接种重组 (酵母 )乙肝疫苗 ,以观察重组 (酵母 )乙肝疫苗对不同人群的免疫效果。结果表明 :易感人群接种重组 (酵母 )乙肝疫苗 ,能显著提高人群抗乙肝病毒表面抗体 (抗 HBs)阳性率 ,降低乙肝病毒表面抗原 (HBsAg)、乙肝病毒核心抗体 (抗 HBc)阳性率。免疫起始年龄越小 ,免疫效果越好。 5年以内 ,抗 HBs阳性率维持在 77 6 %以上。不同HBV感染情况的非易感人群 ,接种重组 (酵母 )乙肝疫苗的免疫效果不同 ,抗 HBc单项阳性效果较好 ,接种后抗 HBs上升到 77 5 4 %。说明重组 (酵母 )乙肝疫苗用于易感人群和抗 HBc单项阳性的非易感人群免疫效果良好。     

新生儿重组酵母乙型肝炎疫苗免疫11年效果随访

目的评价新生儿接种国产重组(酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗后11年的免疫效果。方法对上海市黄浦区1997年出生并接种重组(酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗的新生儿于免疫后11年进行随访,采血检测乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg),乙型肝炎病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)和乙型肝炎病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc),1998年开始对乙型肝炎免疫人群开展急性乙型肝炎发病监测。结果随访检测HBsAg阳性率为0.54%,较免疫前本底的HBsAg阳性率呈较大幅度下降,疫苗保护率为88.05%(95%可信区间为85.17%～91.17%)。接受重组(酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗免疫的对象中,无一例急性乙型肝炎病例报告。结论重组(酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗有较好的远期保护效果,免疫人群尚无再免疫的需要。     

国产重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗免疫效果观察

目的探讨国产基因重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗对儿童的免疫效果及持久性。方法对2001年出生并严格按免疫程序全程接种国产重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗的新生儿隔年随访一次,采血检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg),乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)、抗体滴度和乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc)。结果五年期间3次随访检测HBsAg阳性率平均为0.65%,较免前本底的HBsAg阳性率呈较大幅度下降,疫苗保护率为90.5%(95%可信区间为84.97%～97.02%)。接受重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗免疫的对象中,无一例急性乙肝病例报告。抗-HBs有效阳性率的逐年下降,但接种免疫之后5年之内HBsAg阳性率、抗-HBc阳性率和HBV感染率均未见随年限延长而增长的趋势。结论国产基因重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗对儿童具有良好的免疫效果,在全程免疫后5年内没有必要进行加强注射。     

重组乙型肝炎疫苗(酿酒酵母)免疫12年保护效果及持久性分析

目的了解重组乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(酿酒酵母)[Hepatitis B Vaccine(HepB)Made by Recombinant Deoxyribonucleic Acid(DNA)Techniques in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Yeast,HepB-SCY]对新生儿的长期免疫效果和免疫持久性,为预防控制乙肝和HepB免疫策略提供参考。方法用横断面调查和分层整群抽样的方法,在HepB免疫效果长期监测点收集1997～2008年出生、全程接种HepB-SCY人群的血清样本和资料;用微粒子酶免疫法检测乙肝病毒(Hepatitis B Virus,HBV)感染指标,结合HepB免疫史进行分析。结果收集免疫人群样本9343例,乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBV Surface Antigen,HBsAg)平均阳性率为0.98%,抗乙肝病毒核心抗原抗体(Antibody to HBV Core Antigen,Anti-HBc)阳性率为3.16%,HBV感染率为3.37%;抗乙肝病毒表面抗原抗体(Antibody to HBsAg,Anti-HBs)平均阳性率为63.78%,从免疫后1年的91.16%逐渐下降至免疫后12年的50.53%;HepB首剂(HepB1)及时接种人群的HBsAg阳性率为0.89%,显著低于未及时接种人群的2.73%。结论 HepB-SCY免疫人群的HBsAg阳性率显著下降,免疫12年后保护效果良好,无证据表明需要进行再免疫。HepB1及时接种对预防HBV传播至关重要,提高HepB1及时接种率是预防控制乙肝的关键措施之一。     

15岁以下儿童乙型肝炎病毒感染率和乙型肝炎疫苗接种现况调查

[目的]了解我区15岁以下儿童乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒(HBV)感染率和乙肝疫苗接种情况,评价乙肝疫苗免疫效果。[方法]采取多阶段抽样方法,随机抽取15岁以下常住人口304人,通过入户调查并采集调查者血清,了解乙肝疫苗接种情况及HBV感染现状。用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg),乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs),乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc)。[结果]乙肝疫苗接种率为97.37%,首针及时接种率为87.83%。15岁以下儿童HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc及HBV阳性率分别为0.66%(95%CI:0.25%~1.57%)、46.71%(95%CI:41.10%~52.31%)、1.64%(95%CI:0.24%~3.04%)及2.30%(95%CI:0.62%~3.99%)。HBV阳性率较1992年下降了85.96%。[结论]由于新生儿和青少年乙肝疫苗的接种,15岁以下人群呈现HBV低感染高保护的特点。对7岁组儿童加强HBV感染危险因素监测。     

上海市黄浦区新生儿重组酵母乙型肝炎疫苗免疫后16年的免疫效果研究

目的研究新生儿重组酵母乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗接种的长期免疫效果和加强免疫的必要性。方法对黄浦区1997年出生的并全程接种重组酵母乙肝疫苗的对象隔年随访,采血测得乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝表面抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝核心抗体(抗-HBc),与本底对照(1984—1985年原上海南市区乙肝病毒横断面调查)相比计算保护率,并补充急性乙肝发病调查。结果 HBsAg阳性率、抗-HBs阳性率、抗-HBc阳性率逐年下降,分别由基础免疫后1年时的2.62%、93.72%、3.66%降至16年后的1.12%、17.88%、1.12%。免疫组的HBsAg阳性率较本底组均明显下降,平均阳性率1.22%与免疫前本底组的1~20岁HBs Ag阳性率9.52%相比,疫苗保护率为87.18%(χ2=68.083,P0.01)。结论新生儿使用重组酵母乙肝疫苗免疫有较好的持久性和保护效果,免疫后16年无需加强免疫。     

上海市黄浦区新生儿两种乙肝疫苗免疫后16年免疫效果

目的为了评价血源性乙肝疫苗和重组酵母乙肝疫苗的长期免疫效果。方法对上海市黄浦区1986年出生的并全程接种血源性乙肝疫苗和1997年出生并全程接种重组酵母乙肝疫苗的对象隔年随访,采血测得乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝表面抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝核心抗体(抗-HBc),与本底值(1984—1985年乙肝病毒横断面调查)相比计算保护率。结果 16年间,血源性乙肝疫苗组的HBsAg、抗-HBs和抗-HBc的阳性率分别为0.47%、28.20%和1.18%,重组乙肝疫苗组为0.94%、12.85%和0.63%;血源疫苗组抗-HBs阳性率从89.72%下降到28.20%,重组疫苗组从93.72%下降到12.85%。两种疫苗的主要差别在于重组乙肝疫苗抗-HBs阳性率在5~16年间均低于血源性疫苗,且下降程度(80.87%)大于血源性疫苗(61.52%)。结论两种疫苗虽然抗体逐年下降,重组酵母乙肝疫苗更加明显,但是两种疫苗的乙肝保护效果没有差异,提示血源疫苗和重组疫苗免疫后16年免疫效果良好,但血源疫苗组优于重组疫苗组,均无需加强免疫。     

重组酵母乙型肝炎疫苗的成人免疫效果分析

目的了解重组酵母乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗在成年人中的免疫效果。方法选择16~60岁知情同意、乙肝5项指标阴性的研究对象800人,按0-1-6程序接种重组酵母乙肝疫苗,并于第1针接种后第7个月和第12个月分别采集静脉血5mL,采用雅培微粒子化学发光免疫分析法(Abbott试剂盒)检测乙肝表面抗体(HBsAb)。结果 HBsAb阳转率、达到长期保护性水平率第7个月分别为92.95%(95%CI:90.79%~94.74%)、83.02%(95%CI:80.02%~85.74%);第12个月分别为86.47%(95%CI:83.71%~88.93%)、67.48%(95%CI:63.86%~70.96%)。抗体几何平均浓度(GMC)第7个月为(1 032.49±14.41)IU/L,第12个月为(249.59±12.01)IU/L。不同时间、年龄组、性别间差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。结论成年人接种重组酵母乙肝20μg疫苗,年龄小者免疫效果好,女性免疫效果好于男性,并有加强免疫的必要性。     

重组(酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗阻断乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播和加强免疫效果-9年随访观察

目的观察重组(酵母)乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗阻断乙肝病毒(HBV)母婴传播的长期效果,探讨阻断HBV母婴传播的最佳免疫策略.方法对母亲血清乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)和乙肝病毒膜抗原(HBeAg)同时阳性、新生儿期全程接种乙肝疫苗后HBsAg阴性的273名儿童进行9年血清学追踪观察.结果共观察到12人HBsAg阳转,1～9岁HBsAg阳性率0.72%～6.98%,低或无应答儿童9岁内17.78%发生HBsAg阳转;免疫后9年保护性水平乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)阳性率仍维持＞60%;3～5岁加强免疫儿童抗体阳性率及抗体水平高于未加强免疫儿童.结论重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗对阻断HBV母婴传播具有良好的远期免疫效果.母亲HBsAg和HBeAg双阳性的幼儿在3～4岁时需加强免疫.低或无应答新生儿有较高的HBsAg阳转危险性.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.