腹腔镜联合内镜微创手术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床观察

目的探讨腹腔镜联合内镜微创手术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析95例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石病人行腹腔镜联合内镜微创手术治疗的临床资料。结果本组63例先行十二指肠镜下乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)治疗,其中59例成功行EST+腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC),但术中并发十二指肠乳头少量出血2例,术后发生胆道感染1例,出现可疑十二指肠漏1例;4例EST取石失败后1周内改开腹手术,术后并发腹腔感染1例,胆漏1例。23例顺利行LC+腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术,其中腹腔镜胆囊管探查取石5例,腹腔镜胆总管切开取石18例。9例因疑诊胆总管结石而先行LC,术后2~4 d再行EST。术后随访6~12个月,均未出现反流性胆管炎、乳头狭窄等并发症,无胆管结石残留。结论腹腔镜联合内镜微创手术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石效果满意。     

胆总管探查取石术后下端梗阻未解除的原因分析及对策

目的探讨胆总管切开取石术后胆总管梗阻未解除的原因及处理对策。方法回顾性分析我院2005年1月-2013年8月23例胆总管取石+"T"型管引流术的患者临床资料,术后行"T"管造影提示胆总管下端仍阻塞。结果 23例患者经检查确诊胆总管下端嵌顿性结石12例,胆总管下端良性狭窄2例,胰头部病变9例(胰头癌6例,肿块型胰腺炎3例),通过再次处理,梗阻均得以解除,随访效果良好。结论少数胆总管结石术后的患者,即使术中取尽结石,术后胆总管仍梗阻,临床上常被认为是残余结石所致,而漏诊可能合并存在的其他病变。只有术前周密的诊查,术中仔细的胆道探查,术后胆总管不通畅的患者尽早行影像学检查排查,才能得到早诊断、早治疗。     

保胆取石术后胆囊泥沙样结石发生原因的临床分析及应对策略

目的探讨保胆取石术后胆囊泥沙样结石的形成原因及应对策略。方法回顾性分析2008年12月至2014年12月期间大连大学附属中山医院胆道微创外科诊治的内镜保胆取石术后反复出现胆囊泥沙样结石的62例患者的临床资料。结果 62例患者中为无症状性胆囊泥沙样结石43例,为胆囊泥沙样结石伴急性胆囊炎19例。结石发生原因:近胆囊管开口处胆囊分隔4例,胆囊管迂曲过长6例,胆囊管结石3例,胆总管结石4例,十二指肠乳头旁憩室39例,胆胰合流异常18例,十二指肠乳头狭窄6例,十二指肠乳头炎29例,十二指肠乳头腺癌3例。行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)2例,行内镜下乳头括约肌切开术(EST)/内镜下乳头括约肌球囊扩张术(EPBD)+LC 1例,行经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术(PTGD)+开腹胆囊切除术1例,行PTGD+EST/EPBD 14例,行PTGD+胆囊肝胆管成形术(HG)1例,行EST/EPBD 34例,行EST/EPBD+经内镜胆道金属支架置入术(EBMSD)3例,行HG 5例,行EST/EPBD+HG 1例。术后成功保留胆囊的55例患者的胆囊泥沙样结石均消失,脂餐后1 h胆囊收缩率上升至(59±16)%。术后53例患者获访,随访时间为0.5~6.0年(中位随访时间为3.6年),随访率为85.5%。随访期间胆囊结石复发3例,发生胆总管结石2例,发生肝内外胆管结石2例。结论胆囊胆汁流出不畅是引起保胆术后胆囊泥沙样结石形成的重要原因,HG、EST及内镜下球囊扩张是保持胆囊胆汁流出通畅的有效方法。     

微创时代胆总管结石的治疗选择

目的比较腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术（LCBDE）和内镜下十二指肠括约肌切开取石术（EST）治疗胆总管结石的临床效果及医疗费用。方法回顾性分析150例胆总管结石患者经腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术或经内镜十二指肠乳头切开取石术治疗的临床资料。结果本组患者全部治愈。120例患者接受了十二指肠括约肌切开取石术,25例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者接受了腹腔镜胆囊切除＋胆总管切开取石术,5例胆囊切除手术史的胆总管结石患者接受了腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术。结论腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术及内镜十二指肠乳头括约切开取石术优于传统手术,但胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者更适宜腹腔镜手术,有胆囊或胆道手术史的胆总管结石患者更适宜于经内镜途径手术。     

联合应用腹腔镜胆囊切除术和十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术治疗胆囊、胆总管结石

目的:总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术+十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(LC+EST)治疗胆囊、胆总管结石的体会。方法:为6例患者行LC+EST。结果:本组病例均在术前行B超检查及MRCP检查,诊断为胆囊结石及胆总管结石,行LC+EST均获成功。手术顺利,无胆管并发症。结论:与传统的胆囊切除,胆道探查、取石,T管引流,或术中经胆囊管造影后探查胆总管以及行腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术(LCBDE)比较,经T管窦道行胆道镜取石,患者创伤小,痛苦轻,康复快。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术58例临床体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术的优势、手术要点及术后处理。方法:分析58例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除+胆总管切开取石术的手术方法和操作要点。结果:58例腹腔镜手术均获成功,无中转开腹,平均手术时间111min,平均出血85ml,平均住院7d。2例术后发生胆漏,保守治疗3~4d痊愈,余无严重并发症发生。结论:EST操作困难的患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除+胆总管切开取石术是理想的微创治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的术式。     

医源性十二指肠后壁或胆总管下段损伤

目的 探讨医源性胆总管下段或十二指肠后壁意外损伤原因及预防方法。方法 6例病人均患胆总管结石，行胆总管切开探查取石，因使用金属胆道探子致十二指肠后壁损伤或胆总管下段损伤。结果 前4例死亡；第5例抢救治疗存活，但耗资巨大；第6例术中及时发现，行胰十二指肠切除术，术后顺利。结论 常规使用金属胆道探子探查胆道，易导致胆总管下段或十二指肠后壁损伤。作者提倡用导尿管探查胆道下端，具有使用方便、安全可靠的特点。造成损伤后术中及时发现并妥善处理尤为重要。     

腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管治疗胆总管巨大结石的临床分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管治疗胆道巨大结石的疗效。方法:回顾分析2005年1月至2013年11月84例因梗阻性黄疸、胆总管巨大结石行腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管取石患者的临床资料。结果:80例成功完成手术。1例因胆道出血中转开腹行胆总管切开止血、取石+T管引流术;1例患者怀疑胆道下段肿瘤中转开腹探查并行胰十二指肠切除术,术中冰冻病理证实为胆管癌;1例患者经胆囊管取石毕发现乳头下端狭窄,术中行内镜逆行胰胆管造影及乳头肌切开后胆汁流出通畅;1例患者因Mirizzi综合征导致胆囊三角区粘连紧密从而中转开腹行胆总管切开取石、T管引流术。术后均无出血、胆漏、胆总管损伤等并发症发生,术后住院7~11 d。结论:腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管取石术治疗胆总管巨大结石安全、可靠,手术微创,结石清除率高,并发症少;对于胆囊管粗短直、入口较大的患者,可直接置入胆道镜探查取石,损伤小,优点突出,值得临床应用。     

胆总管结石的微创处理策略选择

目的:探讨合理选择胆总管结石患者的手术方法及时机。方法:总结我院1992年至2008年3月开展腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)20000余例的经验,尤其是971例患者合并胆总管结石的治疗经验。结果:LC术前行内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)发现胆总管结石246例,其中230例顺利完成内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开取石术的患者在完成LC后发现胆总管残留结石15例,经过再次内镜手术取出结石。LC术后残留结石73例中68例完成内镜乳头括约肌切开取石术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST),5例再次开腹手术。完成491例腹腔镜胆总管切开纤维胆道镜取石,"T"管引流术(laparoscopic choledocholithotomy T-tube drainage,LCTD),出现胆漏11例,经保守治疗治愈。173例经过胆囊管取出胆总管结石,无并发症发生。结论:LCTD是治疗胆总管结石较理想的微创术式,可通过切开胆囊管和部分胆总管,减低手术难度,缩短手术时间。EST手术应在LC前,以免LC后行EST失败,需再次行开腹手术。     

内镜氩等离子凝固术治疗十二指肠乳头切开出血1例报告

本文报道我院1例肝移植术后并发胆总管结石患者,经内镜下十二指肠乳头切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)、胆总管取石术后十二指肠乳头顽固渗血,应用内镜下氩等离子凝固术(argon plasma coagvlation,APC)治疗,取得了较好的疗效。1资料和方法患者50岁,男性,肝移植术后半年出现皮肤、巩膜黄染,结合核磁共振胰胆管造影(magnetic resonance cholangiopan-creatography,MRCP)诊断为胆总管结石。故行内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)、EST、胆总管取石术,取石顺利,但因患者凝血功能差,乳头处…     

腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术178例临床分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE)治疗胆总管结石的手术方式及并发症处理措施。方法:回顾分析2005年6月至2012年1月为178例胆总管结石患者行LCBDE的临床资料,分析术前评估、取石方式、腹腔镜及胆道镜技术对疗效的重要性,总结胆总管末端损伤、结石残留、胆漏等并发症发生原因及处理措施。结果:一期吻合123例,其中3例先行十二指肠镜鼻胆管引流;留置T管55例,其中13例中转开腹取石、补漏。术后发生胆漏5例,引流3～7 d愈合,平均(5.3±1.5)d。术后随访3～60个月,平均(36.0±18.6)个月,无胆漏、胆管狭窄、胰腺炎发生;5例结石复发,行乳头括约肌切开取石术。结论:腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管探查取石术治疗胆总管结石安全、可靠;术前正确评估,术中正确取石,避免盲目、暴力操作,术中并发症及早发现、及时治疗是手术成功的重要保证。     

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration.

Operative common bile duct exploration, performed in conjunction with cholecystectomy, has been considered the treatment of choice for choledocholithiasis in the presence of an intact gallbladder. With the advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the management of common bile duct stones has been affected. More emphasis is being placed on endoscopic sphincterotomy and options other than operative common duct exploration. Because of this increasing demand, we have developed a new technique for laparoscopic common bile duct exploration performed in the same operative setting as laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A series of five patients who successfully underwent common bile duct exploration, flexible choledochoscopy with stone extraction, and T-tube drainage, all using laparoscopic technique, is reported. Mean postoperative length of hospital stay was 4.6 days. Outpatient T-tube cholangiography was performed in all cases and revealed normal ductal anatomy with no retained stones. Follow-up ranged from 6 weeks to 4 months, and all patients were asymptomatic and had normal liver function tests.     

腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术T管处理的探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术后T管的处理方法。方法1997年7月-2004年10月，我院行腹腔镜胆总管切开取石（laparoscopic common bile duct exploration，LCBDE）、置T管治疗肝外或肝外合并肝内胆管结石420例。明确有胆总管结石后，胆总管切开取石，胆总管一期缝合或置T管。结果胆总管切开取石一期缝合27例（6．4％），置T管393例（93．6％）。术中取尽结石236例（56．2％），术后胆道镜取石184例（43．8％）。209例术后3-4周行经T管胆道造影，无残余结石，拔除T型管。420例随访3个月-6年。平均47．5月，3例复发。结论腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术后T管拔管时间，T管造影无残留结石拔管时间应3—4周，T管造影有残留结石，应于术后6周胆道镜取石后拔管，均闭管2周。     

Laparoscopic surgery and the common bile duct

Many biliary tract surgeons have now reached a level of sophistication with laparoscopic cholecystectomy that they are now able to deal with the common bile duct at the same time. Preoperative endoscopic cholangiography can be reserved for cases where choledocholithiasis has a high degree of probability. This has served to decrease the number of negative studies. The surgeon has five choices regarding stones confirmed by operative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: (1) do nothing, hoping the stones will pass spontaneously or that a postoperative sphincterotomy with stone extraction will be successful; (2) perform a transcystic laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (best for stones less than 1 cm and distal to the cystic duct); (3) perform a laparoscopic common bile duct exploration by choledochotomy (best for large stones in patients with common bile ducts greater than 1 cm. It is also the preferred approach with stones proximal to the insertion of the cystic duct.); (4) perform an intraoperative sphincterotomy with stone extraction, either retrograde or antegrade (this approach has some proponents but has not gained popularity among the majority of surgeons); and (5) place a double lumen catheter through the cystic duct with a proximal lumen in the common bile duct and the distal lumen in the duodenum. This can be used for serial postoperative cholangiography to confirm spontaneous stone passage or falsely positive operative cholangiograms. It is useful in situations when laparoscopic common bile duct exploration equipment or surgeon expertise is not available. If stones persist, a guidewire can be introduced through the distal lumen of the catheter for a guidewire-assisted sphincterotomy. Other CBD interventions that have been reported include laparoscopic biliary bypass and resection of choledochal cysts. Malignant lesions should not be approached by a laparoscopic method except in unusual circumstances.     

Early postoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy for retained common duct stones

The results of endoscopic sphincterotomy in 30 patients with retained common bile duct stones and a T-tube in situ following surgical exploration of the common bile duct are presented. Successful stone extraction was achieved in 27 cases (90%). There was one death, which was not procedure related. Early postoperative T-tube cholangiography is advocated and if necessary sphincterotomy can be safely performed 1 week following surgery. This approach has advantages in shortening hospital stay and minimising patient discomfort.     

Endoscopic sphincterotomy for retained common bile duct stones in patients with T-tube in situ in the early postoperative period

We report on thirty-nine patients who underwent endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) and stone extraction for retained common bile duct calculi with a T-tube in situ. Sixteen of the patients had undergone unsuccessful attempts at removal by flushing or dissolution by cholesterol solvents. A total of 76 stones were present: 53 distal to the T-tube and 23 proximal to the T-tube. ES and clearance of the common bile duct was achieved in 37 patients (95 per cent) and complications occurred in three patients (7.7 per cent). This method is an effective and relatively safe method in the early postoperative period allowing rapid treatment during the same admission as for the original operation and early hospital discharge.     

腹腔镜联合十二指肠镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石效果分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)联合内镜Oddi括约肌切开取石术(EST)治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2003年5月-2009年6月,LC与EST联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石78例临床资料.首先经EST取出胆管结石,5 d内行LC.结果 EST成功76例(97%),失效2例,1例因胆管末端狭窄,开腹行胆肠吻合术治愈;1例胆总管结石直径1.6 cm,质硬,机械性碎石失败,开腹行胆总管切开取石T管引流术.76例腹腔镜手术成功,无明显出血、胆漏等严重并发症.结论 EST+LC联合治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少及无需T管引流等优点,是一种安全有效的治疗方法.     

胆总管一期缝合治疗胆总管结石疗效及术后胆漏危险因素分析

目的比较胆总管结石患者行胆总管一期缝合及T管引流术的疗效,并探讨胆总管一期缝合术后胆漏的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2016年8月安徽省阜南县人民医院收治并完成胆总管探查术的183例患者临床资料,其中胆总管一期缝合(观察组)82例,T管引流(对照组)101例,分析比较两组的治疗效果,并对胆总管一期缝合术后胆漏发生的相关因素进行单因素分析和Logistic回归多因素分析。结果两组均顺利完成手术,围手术期无死亡病例。两组手术时间、术中出血量、腹腔引流管留置时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);而在术后肛门首次排气时间、术后住院时间上,两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。实施胆总管一期缝合术的82例患者中,8例发生术后胆漏(9.76%),单因素分析结果显示:胆道手术史、术前血白蛋白水平、术前总胆红素与一期缝合术后胆漏有关(P0.05);多因素分析结果表明:术前胆红素水平以及术前血清白蛋白水平是影响胆总管一期吻合术后胆漏的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论胆总管一期缝合术的临床疗效优于T管引流术;胆总管一期缝合术后胆漏受多种因素影响。为减少术后胆漏的发生,术者需具备熟练的手术缝合技术(包括腔镜缝合技术)。需开展大样本、多中心的前瞻性随机对照研究来进一步明确胆总管切开后一期吻合和T管留置的手术适应证。     

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目的探讨三镜联合胆总管探查术中的取石方法及各种方法的适应证。方法自1998年4月至2004年3月,实施三镜联合胆总管探查术316例,术中根据胆管结石的具体情况,分别或联合应用4种取石方法(水冲法取石、器械直接取石、胆道镜网篮取石、胆道镜激光碎石)取出胆管中结石。结果298例手术成功,中转开腹15例,3例因术中明确肝内胆管结石残留,留置T管。1例术后经ENBD管造影发现胆管中残留结石,应用十二指肠镜取石成功。结论联合应用4种取石方法,能有效地提高三镜联合胆总管探查术中结石取净率。     

Management of common bile duct stones

Background: Common bile duct stones are still a frequent problem. Although new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques are continually being development, they remain poorly defined. Therefore, we decided to evaluate our standard method of diagnosing and treating common bile duct stones. The aim of the study was to determine the short- and long-term results of this method. Methods: Between 1985 and 1995, 552 consecutive patients (200 men and 352 women; median age, 69 years) underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) because of suspected common bile duct stones. If stones were detected, they were treated endoscopically, if possible. The results and complications of this policy were recorded. Patients were followed 1–13 years after undergoing ERC and endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES). Long-term results and complications during this period were also recorded. Results: ERC was attempted in 552 patients and succeeded in 510 patients (92%): ES was attempted in 315 patients and failed in five (98%). Duct clearance was done in 271 patients; in 26 of these patients, symptoms disappeared spontaneously. Ten patients underwent common bile duct exploration. Complications occurred in 46 patients (8.3%). Mortality was 0.4%, hemorrhage occurred in 3.6%, pancreatitis in 1.4%, sepsis and cholangitis also in 1.4%, and the lithotripter basket became impacted in four patients (0.8%), necessitating to common bile duct exploration. During follow-up, 45 patients (8%) returned, 35 with recurrent stones, five with cholangitis, two with stenosis of the papilla of Vater, and one with biliary pancreatitis. In 35 cases, complications were treated endoscopically, common bile duct exploration was performed in five cases, and symptoms disappeared spontaneously in five cases. Conclusions: ERC is a safe and reliable way of diagnosing common bile duct stones, and ES is a very efficient way of treating them. Morbidity and mortality are low, and the long-term results are very good.