miR-204-3p靶向CYP2E1介导脂多糖诱导的肾小管上皮细胞损伤

目的探讨miR-204-3p靶向细胞色素P450家族2亚家族E成员1(CYP2E1)介导脂多糖(LPS)诱导的肾小管上皮细胞炎症反应及细胞凋亡的分子机制。方法体外培养人肾小管上皮细胞HK-2,qRT-PCR与Western blot分别检测miR-204-3p、CYP2E1的表达量;实验分组:Con组、LPS组、LPS+miR-NC组、LPS+miR-204-3p组、LPS+si-NC组、LPS+si-CYP2E1组、LPS+miR-204-3p+pcDNA组、LPS+miR-204-3p+pcDNA-CYP2E1组;ELISA检测IL-6、TNF-α的水平;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率;双荧光素酶报告实验验证miR-204-3p与CYP2E1的靶向结合关系;Western blot检测Bcl-2、Bax的表达量。结果与Con组比较,LPS组细胞中miR-204-3p的表达水平降低,CYP2E1的表达量升高,IL-6、TNF-α的水平升高,凋亡率和Bax蛋白水平升高,Bcl-2蛋白水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与LPS+miR-NC组比较,LPS+miR-204-3p组IL-6、TNF-α水平降低,凋亡率和Bax蛋白水平降低,Bcl-2蛋白水平升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与LPS+si-NC组比较,LPS+si-CYP2E1组IL-6、TNF-α的水平降低,凋亡率和Bax蛋白水平降低,Bcl-2蛋白水平升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);双荧光素酶报告实验证实miR-204-3p能够靶向结合CYP2E1;与LPS+miR-204-3p+pcDNA组比较,LPS+miR-204-3p+pcDNA-CYP2E1组IL-6、TNF-α的水平升高,凋亡率和Bax蛋白水平升高,Bcl-2蛋白水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 miR-204-3p过表达可靶向调控CYP2E1的表达从而抑制LPS诱导的肾小管上皮细胞炎症反应及细胞凋亡。     

NOR1基因对HepG2细胞白介素-8水平的影响

目的探讨NOR1基因对HepG2细胞IL-8水平的影响。方法将NOR1基因通过脂质体转染入HepG2细胞后,抽提细胞总RNA,运用RT-PCR检测IL-8mRNA的水平,用ELISA检测细胞培养上清液IL-8的表达水平。结果细胞培养上清液IL-8蛋白水平,转染NOR1基因组明显高于空白组和对照组(P<0.01);而转染NOR1基因组与转染空质粒组IL-8mRNA的表达水平无显著差异(P>0.05);结论NOR1基因诱导HepG2细胞IL-8蛋白水平表达增高。     

DPP4/CD26抑制剂对脂多糖致胰岛β细胞炎症反应的影响

目的探讨DPP4抑制剂Sitagliptin对脂多糖(LPS)诱导胰岛β细胞炎症反应的影响及可能机制。方法 Sitagliptin与LPS同时或分别处理RINm细胞一定时间,采用RT-PCR法检测IL-6 mRNA水平,Western blot法检测细胞内IL-6水平及I?Bα蛋白磷酸化水平。结果 RT-PCR结果显示,LPS+Sitagliptin组与LPS组相比IL-6 mRNA水平明显下降(P<0.01)。Western blot结果显示,LPS+Sitagliptin组较LPS组IL-6蛋白水平稍有下降,但无统计学意义(P>0.05);LPS+Sitagliptin组细胞内I?Bα蛋白磷酸化水平较LPS组明显降低(P<0.01)。结论 DPP4/CD26抑制剂在一定程度上能够抑制LPS诱导的IL-6 mRNA表达及I?Bα蛋白磷酸化,其作用机制可能与DPP4/CD26抑制剂干扰NF-κB炎症通路有关。     

原发性高血压患者中IL-6的表达及临床意义

目的探讨白介素-6(IL-6)基因表达在原发性高血压患者表达及其临床意义。方法采用ELISA法检测60例原发性高血压患者和20例正常对照者血清IL-6水平,用逆转录聚合酶链反应法检测外周血单个核细胞中IL-6mRNA表达。结果与对照组比较,原发性高血压组患者外周血IL-6血清水平及外周血单个核细胞中IL-6mR-NA表达均显著增高与对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 IL-6可能参与了原发性高血压的病理生理过程,外周血单个核细胞的IL-6mRNA表达上调可能是原发性高血压患者外周血IL-6蛋白水平升高的机制之一。     

黄芩苷对小鼠巨噬细胞环加氧酶-2和前列腺素E2表达的影响

目的:研究黄芩苷时小鼠巨噬细胞环加氧酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)表达及其主要产物前列腺素E2(prostaglandins E2,PGE2)生成的影响.方法:培养小鼠巨噬细胞 RAw 264.7,加入不同浓度的黄芩苷(终浓度10、50、100μmol/L)进行预干预,1 h后再加入脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS,终浓度1μg/mL)刺激,分正常对照组、LPS组、黄芩苷组、黄芩苷加LPS组.取培养24 h细胞上清,用ELISA法检测PGE2生成量;取培养8 h和24 h细胞.分别提取细胞总RNA和总蛋白,用RT-PCR法和Western Blot法检测黄芩苷对COX-2 mRNA水平和蛋白水平表达的影响.结果:LPs可以显著诱导 RAw 264.7细胞COX-2表达和PGE2的生成,与正常对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01):黄芩苷预干预可以抑制LPS诱导的COX-2基因转录和蛋白表达,下调PGE2的生成,与LPS组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:黄芩苷可通过降低LPS诱导的巨噬细胞COX-2表达和PGE2生成,发挥抗炎作用,这可能是其抗动脉粥样硬化的作用机制之一.     

原钙黏附蛋白7在脂多糖诱导的肾小管上皮细胞焦亡中的作用

目的 探讨原钙黏附蛋白7（PCDH7）是否参与脂多糖（LPS）刺激引起的肾小管上皮细胞（HK-2）焦亡过程。方法 构建LPS刺激HK-2损伤模型,使用RT-PCR和蛋白免疫印迹法检测细胞中PCDH7、NLR家族Pyrin域蛋白3（NLRP3）、caspase-1、和IL-1β蛋白的表达变化。MTT法测定细胞活力,TUNEL法确定细胞焦亡率,ELISA法检测细胞分泌TNF-α、IL-6水平,全自动生化分析仪检测培养液中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）含量。结果 与Control组比较,LPS组细胞生存率下降,细胞凋亡率升高,炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6水平升高,细胞损伤指标LDH含量明显升高,PCDH7的蛋白和mRNA表达明显下调,细胞焦亡指标NLRP3、caspase-1、IL-1β蛋白和mRNA表达明显上调（P均< 0.05）。结论 LPS通过下调PCDH7的表达,促进肾小管上皮细胞发生明显细胞焦亡损伤。     

急性缺糖缺氧通过增强胆碱酯酶表达促进肾小管细胞的炎性损伤

目的探讨急性缺糖缺氧导致肾小管细胞损伤的机制。方法分离培养大鼠肾内巨噬细胞、肾小管上皮细胞,构建两者共培养(transwell)模型,细胞分成对照组及缺糖缺氧(Oxygen and glucose deprivation,OGD)组,给予缺糖缺氧处理细胞1h后再正常培养24h,ELISA法检测两组上清液TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-10的浓度,噻唑蓝(MTT)检测肾小管细胞活力及RTq PCR及Western Blot检测AChE的mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果在共培养上清液中,对照组与OGD相比,TNF-α(pg/ml):(231.67±36.28)VS(428.67±43.16)(P0.05),IL-1β(pg/ml):(116.67±21.64)VS(219.63±43.86)(P0.05),IL-10(pg/ml):(235.67±39.35)VS(432.67±49.72)(P0.01)。肾小管细胞活力明显降低,分别为(88.41±18.25)VS(46.98±13.87)(P0.01),OGD组巨噬细胞AChE mRNA和蛋白水平均高于对照组,分别上调了(3.82±0.73)和(2.17±0.46)倍(P0.01)。结论急性缺糖缺氧增强了肾脏巨噬细胞胆碱酯酶的表达,通过炎症介质,介导了急性缺糖缺氧性肾小管细胞损伤。     

过氧化物酶增殖体激活受体αmRNA在急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织表达的变化

目的观察内毒素(LPS)复制的急性肺损伤(ALI)大鼠肺组织过氧化物酶增值体激活受体α(PPARα)mRNA表达的变化,探讨PPARα在ALI中可能的作用.方法将40只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组,LPS致伤1、2、4、8 h组.用LPS(5 mg/kg)静脉注射复制大鼠ALI模型,分别在LPS致伤后1、2、4、8 h时处死大鼠,采用RT-PCR与ELISA法检测肺组织中PPARα和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)mRNA的表达及肺组织匀浆中TNFα浓度.结果LPS致伤后2、4、8 h肺组织病理积分较对照组明显升高(P均＜0.01);LPS致伤后2、4 h PPARα mRNA表达(IOD值)较对照组显著降低(P＜0.05);LPS致伤后1、2、4、8 hTNFα mRNA(IOD值)和蛋白水平表达均较对照组显著升高(P均＜O.01).结论PPARα mRNA在ALI大鼠肺组织表达降低;而肺组织TNFα mRNA和蛋白水平均升高.PPARα在ALI的发病机制中具有一定的作用.     

正常妊娠妇女及习惯性流产患者IL-2、IL-10 mRNA的表达差异

目的检测正常妊娠妇女、习惯性流产患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)内T辅助细胞亚型(Th1)细胞因子白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、T辅助细胞2亚型(Th2)细胞因子白细胞介素10(IL-10)mRNA表达水平的差异.方法用半定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)的方法检测10例正常非孕妇女、10例正常妊娠妇女、10例习惯性流产患者PBMC内IL-2、IL-10 mRNA的表达水平.结果同正常非孕对照相比,正常妊娠妇女IL-10 mRNA明显升高,习惯性流产患者IL-10 mRNA降低,IL-2 mRNA明显升高;同正常妊娠妇女相比,习惯性流产患者IL-2 mRNA及IL-10 mRNA均明显降低.结论正常妊娠分泌IL-10升高,当孕妇分泌IL-10降低而分泌IL-2升高时,可能会导致习惯性流产的发生.     

人脐血造血干/祖细胞体外定向诱导分化过程中端粒酶的表达

探讨脐血造血干/祖细胞体外诱导分化过程中端粒酶的表达,为造血干细胞产品的临床应用提供一个监测细胞增殖潜能和安全性的指标。用源自人脐血的CD34~+细胞及不同细胞因子组合(SCF+IL-3+IL-6+G-CSF,SCF+IL-3+IL-6+EPO)在体外进行诱导分化;用TRAP聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法、TRAP-ELISA法检测CD34~+细胞及诱导分化细胞的端粒酶活性;用Western印迹法在蛋白水平检测端粒酶催化亚基hTERT的表达,用RT-PCR在细胞转录水平检测端粒酶催化亚基hTERT mRNA的表达。结果显示,在体外诱导分化14-21天为细胞生长峰值,细胞总数可增加(1006.4±103.2)倍,随着培养时间的延长,细胞数量不再增加。CD34~+细胞低度表达端粒酶活性和hTERT基因,在细胞诱导分化过程中端粒酶活性及hTERT表达逐渐升高,细胞诱导14天后端粒酶活性及hTERT表达下降,28天端粒酶活性及hTERT基因检测不出。结论:利用CD34~+细胞在体外定向诱导分化出的大量细胞,不具有无限增殖的特性,可安全地应用于临床,且利用端粒酶的检测可为临床应用诱导分化细胞的时机提供依据。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.