PKA-CREB信号转导通路在大鼠慢性脑缺血所致认知功能障碍中的作用

目的:观察PKA-CREB信号转导通路在慢性脑缺血所致大鼠认知功能损害中的作用。方法:结扎大鼠双侧颈总动脉,制成慢性脑缺血模型,分缺血8周组和假手术对照组,术后第8周时用Morris水迷宫测定大鼠学习记忆能力。用Westernbloting检测大鼠海马胞核内PKAca及pCREB的表达。结果:缺血组与假手术组相比学习记忆能力明显下降(P<0.05),缺血组大鼠海马中PKAca及pCREB的表达与假手术组相比也下降(P<0.05),且两者之间的下降存在正相关关系。结论:PKA-CREB信号转导通路可能参与了慢性脑缺血所致大鼠认知功能的损害。     

PKC、CaMK Ⅱ在慢性脑缺血大鼠认知功能损害中的作用

目的 观察慢性脑缺血大鼠海马组织蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC)、钙调素依赖蛋白激酶Ⅱ(calmodulin-depend-ent protein kinase Ⅱ,CaMK Ⅱ)水平变化,探讨其在慢性脑缺血认知功能损害中的作用.方法 采用双侧颈总动脉永久性结扎(per-manent occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries,2-VO)制作慢性脑缺血模型,40只大鼠随机分为假手术组,缺血3周组,缺血8周组,缺血12周组(n=10),Morris水迷宫检测大鼠空间学习记忆能力,Western blot法检测大鼠海马神经元PKC、CaMKⅡ、谷氨酸受体NMDAR1、NMDAR2B的表达水平,并观察其动态变化过程.结果缺血3周组大鼠的空间学习记忆能力较假手术组显著下降(P<0.05),缺血8周和12周组下降更加明显(P<0.01).缺血3周组海马区PKC、CaMKⅡ与谷氨酸受体NMDAR 1、NMDAR 2B表达水平较假手术组增高(P<0.01),缺血8周和12周组表达均降低(P<0.01).结论 PKC、CaMKⅡ与谷氨酸受体NMDAR 1、NMDAR2B变化规律相同,在缺血后期PKC、CaMKⅡ表达减低可能与学习记忆损害有关.     

慢性脑缺血海马CA1区HCN1蛋白表达下调与学习记忆损伤研究

目的 探讨慢性脑缺血导致大鼠认知功能障碍与HCN1通道亚型蛋白表达变化的内在关系。方法 健康成年雄性SD大鼠20只,随机分为假手术组、缺血组,每组各10只。各组缺血4周后采用Morris水迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆功能,免疫组化检测HCN1表达水平,进一步用蛋白印迹检测HCN1蛋白表达水平。结果 与假手术组相比,缺血组大鼠逃避潜伏期明显延长(P<0.05); 缺血组大鼠海马CA1区HCN1蛋白表达水平明显降低,与模型组比较有明显差异(P<0.05)。结论 慢性脑缺血海马CA1区存在HCN1通道亚型表达下调且参与大鼠认知功能损伤,可能为治疗慢性脑缺血所致认知功能障碍的新靶点。     

大鼠慢性脑缺血后海马CA_1区HCN1及p38MAPK的表达

目的探讨慢性脑缺血后大鼠海马HCN1及p38MAPK表达变化及意义。方法双侧颈总动脉永久性结扎(two vessels occlusion,2VO)制备慢性脑缺血模型,40只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为缺血1 m组和缺血2 m组,每组均设对照组,共4组。应用Morris水迷宫、HE染色、Western blot及免疫荧光双重染色观察各组大鼠认知功能改变、海马CA1区形态学变化、HCN1和p38MAPK定位及表达情况。结果与对照组相比,大鼠缺血1 m时即出现空间学习记忆能力障碍,且缺血2 m组较1 m组更加显著,具有统计学意义(P<0.05);缺血1 m组海马CA1区可见锥体细胞变性,排列松散,个别细胞脱失,伴炎细胞浸润及胶质细胞增生;缺血2 m组海马CA1区可见锥体细胞排列紊乱,细胞脱失明显;HCN1和p38MAPK共同表达于海马CA1区锥体细胞,并且随着缺血时间的延长,海马区p38MAPK表达上调、HCN1表达下调,具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论慢性脑缺血导致海马CA1区神经元损伤进而影响认知功能;HCN1和p38MAPK在海马CA1区锥体细胞共同表达;随着缺血时间延长p38MAPK表达上调,HCN1表达下调,推测是慢性脑缺血大鼠认知功能损伤机制之一。     

慢性应激对大鼠学习记忆功能和海马神经细胞粘附分子表达的影响

目的观察慢性应激对大鼠学习记忆功能和海马神经细胞粘附分子（NCAM）表达的影响，探讨海马NCAM表达在慢性应激影响学习记忆机制的作用。方法20只SD大鼠随机被分为对照组（10只）和慢性应激组（10只），后者以束缚浸水应激方式连续应激21天，三周后行水迷宫实验，并用免疫组化法测定大鼠的脑海马区NCAM的表达。结果应激组在水迷宫测试中寻找水中隐藏平台的潜伏期为（7．1±8．9）秒，对照组为（12．3±4．2）秒，差异有统计学意义；穿越平台次数：应激组为（8．4±1．1）次，对照组为（12．5±1．9）次，差异有统计学意义。应激组海马CA3区NCAM的表达：25．2％±3．6％，对照组为37．9％±5．1％，差异有统计学意义。结论慢性应激对大鼠的学习记忆功能有抑制作用。其机制可能与应激抑制海马CA3区NCAM表达有关。     

胶质纤维酸性蛋白在老年痴呆大鼠海马中的表达

为探讨慢性缺血痴呆鼠学习减退与海马内星形胶质细胞表达的关系,基于老年大鼠慢性脑缺血痴呆模型,采用免疫组化技术及迷宫实验,定量分析海马星形胶质细胞变化与学习能力、记忆能力的关系。结果发现,慢性缺血痴呆鼠海马CAl区GFAP阳性细胞数目明显增多,胞体肥大,突起增粗、变长,与对照组相比有显著意义(P<0.05),Y型迷宫测试结果显示,痴呆组大鼠的学习、记忆能力与对照组相比,明显下降。提示海马星形胶质细胞可能参与慢性缺血痴呆大鼠的学习记忆功能。     

用Morris全自动水迷宫评价Sprage Dawley鼠全脑反复缺血后学习记忆功能研究

目的　评价大鼠脑缺血后的学习、记忆功能及其与海马组织学变化的关系。方法　用Morris全自动新式水迷宫试验方法对反复脑缺血再灌注大鼠进行学习获得试验、记忆保持试验 ,光镜观察海马组织学变化 ,并计算海马神经元密度。结果　与对照组比较 ,反复脑缺血大鼠学习记忆成绩显著下降 ,潜伏期显著延长 ,游水迷宫形呈周边型 ;缺血后海马CA1、CA4 和PM区神经元大量丧失。结论　大鼠反复脑缺血出现严重的学习、记忆障碍。认知功能改变与海马神经元缺血性损害有关。用Morris全自动水迷宫评价缺血所致学习、记忆障碍简便、准确、真实。     

血管性痴呆大鼠认知功能及nNOS的表达

目的 探讨血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠认知功能、海马神经元结构及nNOS的表达.方法 采用双侧颈总动脉结扎法制备慢性前脑缺血动物模型,40只老龄大鼠随机分为假手术组(S)、模型组(M).应用水迷宫、透射电镜及免疫组化方法对2组大鼠学习记忆、神经元结构、nNOS表达进行观察.结果 与假手术组比较,大鼠水迷宫学习记忆能力在造模2个月后差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),大鼠海马神经元在造模后变性水肿明显,大鼠海马及颞叶皮层nNOS在造模2个月后表达增加 (P＜0.05).结论 海马及颞叶皮层nNOS表达增加,神经元变性,可能导致血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆障碍.     

慢性应激诱导的抑郁大鼠海马脑源性神经营养因子蛋白和miR-16的表达

目的 研究慢性应激对大鼠行为及海马中脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）和microRNA-16（miR-16）表达的影响.方法 在大鼠出生后1d,按窝别分为慢性应激组和对照组,各6只.慢性应激组大鼠在其出生后第1-14天每天接受6h母爱剥夺应激,然后喂养至10周龄时给予21d慢性温和应激,对照组不给予任何处理.两组大鼠均于13周龄时,采用强迫游泳、糖水偏爱和旷场试验测定大鼠的行为,采用免疫印迹法检测BDNF蛋白的表达情况,采用实时定量聚合酶链反应检测海马miR-16表达水平.结果 旷场实验中,应激组大鼠直立次数少于对照组（P＜0.05）,而爬行总路程,中央格比例和大便颗数差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;强迫游泳实验中应激组大鼠的被动漂浮时间长于对照组（P＜0.05）;糖水测验中应激组大鼠的糖水偏爱率低于对照组（P＜0.05）.应激组大鼠海马BDNF蛋白表达量低于对照组（P＜0.05）;应激组大鼠海马内miR-16的表达量高于对照组（P＜0.05）.Pearson相关分析显示,两组大鼠的miR-16表达水平均与BDNF蛋白表达水平呈负相关（P＜0.05）.大鼠直立次数和糖水偏爱率分别与海马内BDNF蛋白表达量与呈正相关（P＜0.05）,与miR-16表达量呈负相关（P＜0.05）而被动漂浮时间与海马内BDNF蛋白表达量呈负相关（P＜0.05）,与miR-16表达量呈正相关（P＜0.05）.结论 慢性应激可导致大鼠抑郁样行为的出现及海马中miR-16与BDNF蛋白表达发生改变,并且大鼠的抑郁样水平与海马中miR-16和BDNF蛋白表达水平明显相关;大鼠海马中miR-16与BDNF蛋白可能参与了调节抑郁症的病理过程.     

刺五加皂甙对大鼠血管性痴呆防治作用的研究

目的探讨刺五加皂甙对血管性痴呆(VD)模型大鼠学习记忆等认知功能的改善和对海马CA1区神经元的保护作用.方法SD大鼠随机分为正常组、(VD)模型组、刺五加皂甙组,采用4-血管阻断改良法制备VD大鼠模型,各组作避暗回避试验和跳台试验等行为学测试,Nissl染色.结果行为学测试表明刺五加皂甙能明显改善(VD)模型大鼠学习记忆等认知功能,形态学结果表明刺五加能减轻海马CA1区神经元丢失.结论刺五加皂甙能减轻海马脑缺血缺氧后神经元损害,从而改善(VD)模型大鼠学习记忆功能.     

Neuron-Specific Expression of Tomosyn1 in the Mouse Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Impairs Spatial Learning and Memory

Tomosyn, a syntaxin-binding protein, is known to inhibit vesicle priming and synaptic transmission via interference with the formation of SNARE complexes. Using a lentiviral vector, we specifically overexpressed tomosyn1 in hippocampal dentate gyrus neurons in adult mice. Mice were then subjected to spatial learning and memory tasks and electrophysiological measurements from hippocampal slices. Tomosyn1-overexpression significantly impaired hippocampus-dependent spatial memory while tested in the Morris water maze. Further, tomosyn1-overexpressing mice utilize swimming strategies of lesser cognitive ability in the Morris water maze compared with control mice. Electrophysiological measurements at mossy fiber-CA3 synapses revealed impaired paired-pulse facilitation in the mossy fiber of tomosyn1-overexpressing mice. This study provides evidence for novel roles for tomosyn1 in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory, potentially via decreased synaptic transmission in mossy fiber-CA3 synapses. Moreover, it provides new insight regarding the role of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and mossy fiber-CA3 synapses in swimming strategy preference, and in learning and memory.     

A single early-life seizure impairs short-term memory but does not alter spatial learning,recognition memory,or anxiety

The impact of a single seizure on cognition remains controversial. We hypothesized that a single early-life seizure (sELS) on rat Postnatal Day (P) 7 would alter only hippocampus-dependent learning and memory in mature (P60) rats. The Morris water maze, the novel object and novel place recognition tasks, and contextual fear conditioning were used to assess learning and memory associated with hippocampus/prefrontal cortex, perirhinal/hippocampal cortex, and amygdala function, respectively. The elevated plus maze and open-field test were used to assess anxiety associated with the septum. We report that sELS impaired hippocampus-dependent short-term memory, but not spatial learning or recall. sELS did not disrupt performance in the novel object and novel place recognition tasks. Contextual fear conditioning performance suggested intact amydgala function. sELS did not change anxiety levels as measured by the elevated plus maze or open-field test. Our data suggest that the long-term cognitive impact of sELS is limited largely to the hippocampus/prefrontal cortex.     

A single early-life seizure impairs short-term memory but does not alter spatial learning, recognition memory, or anxiety

The impact of a single seizure on cognition remains controversial. We hypothesized that a single early-life seizure (sELS) on rat Postnatal Day (P) 7 would alter only hippocampus-dependent learning and memory in mature (P60) rats. The Morris water maze, the novel object and novel place recognition tasks, and contextual fear conditioning were used to assess learning and memory associated with hippocampus/prefrontal cortex, perirhinal/hippocampal cortex, and amygdala function, respectively. The elevated plus maze and open-field test were used to assess anxiety associated with the septum. We report that sELS impaired hippocampus-dependent short-term memory, but not spatial learning or recall. sELS did not disrupt performance in the novel object and novel place recognition tasks. Contextual fear conditioning performance suggested intact amydgala function. sELS did not change anxiety levels as measured by the elevated plus maze or open-field test. Our data suggest that the long-term cognitive impact of sELS is limited largely to the hippocampus/prefrontal cortex.     

BDNF protects against stress-induced impairments in spatial learning and memory and LTP

The present study investigated whether infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) could ameliorate stress-induced impairments in spatial learning and memory as well as hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) of rats. Chronic immobilization stress (2 h/day x 7 days) significantly impaired spatial performance in the Morris water maze, elevated plasma corticosterone, and attenuated LTP in hippocampal slices from these animals as compared with normal control subjects. BDNF was infused into the left hippocampus (0.5 mul/h) for 14 days, beginning 7 days before the stress exposure. The BDNF group was protected from the deleterious effects of stress and performed at a level indistinguishable from normal control animals despite the presence of elevated corticosterone. BDNF alone and sham infusions had no effect on performance or LTP. These results demonstrate that spatial learning and memory, and LTP, a candidate neural substrate of learning and memory, are compromised during chronic stress, and may be protected by BDNF administration.     

Angelica injection reduces cognitive impairment during chronic cerebral hypoperfusion through brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor

The current study investigated whether chronic cerebral hypoperfusion produced by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (2-vessel occlusion (2-VO)) induced cognitive impairment and whether angelica injections alleviated the impairment. Furthermore, the study examined whether 2-VO altered the expression patterns of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in the hippocampus of rats and whether angelica injections attenuated the alteration. Rats were divided into four groups to receive either 2-VO surgery or sham surgery followed by either angelica injections or saline injections for eight weeks. Spatial learning in Morris water maze and the expression patterns of BDNF and NGF in the hippocampus of all rats were examined. The results showed that 2-VO significantly impaired spatial learning and memory, and angelica injections significantly reversed the learning and memory impairment. Furthermore, 2-VO resulted in significantly decreased BDNF protein, NGF protein, and NGF mRNA expression in the hippocampus. Angelica injections significantly attenuated the decreased expression. Moreover, spatial learning in Morris water maze was positively correlated to the expression of BDNF and NGF in the hippocampus. Thus, angelica injections might alleviate cognitive impairment during chronic cerebral hypoperfusion through BDNF and NGF.     

癫痫持续状态对发育期大鼠认知功能的影响及cAMP/PKA信号通路所起作用

目的 探讨癫痫持续状态(SE)对发育期大鼠认知功能的影响及环磷酸腺苷/蛋白激酶A(cAMP/PKA)信号转导通路在其中所起的作用.方法 SD大鼠32只按照完全随机数字表法分为SE组、生理盐水(NS)组,每组16只.戊四氮(PTZ)诱导大鼠SE,Morris水迷宫和Y迷宫实验观察大鼠学习记忆功能的改变,放射免疫分析法测定海马组织cAMP的含量,免疫组织化学方法检测海马各区PKA的表达.结果 SE组大鼠在Morris水迷宫中平均逃避潜伏期延长,原平台所在象限的游泳时间缩短,与NS组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).在Y迷宫中达标所需的训练次数增多,24 h记忆保持率下降,与NS组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).NS组大鼠海马cAMP的含量为(280.38±22.66)pmol/g,SE组为(147.25±16.83)pmol/g,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).SE组CA3区和CA1区PKA的表达较NS组明显减少.结论 SE可以导致发育期大鼠认知功能障碍,其机制可能与cAMP/PKA信号转导通路的功能受损有关.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the influence of status epilepticus (SE) on cognitive function of immature rats and explore the role of hippocampal cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in cognitive function impairment of immature rats. Methods Immature male SD rats were assigned randomly to 2 groups: SE group, induced by intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, n=16), and normal saline control group (n=16). Learning and memory tests using the Morris water maze and Y-maze were performed 7 d after SE. After testing, alterations of content of cAMP were detected by radioimmunoassay,and the expression of PKA in the hippocampus was examined by immunohistochemistry. Results SE rats exhibited learning and memory deficits in the Morris water maze and Y-maze tests: as compared with those in the controls in Morris water maze, the mean escape latency of searching the platform obviously prolonged and the swimming time in the original platform region significantly shortened in SE rats (P<0.05); as compared with those in the controls in Y maze, the number of standard training times obviously increased and the rate of retention of memory significantly decreased in SE rats (P<0.05). At the same time, the cAMP content in hippocampus of SE rats ([147.25±16.83] pmol/g) was significantly lower as compared with that in controls ([280.38±22.66] pmol/g), and the expression of PKA in the CA3 and CA1 areas within hippocampal area of SE rats was obviously decreased as compared with that in controls (P<0.05). Conclusion SE could result in learning and memory deficits in immature rats, which may be related to the impairment of hippocampal cAMP/PKA signaling pathway.     

7,8-dihydroxyflavone, a TrkB receptor agonist, blocks long-term spatial memory impairment caused by immobilization stress in rats

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients show cognitive deficits, but it is unclear whether these are a consequence of the pathology or a pre-existing factor of vulnerability to PTSD. Animal models may help to demonstrate whether or not exposure to certain stressors can actually induce long-lasting (LL; days) impairment of hippocampus-dependent memory tasks and to characterize neurobiological mechanisms. Adult male rats were exposed to 2-h immobilization on boards (IMO), a severe stressor, and spatial learning in the Morris water maze (MWM) was studied days later. Exposure to IMO did not modify learning or short-term memory in the MWM when learning started 3 or 9 days after IMO, but stressed rats did show impaired long-term memory at both times, in accordance with the severity of the stressor. New treatments to prevent PTSD symptoms are needed. Thus, considering the potential protective role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on hippocampal function, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), a recently characterized agonist of the BDNF receptor TrkB, was given before or after IMO in additional experiments. Again, exposure to IMO resulted in LL deficit in long-term memory, and such impairment was prevented by the administration of 7,8-DHF either 2 h prior IMO or 8 h after the termination of IMO. The finding that IMO-induced impairment of spatial memory was prevented by pharmacological potentiation of TrkB pathway with 7,8-DHF even when the drug was given 8 h after IMO suggests that IMO-induced impairment is likely to be a LL process that is strongly dependent on the integrity of the BDNF-TrkB system and is susceptible to poststress therapeutic interventions. 7,8-DHF may represent a new therapeutic approach for early treatment of subjects who have suffered traumatic experiences.     

Effects of serotonin depletion on the hippocampal GR/MR and BDNF expression during the stress adaptation

Increased serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) release in the hippocampus induced by repeated stress is thought to be critical for the neuroadaptation that alleviates the adverse effects of stressors on emotion and behavior. A failure in this process may be one of the primary neuropathological mechanisms underlying the development of stress-related disorders. The para-chloroamphetamine (p-PCA) was used to deplete 5-HT in the rat prior to repeated restraint stress (6h/day for 10 days), and determined the consequences of 5-HT depletion on stress-induced alterations of animal behaviors, hippocampal corticosteroid receptor immunoreactivity and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression. Behavioral tests indicate that the stressed rats with 5-HT depletion showed pronounced anxiety, reduced reward sensitivity and enhanced learned-helplessness. In addition, they also developed learning impairments in Morris water maze tests. These results suggest that hippocampal 5-HT depletion compromised adaptation to chronic stress. Furthermore, repeated stress caused a lesser degree of glucocorticoid receptor increase and down-regulation of BDNF mRNA. The study suggest that 5-HT deficiency in the adult hippocampus may impair stress adaptation by suppressing hippocampal GR and BDNF expression.     

抑郁症大鼠海马BDNF及其受体TrkB和p75NTR的表达及米氮平的调节作用

目的观察抑郁症模型大鼠学习记忆力改变情况,研究海马脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、酪氨酸激酶受体B(TrkB)和神经营养因子低亲和力受体(p75NTR)蛋白的表达变化,以及米氮平的调节作用。方法制备抑郁症大鼠模型;采用Morris水迷宫实验方法记录大鼠游动距离变化;免疫组化染色方法测定海马BDNF、TrkB和p75NTR表达阳性区吸光度值。结果抑郁症模型大鼠在目标象限游动距离减少,海马BDNF及TrkB蛋白表达减少,p75NTR蛋白表达增加;米氮平逆转上述行为学异常及蛋白表达异常(p﹤0.01)。结论抑郁症模型大鼠可能存在BDNF-p75NTR通路信息传递增强,而抗抑郁治疗用药可能通过BDNFTrkB信号通路的改变引起相应行为学改善。     

Chronic mild stress accelerates the onset and progression of the Alzheimer's disease phenotype in Tg2576 mice

The etiology of the more common (sporadic) forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unknown, although age is the most important risk factor. Nevertheless, interactions between environmental risk factors and genetic background may also influence the onset and progression of sporadic AD. Chronic stress, associated with altered memory and other neurological processes, is thought to influence the pathogenesis of AD. Hence, we evaluated the effect of unpredictable and consecutive chronic mild stressors on the onset of an AD-related pathology in the Tg2576 mouse line that overexpresses the human amyloid-β protein precursor with the Swedish mutation (hAβPP(Swe)). Two months after exposure to chronic mild stress, 4 month-old animals that normally display no pathological features of AD, not only expressed pathological markers but also experienced cognitive dysfunction in the Morris water maze test. These findings suggest that chronic mild stress accelerates the onset of cognitive impairment and produces an increase in hippocampal amyloid-β and phospho-tau levels on a background of AD susceptibility.