动态心电图对伴长不应期快径的房室结双径路的诊断价值

目的：明确24h动态心电图对伴长不应期快径的房室结双径路（DAVNP）的诊断价值。方法：对84例DAVNP合并房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）的患者进行24h动态心电图（DCG）监测。结果：3例患者在DCG示间歇性PR间期延长．伴心悸等不适。食管电生理显示快径有效不应期（ERP）延长，大于500ms。结论：DAVNP患者有时快径呈间歇性延长，DCG有助于其确定。     

射频消融慢径后房室结电生理特性变化的探讨

目的:探讨房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)患者消融慢径对房室结电生理特性的影响。方法:①比较34例患者射频消融术前及术后AH间期、房室结前传及逆传文氏周期、快径路及慢径路前传有效不应期。②根据术后慢径是否消失将34例患者分为:慢径消失组(n=24);慢径改良组(n=10),比较两组间快径及慢径前传有效不应期。结果:房室结改良前后文氏周期变化:34例患者在未分组前射频消融前后房室结文氏周期无明显变化。快径前传有效不应期:慢径消失组快径前传有效不应期术后较术前降低,有显著性差异(P<0．05);慢径改良组慢径前传有效不应期术后较术前延长,有显著性差异(P<0．05)。结论:快径前传有效不应期的缩短与消融后慢径是否残存有关;慢径的消融影响房室结的前向传导。     

从慢径消融发生的交界区心律试探房室结双径的本质

７６例慢－快型房室结折返性心动过速（ＡＶＮＲＴ）患者接受房室结慢径消融术。６５例慢径阻断、９例双径存在但ＡＶＮＲＴ不能诱发、２例快径阻断。慢径阻断后，除快径的前传有效不应期（ＥＲＰ）缩短（２８７．０±７９．０ｍｓｖｓ３４４．０±８７．０ｍｓ，Ｐ＜０．０１）外，房室传导的文氏点、２１阻滞点、室房传导的１１点、快径逆传ＥＲＰ、前传和逆传功能不应期均无明显改变。共放电８４１次，其中无交界区心律的３１７次放电，无一次消融成功。６５例慢径阻断者，交界区心律减少或消失。以上结果提示快径和慢径可能是两条各具电生理特性的传导纤维。     

双房室旁道合并房室结双径路

房室间存有二条或以上的传导途径是形成阵发性室上性心动过速(PSVT)的基础,理论上存有二条传导途径可形成二种折返机制,如房室结旁道(AVN-AP)者有顺传型或逆传型折返;房室结双径(DAVNP)者有慢-快型和快-慢型折返,但同一患者有多折返环形成多种PSVT者并不多见.     

经食管心房起搏对房室结加速传导的电生理观察

目的 初步探讨房室结加速传导的电生理特性及临床意义。方法 采用经食管心房起搏检出具有房室结加速传导特征病人20例（观察组）与房室结正常传导病人20例（对照组）的房室交界区相对不应期、功能不应期、有效不应期、心房有效不应期、房室传导1：1点、文氏点相比较。结果 与对照组比较，房室结加速传导的房室交界区相对不应期、有效不应期、心房有效不应期明显缩短，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01或P〈0．001），房室传导1：1点减小（P〈0．001），文氏点明显增大或消失。结论 房室结加速传导病人的房室交界区不应期明显缩短，递减传导功能减小或消失，心室率反应增快。     

慢径消融对快径正传有效不应期及房室传导时间的影响

目的研究房室结双径路折返性室上性心动过速慢径消融对快径正传有效不应期及房室传导时间的影响。方法83例房室结内折返性心动过速（AVNRT）者根据消融前HRAS,S2扫描刺激时房室跳跃值的不同分为：A组：〈50ms;B组：50—80ms;C组：〉81ms。行慢径消融,消融后均无慢径残留,测量消融前后快径有效不应期、房室传导时间的变化。结果消融后快径有效不应期及房宣传导时间均较消融前缩短,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。消融前HRA程序刺激时房室跳跃值越大,消融后快径有效不应期缩短越明显,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;房宣传导时间亦有类似结果。结论慢径消融后快径有效不应期及房宣传导时间均缩短,提示慢径消融可改善快径前向传导功能。     

房室结折返性心动过速慢径消融终点与复发的关系

目的:观察房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)的慢径消融终点与复发的联系。方法:534个慢-快型AVNRT患者行慢径消融治疗,观察A型终点(彻底消融慢径,房室结无跳无折)和B型终点(残留慢径有或无1～3心房回波,不能诱发AVNRT)与AVNRT复发的联系及对房室结传导的影响。结果:①A型复发5例(1.2%),B型复发11例(9.4%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。②A型终点房室结前传文氏周期(Wen-AVN)、快径前传有效不应期和房室结双径路(DAVNP)的跳跃增值缩短,B型快径前传有效不应期和房室结双径路的跳跃增值缩短,A型有效不应期的缩短明显大于B型。结论:A型终点的复发率明显低于B型终点;只要改变房室传导功能,不能诱发心动过速,B型终点仍然是有效、可靠的消融终点。     

房室结双径路传导的基本电生理特征与常见心电图表现（续）

二、逆向性房室结双径路 逆向性房室结双径路远较顺向性房室结双径路少见，在电生理检查中也根据不应期的长短及传导速度分为快径路和慢径路。通常快径路逆向不应期长，逆传速度快；慢径路逆向不应期短，逆传速度缓慢。心室激动通过快径路逆传时，最早的逆行激动点出现在Koch三角的顶部（定位准确时HIS处电极记录到的A-波领先）。     

选择性慢径路消融前后心脏电生理变化

目的 比较房室结折返性心动过速患者行选择性射频消融（RFCA）慢径路术前、术后心脏各部分腔内电生理改变.方法 对房室结折返性心动过速患者在选择性慢径路RFCA前、后分别进行腔内电生理检查.记录RFCA前、后希氏束电图（HIS）、心房有效不应期（A-ERP）、心室有效不应期（V-ERP）、房室前传文氏阻滞点（AVN-WKB）、室房逆传文氏阻滞点（VAN-WKB）、房室结前传有效不应期（AVN-ERP）和房室结逆传有效不应期（VAV-ERP）,将RFCA前、后心脏各部分电生理参数进行分析比较.结果 RFCA前、后HIS电图A-ERP、V-ERP、AVN-ERP及VAN-WKB差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,AVN-WKB、VAN-ERP差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 选择性RFCA慢径路对房室结双径路疗效肯定.在RFCA前、后（急性期）房室前传、逆传电生理均有一定改变.这与RFCA改变了房室结的部分结构,如大部分病例慢径路消失有关,不同消融部位对房室结传导电生理改变产生不同结果.     

三磷酸腺苷剂量与抑制房室结前传功能的相关性研究

目的评价三磷酸腺苷(ATP)剂量与房室结(AVN)和房室结双径路(DAVNP)前传功能的相关性.方法经心内电生理研究证实有DAVNP征象,且可诱发房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)的患者20例为组Ⅰ.同期无DAVNP征象的患者14例为组Ⅱ.测定两组的房室结前传文氏点周期(WENAVN)及组Ⅰ的快径、慢径和组Ⅱ的房室结前传有效不应期(ERPAFP、ERPASP和ERPAVN).在心房起搏下给予递增的ATP剂量.结果组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ及两组的WENAVN分别与阻断各自前向传导所需的ATP剂量呈负相关(r＝-0.58,P＜0.01;r＝-0.67,P＜0.01;r＝-0.58,P＜0.01).组Ⅰ的ERPAFP、ERPASP及组Ⅱ的ERPAVN与阻断各自传导所需的ATP剂量亦呈负相关(r＝-0.75,P＜0.01;r＝-0.41,P＜0.05).结论房室结前传功能越好,前传ERPAVN越短,阻断其传导所需的ATP剂量就越大;ERP是影响快径和慢径对ATP抑制反应的一个重要因素.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.