上海市闵行区大气污染与居民日死亡关系的时间序列研究

[目的]分析大气污染对居民每日死亡的急性效应。[方法]采用时间序列的广义相加模型(GAM),在控制了时间的长期趋势、季节趋势、周效应、气象因素等混杂因素的基础上,研究上海市闵行区2001年1月1日~2004年12月31日大气污染与居民日死亡的关系。[结果]大气中可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、二氧化硫(SO2)以及二氧化氮(NO2)的日均浓度每增加10μg/m3,对应居民死亡相对危险度分别为1.0030(95%CI:1.0005~1.0055)、1.0123(95%CI:1.0051~1.0195)和1.0126(95%CI:1.0059~1.0194)。[结论]上海市闵行区大气污染物PM10、NO2、SO2的浓度变化对居民日死亡人数有影响。     

武汉市大气污染短期暴露对人群死亡率影响的季节差异

目的分析武汉市大气污染短期暴露对人群死亡率影响的季节差异。方法采用基于Poisson分布的广义相加模型的时间序列方法,分析武汉市中心城区江岸区2002—2010年大气污染物PM10、SO2、NO2的短期暴露与人群死亡率关系的季节差异。结果研究期间,大气PM10、SO2、NO2的平均浓度分别为118.7、49.3、58.3μg/m3,每日平均非意外死亡数为11.1例。大气污染对非意外死亡和循环系统疾病死亡的影响以夏季最低,大气PM10浓度每升高10μg/m3,滞后2 d平均(lag0~1)的冬、春、夏、秋季非意外死亡分别增加0.28%(95%CI:0.01%~0.56%),0.28%(95%CI:-0.05%~0.61%),0.11%(95%CI:-0.38%~0.59%)和0.31%(95%CI:-0.03%~0.65%);循环系统疾病死亡分别增加0.61%(95%CI:0.23%~1.00%),0.82%(95%CI:0.35%~1.29%),-0.12%(95%CI:-0.83%~0.59%)和0.42%(95%CI:-0.06%~0.91%)。大气污染对呼吸系统疾病死亡的影响以冬季最高,大气PM10浓度每升高10μg/m3,lag0~1的冬、春、夏、秋季呼吸系统疾病死亡分别增加1.46%(95%CI:0.72%~2.21%),0.36%(95%CI:-0.63%~1.35%),-0.03%(95%CI:-1.61%~1.58%)和-0.35%(95%CI:-1.41%~0.73%)。气态污染物SO2、NO2对死亡率影响的季节差异与大气PM10相同。结论武汉市中心城区大气污染短期暴露对死亡率的影响呈现一定的季节差异,且对不同死因死亡率的影响存在不同的季节模式。     

上海市某区居民脑卒中死亡与大气污染关系的时间序列研究

目的　分析大气污染急性暴露对居民每日脑卒中死亡的影响。方法　采用时间序列的半参数广义相加模型 ,在控制死亡的长期趋势、气象因素、“星期几效应”等混杂因素的基础上 ,分析了上海市某区 2 0 0 1年 1月 1日～ 12月 31日大气污染与居民每日脑卒中死亡的关系。结果　大气PM10 ,SO2 和NO2 4 8h平均浓度每增加 10 μg m3 ,居民因脑卒中而死亡的相对危险度分别为 1 0 0 8(95 %CI 1 0 0 0～ 1 0 16 ) ,1 0 17(95 %CI 0 998～ 1 0 36 )和 1 0 2 9(95 %CI1 0 0 1～ 1 0 5 7)。结论　上海市某区目前的PM10 和NO2 水平对居民脑卒中死亡有影响。     

上海市大气污染对三级医院日医保急诊人次的影响

目的研究上海市大气污染水平与三级医院日医保急诊人次的关系。方法选用广义相加模型（generalized additive model,GAM）分析时间序列资料,并在模型中加入自回归模型AR（P）处理时间序列资料自相关的问题,在控制了与时间有关的中长期趋势、星期效应、节假日效应、非典事件、气象因素等混杂因素的基础上,分析了上海市2002--2004年间3种大气污染物PM10、SO2和NO2日均浓度变化与三级医院日医保急诊人次的关系。结果大气污染物PM10、SO2和NO2日均浓度每增加10μg／m^3,上海市三级医院医保急诊就诊的相对危险度分别为1．0017（95％CI1．0001～1．0034）,1．0066（95％CI1．0020～1．0111）和1．0052（95％CI1．0011-1．0094）。结论在上海市目前的大气污染水平下,所研究的3种污染物浓度水平对三级医院医保急诊人次有影响。     

上海市大气气态污染物与居民每日死亡关系的时间序列研究

目的 分析主要大气气态污染物[二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)]急性暴露对上海市城区居民每日死亡的影响.方法 采用时间序列的半参数广义相加模型,在控制死亡的长期趋势、气象因素、"星期几效应"等混杂因素的基础上,分析了上海市城区2001年1月1日-2004年12月31日大气SO2和NO2浓度与居民每日死亡数的关系.结果 大气SO2浓度每增加10μg/m3,上海市城区居民总死亡、心血管疾病死亡和呼吸道疾病死亡数分别增加1.25%(95%CI:0.85%～1.65%)、1.45%(95%CI:0.86%～2.04%)和1.71%(95%CI:0.72%～2.71%);大气NO2浓度每增加10 μg/m3,居民总死亡、心血管疾病死亡和呼吸道疾病死亡数则分别增加1.04%(95%CI:0.72%～1.35%),1.05%(95%CI:0.59%～1.51%)和1.43%(95%CI:0.65%～2.21%).结论 目前的上海市城区大气中SO2和NO2浓度对居民死亡确有影响.     

太原市空气污染对心脑血管疾病死亡率急性影响的Poisson广义可加模型分析

目的 定量化研究太原市大气污染对居民心脑血管疾病日死亡率的急性影响.方法 通过死因监测系统收集2004年太原市心脑血管疾病死亡病例资料,从太原市气象局获得气象资料,大气污染资料来源于太原市环境监测站.采用Poisson广义可加模型进行太原市大气污染与居民心脑血管疾病日死亡率的回归分析,同时控制气象因素、时间趋势、周日效应混杂因素的影响.以Bootstrap抽样法对数学模型的共曲线性进行校正并估计误差.结果 2004年太原市空气中PM10、SO2、NO2、CO的日均浓度分别为173.55、79.34、23.03、2 214.59 μg/m3;太原市心脑血管疾病日死亡率为7例/日.Pearson相关分析结果表明,SO2、CO、PM10浓度与温度的相关性的顺位为SO2(r=-0.701 6,P＜0.01)＞CO(P=-0.438 3,P＜0.01)＞PM10(r=-0.216 2,P＜0.01).滞后效应和累积效应GAM时序分析结果均显示,SO2和NO2同时引入,PM10和CO的健康效应达到最大值;而SO2和NO2在模型中未呈现统计学意义.Bootstrap校正共曲线性误差后,全污染物累积效应模型中,PM10的RR为1.216(95%CI:1.057～1.399),CO的RR为1.156(95%CI:1.061～1.263).结论 太原市大气PM10和CO污染对居民心脑血管疾病死亡率具有急性影响.SO2和CO浓度与温度具有相关性,提示SO2和CO与冬季采暖有关.对颗粒物而言,除采暖因素以外还存在其他重要的污染源.     

广州市某区医院呼吸系统疾病门诊人数与大气污染关系的时间序列研究

目的分析大气污染急性暴露对医院每日门诊人数的影响。方法采用时间序列的半参数广义相加模型,在控制门诊人数的长期趋势、气象因素、星期几效应等混杂因素的基础上,分析广州市某区2009年1月1日—2011年12月31日大气污染与医院每日门诊人数的关系。结果大气污染物PM10-2.5、PM2.5、NO2和SO2日平均浓度每增加10μg/m3,医院呼吸系统疾病日门诊量的相对危险度分别为1.002 5(95%CI:0.998 9~1.018 2),1.003 5(95%CI:1.001 2~1.016 4),1.002 4(95%CI:1.001 6~1.005 6)和1.002 8(95%CI:0.977 8~1.007 8)。结论广州市某区PM2.5和NO2日均浓度的短期升高可能会导致医院每日门诊人数的增加。     

某市空气污染对早产急性影响的Poisson广义可加模型分析

目的研究广东某市大气污染物对早产的急性影响。方法根据2007年广东某市的出生监测系统、围产保健数据和住院分娩病历获得妊娠结局资料,从广东某市气象局获得2007年气象资料,2007年大气污染资料来源于广东某市环境监测站。采用广义可加模型(general additive model,GAM)进行广东某市大气污染与新生儿早产发生率的Poisson回归分析,控制气象因素、时间趋势、工作日效应混杂因素的影响。结果 2007年广东某市空气中NO2、PM10、SO2的日均浓度分别为61.04、82.51、51.67μg/m3;2007年广东某市新生儿平均出生早产数为21.47例/日。Pearson相关分析结果表明,NO2、PM10、SO2浓度与温度及相对湿度均呈负相关。滞后效应和累积效应GAM时序分析结果均显示,单污染物的健康效应显著。在滞后效应中3种污染物的健康效应均仅维持在当天,当大气中NO2、PM10、SO2浓度每升高100μg/m3,其RR值分别为1.0425(95%CI:1.0068～1.0781)、1.0512(95%CI:1.0087～1.0938)、1.1118(95%CI:1.0479～1.1757)。在累积效应中NO2、SO2的健康效应均在滞后3d达到最大值,每升高100μg/m3,其RR值分别为1.0542(95%CI:1.0080～1.1003)、1.1298(95%CI:1.0480～1.2116);PM10的健康效应在滞后4d达到最大值,每升高100μg/m3,其RR值为1.0688(95%CI:1.0074～1.1301)。多污染物模型GAM时序分析结果显示,在SO2加入NO2的双污染物模型中SO2滞后效应达最大值,而NO2和PM10的滞后效应和累积效应均有下降,且在模型中未呈现统计学意义。结论广东某市大气NO2、PM10、SO2污染对新生儿早产发生率具有潜在的急性影响。     

某低污染区大气污染物对脑血管疾病死亡的影响

目的探讨低污染地区主要大气污染物对居民脑血管病死亡的影响。方法收集2002—2007年某地区脑血管病日死亡人数和主要大气污染物日平均浓度,经时间序列法平稳化序列后,再运用多元线性回归法进行相关性和确定性分析。结果①该地区大气中二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、一氧化碳(CO)以及空气动力学直径10μm以下的可吸入颗粒物(PM10)日平均浓度与居民脑血管疾病死亡人数之间存在显著相关(P0.05),其中大气中SO2、NO2、CO浓度每升高10μg/m3,脑血管疾病死亡的相对危险度(OR)分别增加5.65%(95%CI,4.93%～6.37%)、1.03%(95%CI,0.24%～1.82%)和0.12%(95%CI,0.09%～0.14%),而PM10则呈显著负相关(P=0.00)。②居民日脑血管疾病死亡人数与大气污染物浓度存在线性回归(P0.05),回归方程为:^y=16.917+72.092(SO2)+26.190(NO2)-15.932(PM10)+2.062(CO)。③从标化后的偏回归系数可以得出,自变量SO2浓度对应变量脑血管疾病日死亡的影响最大。结论该地区居民脑血管病死亡与大气中SO2、NO2和呈正相关,存在线性回归,其中尤以SO2的影响最大,PM10则呈负相关;控制该地区SO2的污染水平是降低居民脑血管疾病死亡率的关键。     

乌鲁木齐大气污染与循环系统疾病日住院人数的时间序列分析

目的定量评估乌鲁木齐城区主要大气污染物(SO2、NO2、PM10)对居民循环系统疾病的影响,建立大气污染对人群健康影响的预测模型。方法采用时间序列的广义相加模型(GAM),在控制了时间的长期趋势、季节趋势、周效应、气象因素等混杂因素的基础上,研究乌鲁木齐市区2005年1月1日—2009年12月31日大气污染物浓度与居民所患循环系统疾病人数的关联性。结果大气中SO2、NO2和PM10浓度每增加10μg/m3,循环系统疾病日住院人数相对危险度分别增加1.063(95%CI 1.024～1.091)、1.0341(95%CI 1.011～1.067)和1.057(95%CI 1.021～1.088)。研究期间主要污染物浓度总体呈逐年上升的趋势,循环系统疾病日住院人数不仅持续增加而且是呈周期性的波动存在(夏季偏低,冬季偏高)。结论对乌鲁木齐循环系统疾病日住院人数影响较大的污染物为SO2、PM10,并且与气象因素存在相关性。     

Season, sex, age, and education as modifiers of the effects of outdoor air pollution on daily mortality in Shanghai, China: The Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA) Study

BACKGROUND: Various factors can modify the health effects of outdoor air pollution. Prior findings about modifiers are inconsistent, and most of these studies were conducted in developed countries. OBJECTIVES: We conducted a time-series analysis to examine the modifying effect of season, sex, age, and education on the association between outdoor air pollutants [particulate matter < 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(10)), sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone] and daily mortality in Shanghai, China, using 4 years of daily data (2001-2004). METHODS: Using a natural spline model to analyze the data, we examined effects of air pollution for the warm season (April-September) and cool season (October-March) separately. For total mortality, we examined the association stratified by sex and age. Stratified analysis by educational attainment was conducted for total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality. RESULTS: Outdoor air pollution was associated with mortality from all causes and from cardiorespiratory diseases in Shanghai. An increase of 10 mug/m(3) in a 2-day average concentration of PM(10), SO(2), NO(2), and O(3) corresponds to increases in all-cause mortality of 0.25% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.14-0.37), 0.95% (95% CI, 0.62-1.28), 0.97% (95% CI, 0.66-1.27), and 0.31% (95% CI, 0.04-0.58), respectively. The effects of air pollutants were more evident in the cool season than in the warm season, and females and the elderly were more vulnerable to outdoor air pollution. Effects of air pollution were generally greater in residents with low educational attainment (illiterate or primary school) compared with those with high educational attainment (middle school or above). CONCLUSIONS: Season, sex, age, and education may modify the health effects of outdoor air pollution in Shanghai. These findings provide new information about the effects of modifiers on the relationship between daily mortality and air pollution in developing countries and may have implications for local environmental and social policies.     

Air pollution and daily mortality in Shanghai: a time-series study

In this study, the authors assessed the relationship between air pollution and daily mortality from June 2000 to December 2001 in Shanghai, the largest city in China. They used the generalized additive model to allow for the highly flexible long-term and seasonable trends, and for nonlinear weather variables. In the single-pollutant models, the authors found significant associations between concentrations of air pollutants (particulate matter less than 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter [PM10], sulfur dioxide [SO2], and nitrogen dioxide [NO2]) and daily mortality. An increase of 10 microg/m3 in PM10, SO2, and NO2 corresponded to a respective increase in relative risk of mortality from all causes of 1.003 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.001, 1.005), 1.014 (95% CI = 1.008, 1.020), and 1.015 (95% CI = 1.008, 1.022). In the multiple-pollutant models, the association between SO2 and daily mortality was not affected by the inclusion of other pollutants; for PM10 and NO2, however, the inclusion of other pollutants possibly weakened the effects between these 2 pollutants and mortality. This finding suggests that gaseous pollutants may be more important than particulate matter as indicators of health in Shanghai. The authors' analyses provided evidence that the current amounts of air pollution in Shanghai continue to adversely affect population health, and strengthen the rationale for limiting the quantities of pollutants in outdoor air.     

上海市大气污染与居民每日死亡关系的病例交叉研究

目的 以病例交叉的研究方法，估计大气污染急性暴露对上海市居民每日死亡的影响，并探讨该设计用于大气污染急性健康效应研究的可行性。方法 采用病例交叉设计的方法分析上海市2000年6月1日至2001年12月31日大气污染与居民每日总死亡和分疾病别死亡的关系，同时比较双向对照设计和单向回顾性对照设计研究结果的差异。结果 采用不同的对照选择方案，病例交叉设计的研究结果变化较大；采用双向1：6的对照设计，大气可吸入颗粒物(PMl0)、二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)48h平均浓度每增加10μg／m^3，上海市城区居民总死亡发生的相对危险度分别为1．003(95％CI：1．001～1．005)、1．016(95％CI：1．011～1．021)、1．020(95％CI：1．012～1．027)。结论 上海市城区目前的PMl0、SO2、NO2水平对居民死亡确有影响；病例交叉设计是一种研究大气污染急性健康效应的有效工具。     

上海市闵行区日均气温对居民日死亡的影响

目的 研究上海市闵行区日均气温与居民死亡的关系.方法 应用广义相加模型(GAM)分析时间序列资料,在控制了与时间有关的中长期趋势、星期效应、大气污染等混杂因素的基础上,拟合二次函数分析了上海市日均气温与闵行区居民死亡的关系.结果　2002-2004年闵行区总死亡人数为13 919人,平均每日死亡12.70人.从各年代数据来看,日死亡人数及其他多数相关指标年平均值在3年间变化不大或多呈波动变化.只有SO2的年平均值从2002年到2004年连续增高.根据各温度点对应的气温每改变1℃居民死亡的相对危险度(RR)及95%CI,求得适温段为11.67℃～20.71℃.随着气温的升高和降低而偏离适温段时,每日居民死亡增加.结论 目前上海市日均气温偏离最适温度段时,气温变化对居民死亡有影响.     

The association of daily diabetes mortality and outdoor air pollution in Shanghai, China

The objective of the study reported here was to assess the association between air pollution and daily diabetes mortality in Shanghai. Death records were collected for all individuals who lived in the Zhabei district of Shanghai and died from diabetes from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2002. The authors used a time-series approach to study the acute effects of air pollution on diabetes mortality after controlling for long-term trends, weather variables, and day of the week. Each increase of 10 microg/m3 in PM10, SO2, or NO2 was found to correspond, respectively, to a 1.006 (95 percent CI: 1.000-1.012), 1.011 (95 percent CI: 0.990-1.032), or 1.013 (95 percent CI: 1.000-1.026) relative risk of diabetes mortality in Shanghai. The air pollutants also were observed to have a greater effect on diabetics than on nondiabetics. These findings provide new evidence for the association between air pollution and diabetes mortality risk, and suggest that diabetics are more susceptible to air pollution than are nondiabetics.     

Ozone and daily mortality in Shanghai, China

BACKGROUND: Controversy remains regarding the relationship between ambient ozone and mortality worldwide. In mainland China, the largest developing country, there has been no prior study investigating the acute effect of O3 on death risk. Given the changes in types of air pollution from conventional coal combustion to the mixed coal combustion/motor vehicle emissions in China's large cities, it is worthwhile to investigate the acute effect of O3 on mortality outcomes in the country. OBJECTIVES: We conducted a time-series study to investigate the relation between O3 and daily mortality in Shanghai using 4 years of daily data (2001-2004). METHODS: We used the generalized additive model with penalized splines to analyze mortality, O3 pollution, and covariate data in warm and cold seasons. We considered daily counts of all-cause mortality and several cause-specific subcategories (respiratory and cardiovascular). We also examined these associations among several subpopulations based on age and sex. RESULTS: O3 was significantly associated with total and cardiovascular mortality in the cold season but not in the warm season. In the whole-year analysis, an increase of 10 microg/m3 of 2-day average (lag01) O3 corresponds to 0.45% [95% confidence interval (CI) , 0.16-0.73%], 0.53% (95% CI, 0.10-0.96%), and 0.35% (95% CI, -0.40 to 1.09%) increase of total nonaccidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, respectively. In the cold season, the estimates increased to 1.38% (95% CI, 0.68-2.07%), 1.53% (95% CI, 0.54-2.52%), and 0.95% (95% CI, -0.71 to 2.60%), respectively. In the warm season, we did not observe significant associations for both total and cause-specific mortality. The results were generally insensitive to model specifications such as lag structure of O3 concentrations and degree of freedom for time trend. Multipollutant models indicate that the effect of O3 was not confounded by particulate matter相似文献   

Effects of air pollution on postneonatal infant mortality among firstborn infants in Seoul, Korea: case-crossover and time-series analyses

Infants are known to be susceptible to the adverse health effects of ambient air pollution. The authors examined the relationship between air pollution and postneonatal mortality from all causes among firstborn infants in Seoul, Korea, during 1999-2003, using both case-crossover and time-series analyses. Using a bidirectional control-sampling approach, the authors compared the effects of various types of air pollution on postneonatal mortality. The relative risk of postneonatal mortality from all causes was 1.000 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.998-1.002) for particulate matter with a diameter <10 mum, 1.002 (95% CI = 0.994-1.009) for nitrogen dioxide, 1.015 (95% CI = 0.973-1.058) for sulfur dioxide, 1.029 (95% CI = 0.833-1.271) for carbon monoxide, and 0.984 (95% CI = 0.977-0.992) for ozone for each 1-unit increase of air pollution level in the 1:6 control selection scheme. The authors observed a positive association between air pollution and infant daily mortality except for the studied particulate matter and ozone, although it was not statistically significant. They obtained similar results in the time-series analysis. The risk of postneonatal infant death from all causes was positively associated with all studied air pollutants except ozone. The authors also confirmed that the bidirectional method with many controls will give a more efficient estimator than will a method with fewer controls.     

Diurnal temperature range and daily mortality in Shanghai, China

Although the relationship between temperature level and mortality outcomes has been well established, it is still unknown whether within-day variation in temperature, e.g. diurnal temperature range (DTR), is a risk factor for death independent of the corresponding temperature. Moreover, DTR is a meteorological indicator associated with global climate change which may be related to a variety of health outcomes. We hypothesized that large diurnal temperature change might be a source of additional environmental stress and therefore a risk factor for death. We used daily weather and mortality data from Shanghai, China to test this hypothesis. We conducted a time-series study to examine the association between DTR and mortality outcomes from 2001 to 2004. A semi-parametric generalized additive model (GAM) was used to assess the acute effect of DTR on mortality after controlling for covariates including time trend, day of the week (DOW), temperature, humidity, and outdoor air pollution. We found a strong association between DTR and daily mortality after adjustment for those potential confounders. A 1 degrees C increment of the 3-day moving average of DTR corresponded to a 1.37% (95% CI 1.08-1.65%) increase in total non-accidental mortality, a 1.86% (95% CI 1.40-2.32%) increase in cardiovascular mortality, and a 1.29% (95% CI 0.49-2.09%) increase in respiratory mortality. The effects of DTR on total non-accidental and cardiovascular mortality were significant on both "cold" (below 23 degrees C) and "warm" (at least 23 degrees C) days, although respiratory mortality was only significantly associated with DTR on "cold" days. This study suggests within-day variation in temperature may be a novel risk factor for death.     

Short-term effects of air pollution on mortality in nine French cities: a quantitative summary

Between 1990 and 1995, 9 French cities provided data on daily air pollution, total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and respiratory mortality. Personnel in individual cities performed Poisson regressions, controlling for trends in seasons, calendar effects, influenza epidemics, temperature, and humidity, to assess the short-term effects of air pollution. The authors describe results obtained from the quantitative pooling of these local analyses. When no heterogeneity could be detected, a fixed-effect model was used; otherwise, a random-effect model was used. Significant and positive associations were found between total daily deaths in these cities and the 4 air pollution indicators studied: (1) Black Smoke, (2) sulfur dioxide, (3) nitrogen dioxide, and (4) ozone. A 50-microg/m3 increase in Black Smoke (24 hr), sulfur dioxide (24 hr), nitrogen dioxide (24 hr), or ozone (8 hr) was associated with increases in total mortality of 2.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]) = 1.3, 4.4), 3.6% (95% CI = 2.1, 5.2), 3.8% (95% CI = 2.0, 5.5), and 2.7% (95% CI = 1.3, 4.1), respectively. Similar results were obtained for cardiovascular mortality. Except for sulfur dioxide, positive--but not significant--associations were found with respiratory mortality. The internal consistency among the cities studied, as well as consistency with previously published results, favors a causal interpretation of these associations.