成都市武侯区木质家具制造企业职业病危害现况调查与分析

目的了解成都市武侯区微小型木质家具制造企业职业病危害现状,为地方安监局开展木质家具制造企业职业病危害专项整治及制定监督整改方案提供参考意见,同时也为企业加强职业病防治工作提供参考。方法收集整理20家微小型木质家具制造企业的生产工艺流程、职业病防护设施、作业场所职业病危害因素检测结果及职业卫生管理情况进行分析。结果 18家企业配置除尘设施,12家企业喷漆房配置通风水帘降毒;防尘口罩、防噪耳塞、防毒面具的配置率分别为42.1%、5.3%和10.0%。主要职业病危害因素木粉尘、噪声、其他粉尘、苯、甲苯、二甲苯检测不合格率分别为23.1%、16.1%、27.3%、0.0%、3.0%和6.1%,职业卫生管理情况普遍较差。结论被调查企业职业卫生管理急需加强。     

常州市武进区10家木质家具制造企业职业卫生现状调查

目的了解常州市武进区木质家具企业职业卫生现状,为预防和控制该行业职业病提供依据。方法调查企业的职业卫生基本情况和职业病危害因素的种类和分布;工作场所危害因素检测及实验室分析;对接触有害因素的工人进行职业健康检查。结果木质家具制造企业建厂时未进行职业病危害"三同时"审查;仅有2家企业提供职业病危害现状评价报告书;职业卫生相关管理制度及操作规程不健全;防尘、防毒、防噪等卫生防护设施不到位,个人防护用品使用不规范;工作场所职业病危害因素检测点合格率为74.95%;职业健康检查率为85.51%,查出特异性异常者34人,异常率为11.3%,市级职业病诊断机构诊断慢性轻度苯中毒1例;未开展上岗前和离岗前职业健康检查。结论木质家具制造企业职业病有害因素危害严重,接触低浓度苯可引起神经系统和造血系统的损害,政府应加大监管力度,采取相应的综合治理措施。     

2022年长沙市重点行业工作场所职业病危害因素监测分析

目的 分析长沙市重点行业企业的职业病防治情况及危害因素水平,为制定长沙市职业病防治策略提供数据支持。方法 从“工作场所职业病危害因素监测系统”中收集2022年长沙市重点行业用人单位职业病防治情况和主动监测数据,并进行分析整理。结果 监测的546家重点行业企业中,大、中、小、微企业数量分别为5、38、260、243家,其中小微型占92.13%,27 086名劳动者接触职业病危害因素。重点行业企业职业卫生知识培训率、各类防护设施设置率、防毒与防噪个人防护用品的发放率、职业健康检查开展率和职业病危害因素定期检测率均以小、微型企业较低（均P<0.05）,防尘、防毒和防噪个人防护用品均以部分佩戴居多,分别为57.62%、58.84%和61.50%。各类职业病危害因素中,化学毒物的工作岗位合格率较高（均>95%）,粉尘中矽尘和物理因素中噪声的合格率较低,分别为53.70%和78.60%。矽尘超标岗位主要集中在采矿业、建筑用石加工、其他建筑材料、各类玻璃及制品制造和陶瓷制品制造等行业;化学毒物超标岗位主要在化学原料、印刷、家具制造、金属制品、通用设备和汽车制造业;噪声危害较严重行业包括采...     

深圳某街道木质家具制造企业职业卫生状况调查

目的 了解深圳市某街道木质家具制造企业职业卫生现状,为木质家具制造行业职业病防治提供依据.方法 调查该类企业的职业卫生基本情况,收集企业的日常检测资料及工人职业健康检查资料.结果 ①深圳市某街道木质家具制造企业以小型私营企业为主,主要存在甲苯、二甲苯、正己烷、粉尘、噪声职业病危害,其中粉尘、噪声检测超标较为严重,分别为35.48％和94.26％;②木质家具制造企业大多未执行职业卫生“三同时”备案审查,职业卫生管理制度和措施不完善,职业病防护设施简陋,个人防护用品不规范,未按规定安排职业健康检查;③苯系物接触者体检异常率为6.07％,木粉尘接触者体检异常率为7.51％,噪声接触者体检异常率为29.39％.结论 深圳市某街道木质家具制造企业职业病危害现状和职业健康损害不容忽视,应加强对木质家具制造企业职业病危害的治理.     

广州市不同规模工业企业职业病危害因素监测情况分析

  目的  分析广州市不同规模工业企业职业病危害因素监测情况，推进广州市工作场所职业病危害因素监测专项工作。
  方法  抽取240家工业企业2019年工作场所职业病危害因素定期检测报告，并开展现场调查；根据调查结果确定重点职业病危害因素的岗位和工作场所，进一步开展主动监测。分析不同规模工业企业职业卫生工作现状和职业病危害因素分布情况。
  结果  监测的240家企业中，大、中、小、微型企业数量分别为5、32、149、54家，覆盖员工39 020人，其中接触职业病危害因素16 733人（占42.88%）。大、中、小、微型企业各类人员职业健康培训率均在70%以上。防噪声设施的设置率、防毒和个人用品的佩戴率、防噪声个人用品的佩戴率均以大、中型企业为高（P < 0.05）。各类职业病危害因素中，粉尘、化学毒物的超标率相对较低，而噪声超标率偏高，且各类危害因素均有随着企业规模减小而升高的趋势。粉尘超标岗位集中在土砂石开采业，水泥、石材等建筑材料制造业；化学毒物超标集中在小型印刷厂，涂料、油墨、颜料及类似产品制造行业和木质家具制造业；噪声危害比较严重的行业包括土砂石开采、其他非金属矿采选、木质家具制造、金属家具制造、建筑材料制造、玻璃制品制造等。
  结论  广州市各规模工业企业职业病危害因素比较普遍，对职业病危害的主动防护意识需要加强；噪声仍是危害程度最大的职业病危害因素。承接国家近年扶持小、微型企业的经济政策导向，应进一步加强小、微型企业重点岗位的职业病防治工作。
     

宁德市合成革制造行业二甲基甲酰胺职业健康风险评估

目的 对宁德市合成革制造企业的重点岗位开展二甲基甲酰胺职业健康风险评估,为职业病防治工作提供依据。方法 开展职业卫生管理情况调查和职业病危害因素检测,对结果进行职业健康风险评估。结果 调查合成革制造企业24家,上一年度职业病危害因素定期检测、防毒设施设置、防毒面罩发放、防毒警示标识及中文警示说明设置合格率最高,均为100.0%,劳动者职业卫生培训合格率最低(20.8%)。检测结果显示重点岗位总体不合格率为59.4%,其中湿法涂布重点岗位不合格率最高(84.2%)。风险评估结果显示二甲基甲酰胺的总体职业健康风险等级为高风险,其中干法配料、干法涂布、湿法配料、湿法涂布重点岗位风险等级均为高风险。结论 宁德市合成革制造行业接触二甲基甲酰胺的职业健康风险大,卫生监管部门应将该行业纳入重点监管范围。     

2021年淮安市工作场所职业病危害因素分析

目的 了解2021年淮安市工作场所职业病危害现状,为政府部门制定防控策略提供参考依据。方法 根据《2021年淮安市工作场所职业病危害因素监测工作方案》,淮安市于2021年7—11月开展监测工作,对181家用人单位职业卫生调查情况和监测结果进行分析。结果 181家用人单位中,小、微型企业占95.03%,重点行业占86.19%。单位负责人培训率、职业卫生管理人员培训率、接触职业病危害的劳动者培训率分别为25.41%、29.28%和87.04%,以小、微型企业为低（P<0.05）。不同规模企业之间防毒设施的设置率、防噪声设施的设置率、防尘口罩的发放率、防毒口罩或面具的发放率、防噪声耳塞或耳罩的发放率比较,差异均有统计性意义（均P<0.05）,小、微型企业较低。职业健康检查中接触噪声劳动者异常率较高,为1.68%。2021年企业监测岗位情况：噪声岗位超标率为18.16%,煤尘岗位超标率为14.29%,矽尘岗位超标率为10.31%,铅作业岗位超标率为6.25%。结论 2021年淮安市工作场所职业病危害现状不容乐观,应重点关注噪声、粉尘职业病危害因素,加强职业卫生监管,尤其是小、微型企...     

北京市某木质家具制造企业职业病危害及防治对策

目的掌握木质家具制造企业职业病危害现状,为制定干预措施提供依据。方法以北京市某木质家具制造企业为例,通过现场调查和职业卫生学调查了解该家具制造企业生产过程中产生的主要职业病危害因素,并对作业场所职业病危害因素浓度(强度)进行了检测、分析和讨论。结果木质家具制造企业职业病危害主要为粉尘和噪声,检测结果显示木粉尘浓度范围为(0.98~5.53)mg/m3,共检测作业点7个,不合格点数2个,不合格率为28.6%;噪声强度范围为(83.2~87.0)d B(A),共检测作业点7个,其中不合格点3个,不合格率为42.86%。苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯的检测结果均符合要求,而粉尘浓度(立铣、立刨工位)和噪声强度(开料、立刨和钻孔工位)均超标,是企业职业病危害防治的关键控制点。结论木质家具制造企业木粉尘和噪声职业危害严重,可以从通风除尘和降噪、管理方面采取相应的防治措施,提高防护水平,保障劳动者的健康。     

深圳市坪山区家具制造企业职业病危害因素调查

目的 了解深圳市坪山区家具制造业职业病危害因素的分布和超标情况,为开展该行业的职业卫生工作提供依据.方法 对已完成职业病危害项目申报的212家家具制造企业按企业规模分层随机抽取120家,调查企业的职业卫生基本情况和职业病危害因素的种类及分布、工作场所职业病危害因素检测情况.结果 深圳市坪山区家具制造企业以私有小、微型企业为主,主要生产木质家具和其他家具,金属家具制造企业数量虽少,但危害严重.企业工作场所共存在68种职业病危害因素,包括物理因素、粉尘、有机毒物和无机毒物.开展职业病危害因素定期检测的企业数占调查企业数的84.6％(66/78).中型企业的粉尘定点检测合格率低于小型和微型企业(x2=8.389,P＜0.05).金属家具制造企业的岗位检测和定点检测总合格率均低于木质家具和其他家具制造企业(x2=6.463,P＜0.05;x2=31.942,P＜0.01).职业病危害因素检测合格率最低的为噪声,其次为粉尘.噪声的岗位检测合格率和定点检测合格率分别为65.6％和65.5％,其中以金属家具制造企业的噪声检测合格率最低,其岗位检测和定点检测的合格率分别为46.9％和36.0％.苯及其他有机毒物只有个别检测点超标.结论 坪山区家具制造企业工作场所职业病危害状况已得到明显改善,今后应重点防控噪声和粉尘的危害,苯系物等有机溶剂的危害虽然不严重,但仍应预防职业中毒事件的发生.     

不同规模汽车零部件制造企业职业病危害程度纵向分析及控制措施横向探讨

目的 调查合肥市某区汽车零部件制造企业职业卫生防护现状,对比不同规模企业的职业病危害程度,分析目前存在的问题,为职业病防治和控制措施提供科学依据。方法 通过现场调查、职业病危害因素检测、职业健康检查等方式收集资料,采用Excel软件对数据进行录入,运用SPSS 22.0软件对计数资料进行不同维度的分析。结果 数据显示,中型企业(40.8%)接害人(次)数最多,小型企业(31.8%)次之,大型企业(29.2%)最少,大型企业在职业卫生管理符合情况上优于中、小型企业。随着企业规模越大,职业卫生管理情况符合率越高。防护设施设置情况：防噪设施设置率最低为51.5%,防毒设施次之为62.8%,防尘设施最高为71.9%。个人防护用品佩戴问题较为突出,佩戴率为39.0%。不同规模企业的防尘、防毒、防噪和个人防护用品佩戴率有线性关联性。27家企业共收集9 413组有效检测样本,各危害因素超标率分别为：噪声34.2%,臭氧22.0%,二甲苯11.6%,粉尘11.0%,二氧化锰5.1%,甲苯3.0%,二甲苯2.0%,二氧化氮0.0%;其中,小型企业超标率为22.7%,大型企业超标率为11.8%,中型企业超...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.