强迫症患者治疗前后脑诱发电位的比较研究

目的 探讨强迫症(OCD)诱发脑电指标变异的意义。方法 应用美国Nicolet Spirit脑诱发电位仪,记录35例OCD患者(OCD组)和28名健康人(NC组)的事件相关电位P300、脑干听觉反应(ABR)和视觉诱发电位(VEP)。对其中23例OCD患者于治疗5个月后再次检测P300、ABR和VEP。结果 (1)治疗前,OCD组P300-P3靶波幅[(3.51±1.60)μV]低于NC组[(5.90±2.10)μV,P<0.01];ABR-波V绝对潜伏期[(6.40±0.41)ms]长于NC组[(5.50±0.33)ms,P<0.01],波V波幅[(0.35±0.10)μV]高于NC组[(0.16±0.09)μV,P<0.01];VEP-P2潜伏期[(199±39)ms]长于NC组[(183±28)ms,P<0.05]。(2)治疗后,OCD组随强迫思维和行为改善,脑电诱发电位中仅P300-P3靶波幅升高[治疗前后分别为(4.50±1.30)μV和(6.01±1.50)μV;P<0.01],VEP-P2潜伏期缩短[分别为(199±30)ms和(183±28)ms;P<0.05],余各项差异均无显著性。结论 OCD患者P300和VEP变化与临床状态有关,ABR的变异则有待继续跟踪。     

注意缺陷多动障碍患儿的P300检测

目的 探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)患儿事件相关电位P 300指标及其治疗前后的特点.方法 应用美国Nicolet Spirit脑诱发电位仪,记录36例ADHD患儿和32名正常儿童(NC组)的P 300,对其中33例ADHD患儿于治疗6个月后再次检测P 300.结果 (1)ADHD组P 300-N2和P3靶潜伏期长于NC组,P 300-P3靶波幅低于NC组(P<0.01).(2)利太林治疗后,ADHD组随多动症状改善,脑诱发电位中P 300-N2靶潜伏期缩短[治疗前后分别为(273±20)ms和(260±17)ms,P<0.01],P3靶波幅升高[分别为(2.9±1.9)μV和(4.6±2.0)μV,P<0.01].结论 ADHD患儿P 300有变化,治疗后随着多动症状的改善,与认知功能有关的P 300指标也有相应改善.     

孤独症患儿失匹配负波实验研究

目的 探讨孤独症患儿失匹配负波(MMN)的特点.方法 应用美国Nicolet Bravo脑诱发电位仪对37例孤独症和30例正常儿童进行了MMN检测.结果 与正常儿童组相比,孤独症患儿MMN潜伏期后移,正常儿童组(178.7±21.7)ms,孤独症组(197.1±19.1)ms,t=3.64,P＜0.01;波幅降低,正常儿童组(4.9±1.5)μV,孤独症组(3.3±1.8)μV,t=3.84, P＜0.01.结论 MMN对临床辅助诊断孤独症有一定参考价值.     

酒依赖相关精神障碍患者的脑干听觉反应及P300异常变化

目的探讨酒依赖患者脑干听觉反应(ABR)及P300的特点.方法以click短声、听觉靶刺激和非靶刺激为诱发事件,检测26例男性酒依赖患者及31名男性正常人的ABR和事件相关电位P300.结果 (1)ABR与对照组比较,酒依赖组波Ⅱ～波Ⅶ的绝对潜伏期长,波Ⅱ～波Ⅴ的绝对波幅低,差异均有显著性和非常显著性(P<0.05或P<0.01);(2)P300在靶刺激中,酒依赖组的P2和P3潜伏期[分别为(187±26)ms和(319±27)ms]长于对照组[分别为(171±21)ms和(302±16)ms],P2和P3波幅[分别为(3.9±2.3)μV和(3.5±3.1)μV]低于对照组[分别为(6.0±2.1)μV和(8.2±4.1)μV];在非靶刺激中,酒依赖组的N1潜伏期[(108±14)ms]长于对照组[(98±12)ms];差异有显著性和非常显著性(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论长期大量饮酒不仅损害脑干功能,同时损害皮层认知功能.     

老年抑郁症事件相关电位P300和MMN变化及帕罗西汀治疗前后的对照研究

目的探索抗抑郁剂治疗对老年抑郁症(SD组)的P300和非匹配负波(MMN)的影响。方法对33例SD组于治疗基线和治疗18周采用汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定病情严重程度,采用美国ERP仪进行事件相关电位P300和MMN检测,并与35例健康人(NC组)进行P300和MMN对照研究。结果 (1)治疗前SD组的P300潜伏期和MMN潜伏期〔(306±30)ms和(208±25)ms〕均比NC组〔(289±24)ms和(180±23)ms〕延迟(P0.01),P300波幅和MMN波幅〔(6±3)μv和(3±2)μv〕均低于NC组,分别是〔(12±3)μv和(6±3)μv〕(P0.01)。(2)帕罗西汀治疗后SD组P300潜伏期和MMN潜伏期均显著缩短(P0.05),P300波幅和MMN波幅均明显提高(P0.05)。结论老年抑郁症患者存在P300和MMN异常,抗抑郁药物治疗可使其改善。     

精神分裂症首发患者的非匹配负波及P300随访研究

目的了解精神分裂症首发患者非匹配负波（MMN）和P300的特征以及治疗缓解后脑电波的变化。方法应用美国Bravo脑电生理仪,比较58例首发分裂症患者和54名健康人的MMN和P300电位,并用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定患者精神症状。患者组于治疗5周和14周时随访MMN和P300。结果①精神分裂症首发患者组的MMN潜伏期[（222.4±33.0）ms]比正常对照组[（200.5±30.1）ms]延迟（t=3.66,P〈0.01）,波幅[（4.6±3.3）μV]比对照组[（7.9±3.9）μV]低（t=4.85,P〈0.01）。患者组P300中靶潜伏期P3同时延迟;②MMN潜伏期延长和波幅低,与PANSS阳性症状和思维障碍分呈负相关（r=-0.381,P〈0.05,r=-0.459,P〈0.01）;患者组经治疗14周后,MMN波幅呈增大改变和潜伏期缩短。结论MMN和P300联合应用可能作为精神分裂症首发患者临床检测指标。     

抑郁障碍的P300及非匹配负波实验研究

目的 建立非匹配负波(MMN)并探讨抑郁障碍的特点.方法 应用美国Nicolet Bravo脑诱发电位仪,对35例抑郁障碍和32名正常成人进行了P300和MMN检测.结果 与正常对照组相比,抑郁障碍MMN潜伏期延迟(正常组:(190±21)ms,抑郁障碍(267±27)ms,t=12.94,P<0.01),同时波幅降低(正常组(8.3±1.4)μV,抑郁障碍组(5.1±2.0)μV,t=7.52, P<0.01).结论 非匹配负波新技术可反映抑抑郁障碍及其他精神障碍诱发脑电波的自动加工过程,可推广于临床应用.     

精神分裂症患者脑电失匹配负波的对照研究

目的探讨精神分裂症患者失匹配负波(mismatch negativity,MMN)的特点以及治疗后MMN的变化。方法应用美国Bravo脑电生理仪,记录43例精神分裂症患者和36名正常人的MMN,同时记录P300电位比较。患者组于治疗6周和15周时进行MMN随访。结果(1)与正常组比较,精神分裂症组的MMN潜伏期延迟和波幅降低[正常组(198.5±27.4)ms和(7.9±3.6)μV,患者组(224.9±33.8)ms,(4.6±3.3)μV,P均<0.01],患者组P300中靶潜伏期P3同时延迟(P<0.01)。(2)患者组经治疗15周后,MMN波幅呈增大改变和潜伏期缩短(P<0.01),反映患者的认知功能改善。结论MMN技术可反映精神分裂症患者诱发脑电的自动加工过程。MMN可作为精神分裂症患者的临床应用检测指标之一。     

强迫症患者的失匹配负波研究

目的 探讨强迫症患者失匹配负波(MMN)的特点.方法 应用美国Nicolet Bravo脑诱发电位仪,对27例强迫症患者和33名正常成人进行了MMN检测.结果 与正常对照组相比,强迫症患者MMN潜伏期延迟(正常组(191±23)ms,强迫症组(208±25)ms,t=2.793,P＜0.01),同时波幅降低(正常组(8.9±1.7)μV,强迫症组(5.4±1.9)μV,t=6.24, P＜0.01).结论 被动事件相关电位MMN可反映强迫症患者自动加工过程.失匹配负波在评价强迫症脑功能失常上可能是有用的指标.     

抑郁障碍患者五种脑诱发电位指标的临床随访研究

目的探讨抑郁障碍患者5种脑诱发电位指标及其治疗前后的特点。方法应用美国脑诱发电位仪，记录38例抑郁障碍患者（患者组）和33名正常对照者（对照组）的听觉诱发电位（AEP）、视觉诱发电位（VEP）、事件相关电位P300（ERP-P300）、失匹性负波（MMN）和关联性负变（CNV）。对其中18例患者随访至缓解期（治疗第9周末）。结果（1）与对照组相比，患者组出现AEP-N1潜伏期长[对照组（88±18）ms，患者组（104±25）ms]，N1-P2波幅低[对照组（5．3±1．9）μV，患者组（3．7±1．6）μV]；VEP-N1潜伏期长[对照组（125±19）ms，患者组（141±21）ms]，N1-P2波幅低[对照组（8．4±2．9）μV，患者组（6．9±2．6）μV]；P300-P3b潜伏期长[对照组（316±26）ms，患者组（330±21）ms]，P3．和P弘的波幅均低；CNV中的M1和M2波幅低，反应时间（RT）长[对照组（213±81）ms，患者组（306±126）ms]，均P〈0．01和P〈0．05。（2）随访部分患者，AEP中的N1-P2波幅、VEP中的N1潜伏期、P300中的P3b潜伏期，MMN波幅及CNV的波幅和RT等，与治疗前比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05和P〈0．01）。结论抑郁障碍患者的AEP、VEP、P300和CNV，较正常对照组有改变。治疗后随抑郁症状的改善，与认知功能有关的指标也有相应的改善。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.     

Learning and forgetting new names and objects in MCI and AD

We studied how subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls learned and maintained the names of unfamiliar objects that were trained with or without semantic support (object definitions). Naming performance, phonological cueing, incidental learning of the definitions and recognition of the objects were tested during follow-up. We found that word learning was significantly impaired in MCI and AD patients, whereas forgetting patterns were similar across groups. Semantic support showed a beneficial effect on object name retrieval in the MCI group 8 weeks after training, suggesting that the MCI patients’ preserved semantic memory can compensate for impaired episodic memory. The MCI group performed equally well as the controls in the tasks measuring incidental learning and recognition memory, whereas the AD group showed impairment in this respect. Both the MCI and the AD group benefited less from phonological cueing than the controls. Our findings indicate that word learning is compromised in both MCI and AD, whereas long-term retention of newly learned words is not affected to the same extent. Incidental learning and recognition memory seem to be well preserved in MCI.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统 ,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达 ,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关。近年的研究表明 ,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白 ,能与多种因子如SV4 0大T抗原 ,腺病毒E1A ,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p5 3等结合 ,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb。necdin基因缺陷时 ,会引起脑内 ,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍。人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区 ,可能与PWS的一些症状有关。本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况 ,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述     

Satellite cells and myonuclei in young and elderly women and men

The overall aim of this study was to assess the effects of aging on the satellite cell population. Muscle biopsies were taken from the tibialis anterior muscle of healthy, moderately active young (age range, 20-32 years; n = 31) and elderly (age range, 70-83 years; n = 27) women and men with comparable physical activity pattern. Satellite cells and myonuclei were visualized using a monoclonal antibody against neural cell adhesion molecule and counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. An average of 211 (range, 192-241) muscle fibers were examined for each individual. Compared with the young women and men, the elderly subjects had a significantly lower (P < 0.011) number of satellite cells per muscle fiber but a significantly higher (P < 0.004) number of myonuclei per muscle fiber. The number of satellite cells relative to the total number of nuclei [satellite cells/(myonuclei + satellite cells)] was significantly lower in the elderly than in the young women and men. These results imply that a reduction in the satellite cell population occurs as a result of increasing age in healthy men and women.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关.近年的研究表明,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白,能与多种因子如SV40大T抗原,腺病毒E1A,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p53等结合,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb.necdin基因缺陷时,会引起脑内,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍.人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区,可能与PWS的一些症状有关.本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述.     

Retrospective and prospective design and data

The study of the presentation, symptomatology and family characteristics of an exclusively adolescent sample of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) was undertaken. Twenty-four cases of borderline personality disorder, 20 females, 4 males, identified using chart review and meeting the criteria of the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB) and DSM III-R, were matched with psychiatric controls. Adolescents with borderline personality disorder were found to have high rates of affective symptomatology with Axis I diagnosis of major depressive disorder - MDD (DSM-III-R), and high rates of interpersonal psychopathology, i.e., manipulation, devaluation, and a pervasive sense of boredom. The latter seem to be characteristic as for adults with borderline personality disorder. The families were particularly angry and volatile.     

Cortisol levels and depression in men and women using heroin and cocaine

Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are well documented in men using illicit drugs and/or infected with HIV; however, less is known about HPA function, or the health consequence of HPA dysfunction, in their female counterparts. People with depression exhibit hypercortisolemia, and depression is common in people with HIV or substance use problems. The current study investigated cortisol secretion in 209 demographically matched men and women, stratified by their HIV and drug use status. Self-reported depressive symptoms were evaluated using a standardized, validated questionnaire (CES-D). Women reported more depressive symptoms than men (p=.01). Male and female drug users exhibited higher cortisol concentrations (p=.03), and were more likely to report depressive symptoms (p=.04), than non-users. Depression was related to elevated cortisol concentrations for the study population (p=.03), and women with elevated cortisol concentrations were significantly more depressed than all other participants (p=.05). While it is unknown whether high cortisol concentrations precede depressive symptoms or vice versa, these data indicate that higher cortisol concentrations are associated with depressive symptoms in heroin and cocaine users, and that this association is more pronounced in women than men. HIV status did not act in an additive or synergistic way with drug use for either cortisol or CES-D measures in the current study. Unique therapies to treat the endocrine and mental health consequences of illicit drug use in men and women deserve consideration as depressive symptoms, and high cortisol concentrations associated with depressive symptoms, differ by gender.     

相关性和一致性：这对相仿概念和测量方法的回顾与阐明

概述：一致性(agreement)和相关性(correlation)是两个广泛使用的概念,用来评估变量之间的关联。虽然二者相似且相关,但是它们代表关联完全不同的概念。评估变量之间的一致性假设变量测量的是相同的结构,而在变量测量完全不同的结构时也可以评估它们之间的相关性。这种概念上的差异就要求使用不同的统计方法,并且当评估一致性或相关性时,统计方法根据数据的分布和研究者的兴趣可能会有所不同。例如, Pearson相关性,作为评估连续变量之间相关性的一种普遍测量方法,只有用于符合线性关系的变量时才能提供有用的信息;当用于不符合线性关系的变量时就无法提供准确信息甚至会产生误导。同样地,内部相关性,作为一种评估连续变量之间一致性的常用方法,如果一致性不好的实质正好是研究兴趣所在,那么该测量就不能为研究者提供充分的信息。本报告回顾了一致性和相关性的概念,并讨论了几种常用方法在应用中的差异。