45岁以下肺癌168例临床病理分析

目的探讨45岁以下原发性支气管肺癌的临床病理特征。方法回顾性分析西南医科大学附属医院2011年6月~2016年5月45岁以下肺癌活检标本共168例,包括腺癌72例,鳞癌62例,小细胞癌24例,腺鳞癌5例,类癌5例。结果 168例肺癌中,男性105(62.5%)例,女性63(37.5%)例,男女比为1.67∶1;年龄18~44岁,其中41~44岁的人数最多,占67.2%。患者临床表现以咳嗽及右肺上叶或左肺上叶包块多见。鳞癌、小细胞癌、类癌均为男性多于女性,腺癌、腺鳞癌均为女性多于男性。年龄段的临床病理因素分析提示,男女性别之间差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.687,P=0.03);淋巴结转移分析差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.018,P=0.313)。结论 45岁以下肺癌发病同龄男性显著高于女性。     

原发性鼻腔鼻窦非肠型腺癌及其肾细胞癌样腺癌亚型临床病理分析

目的探讨8例原发性鼻腔鼻窦非肠型腺癌,包括1例肾细胞癌样腺癌亚型的临床病理特征。方法回顾分析8例原发性鼻腔鼻窦非肠型腺癌的临床病理特征并行免疫组化染色。结果 8例原发性鼻腔鼻窦非肠型腺癌中低级别非肠型腺癌5例(包括1例肾细胞癌样腺癌),高级别非肠型腺癌3例。临床主要表现为鼻阻伴出血、流涕等,鼻内镜检查见息肉状或菜花状新生物阻塞鼻道。镜下非肠型腺癌呈浸润性生长,不同程度累及黏膜、固有腺或骨质。其中低级别腺癌主要排列为腺管状、筛状及少部分乳头状结构,其中肾细胞癌样腺癌细胞胞质均匀透明;高级别腺癌显示广泛侵袭性生长。免疫组化标记CK (AE1/AE3)、CK7阳性,CK20、TTF-1阴性;其中肾细胞癌样腺癌CA-Ⅸ阳性,CD10及PAX8阴性。6例患者随访时间2～55个月,其中3例低级别患者均存活,3例高级别患者中1例死亡,2例复发。结论原发性鼻腔鼻窦非肠型腺癌的发生率低,其中肾细胞癌样腺癌罕见,高级别腺癌预后差。该肿瘤具有较特异的临床病理特征,应注意与涎腺型及转移性腺癌相鉴别。     

食管腺癌的细胞学和组织学诊断分析

目的：探讨信用这中段腺癌细胞学诊断意义。方法：对２０例食管腺癌病例的组织切片和细胞学涂片进行形态学对照观察。结果：印戒细胞癌３例,粘液腺癌７例,管状腺癌６例,腺鳞癌２例,粘液表皮样癌２例。其细胞学的共同特征为细胞学涂片中常出现粘液背景或含粘液的癌细胞,细胞学与病理组织学诊断的符合率达９０％。结论：细胞学有助于食管腺癌的诊断食管腺癌可能起地食管固有腺。     

原发性食管腺癌外科治疗与病理分析

目的了解原发性食管癌的生物学特性，探讨合理的综合治疗措施。方法对15例原发性食管腺癌者行手术切除并作病理分析。结果其中食管单纯腺癌12例，腺鳞癌3例，1、3、5年生存率分别为73．3％、63．5％、57．1％。结论因食管腺癌粘膜下浸润能力强，恶性程度高，有早期扩散和转移倾向，预后差，手术是其首选的主要治疗手段，以胸段食管全切、食管胃端侧颈部吻合术为宜，同时应最大限度地清除区域淋巴结。     

cN0甲状腺微小乳头状癌Ⅵ区淋巴结转移的危险因素分析

目的探讨cN0甲状腺微小乳头状癌(PTMC)Ⅵ区淋巴结转移的影响因素及其临床意义。方法横断面研究。纳入2017年3月—2021年12月南京同仁医院和南京医科大学附属明基医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科cN0 PTMC患者154例, 其中男48例、女106例, 年龄21～70岁、中位年龄43岁。肿瘤灶位于左侧腺叶66例(单癌灶62例、多癌灶4例)、右侧腺叶65例(单癌灶55例、多癌灶10例)、双侧腺叶23例(双侧均为单癌灶20例、双侧均为多癌灶3例)。对单病灶病例依据术前超声检查进行肿瘤位置的划分与分组:以甲状腺冠状面1/2假想平面为界, 肿瘤主体(超过肿瘤横径的1/2)位于假想平面前方者纳入腹侧组(85例)、位于假想平面后方者纳入背侧组(72例);对于多灶患者, 肿瘤位置不作区分。合并桥本甲状腺炎34例。154例患者均接受手术治疗, 共行Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫177侧, 其中甲状腺腺叶切除/甲状腺全切+同侧/肿瘤侧Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫131例、甲状腺全切+双侧/单侧Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫23例;观察术后并发症;以病理诊断为"金标准", 计算cN0 PTMC Ⅵ区淋巴结转移率;对cN0 PTMC患者Ⅵ区淋巴结转移进行危险...     

食管黏膜原发性Paget病临床病理分析

目的探讨食管黏膜原发性Paget病的临床病理特征、诊断与鉴别诊断。方法分析4例食管黏膜原发性Paget病的临床病理特征、组织学形态及免疫组化标记的表达,并复习相关文献。结果患者均为男性,年龄61~74岁,均发生于食管黏膜,光镜下Paget细胞于食管黏膜内呈单个或小巢状、腺泡状分布,2例伴原位腺癌,其中1例伴远隔部位的食管鳞癌;免疫组化En Vision法染色显示Paget细胞均强表达CKpan、CKL、CK7,不表达CKH、CK5/6、CK14、p63,与食管鳞癌免疫组化标记相反。结论食管黏膜原发性Paget病非常罕见,可单独发生,或可伴原位腺癌、食管鳞癌,确诊需详细的病理形态学观察、免疫组化染色,并结合临床病史排除继发性、转移性可能,避免误、漏诊。     

涎腺恶性多形性腺瘤161例临床病理分析

目的分析涎腺恶性多形性腺瘤（malignant pleomorphic adenoma,MPA）的临床病理特征。方法对经病理复片诊断为MPA的161例临床病理材料进行回顾性分析。结果161例MPA中,152例为原发性肿瘤、7例为局部复发性肿瘤、2例为肿瘤颈淋巴结转移灶。152例原发MPA中发生于腮腺85例、腭部39例、颌下腺21例、颊部3例、唇部2例、磨牙后区1例、上颌骨1例;男性95例,女性57例,男女比为1．7：1;发病年龄为27～92岁,平均59岁。恶性成分的组织学类型包括肌上皮癌62例、非特异性腺癌59例、腺样囊性癌8例、黏液表皮样癌7例、导管癌3例、腺鳞癌3例、上皮-肌上皮癌3例、癌肉瘤3例、未分化癌2例、腺泡细胞癌1例、黏液腺癌1例。组织学高、中、低度恶性的分别为45、69、38例。同一肿瘤中恶性成分≤50％的为21例,〉50％的为131例。侵袭性、微侵袭性、非侵袭性癌分别为106、10、33例。侵袭性癌、组织学分级与肿瘤发生颈淋巴结转移之间有显著相关性（P值均〈0．01）。结论MPA多见于中老年男性,好发于腮腺;临床表现多为无痛渐大性肿块,以近期生长迅速为特征;组织学表现为常同时具有良性多形性腺瘤成分和恶性肿瘤成分,侵袭性癌多见,恶性成分常多于良性成分,恶性成分以肌上皮癌和非特异性腺癌为多见;侵袭性癌、组织学分级高度恶性者易发生颈淋巴结转移。     

伴神经内分泌分化的胃原发性癌肉瘤临床病理观察

目的 探讨伴神经内分泌分化的胃原发性癌肉瘤(gastric primary carcinosarcoma with neuroendocrine differentiation)的临床病理特征,诊断及鉴别诊断.方法 对1例伴神经内分泌分化的胃原发性癌肉瘤进行光镜观察、免疫组化标记和W-S染色,并复习相关文献.结果 患者因烧心、黑便40天就诊.胃镜发现胃贲门处有1巨大菜花状肿物.光镜下肿瘤主要由两种成分构成.一种为不规则腺管结构,免疫表型CK和EMA阳性,vimentin阴性,多数腺管Syn阳性,少数腺上皮细胞CgA阳性;另一种为弥漫分布的间质细胞,免疫表型为vimentin广泛阳性,actin、CK、EMA、Syn、S-100局灶性阳性,CgA阴性.瘤组织中可见局灶性软骨肉瘤、骨肉瘤及平滑肌肉瘤成分.肿瘤旁胃黏膜未查见幽门螺杆菌.结论 伴神经内分泌分化的胃原发性癌肉瘤是一种极其罕见,恶性程度较高,预后较差的肿瘤.其诊断与鉴别诊断主要依靠组织病理学及免疫组织化学.     

40岁以下妇女子宫内膜癌刮宫活检的病理诊断问题

目的 探讨40岁以下妇女子宫内膜癌刮宫活检的病理诊断。方法对20例40岁以下子宫内膜癌患者的临床病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果子宫内膜样腺癌18例,腺鳞癌(腺癌伴鳞状上皮分化)1例,浆液性乳头状癌并透明细胞癌1例。子宫内膜样腺癌的组织学特点是子宫内膜腺体失去极性,细胞核变大、变圆、核仁突出,染色质粗或呈空泡状,同时子宫内膜间质消失,代之为肉芽组织或纤维组织,常有炎性反应。子宫内膜样腺癌多数仅累及浅肌层,皆无转移。1例子宫内膜腺鳞癌呈双侧卵巢转移;1例浆液性乳头状癌有盆腔淋巴结转移。结论40岁以下妇女的子宫内膜癌多数为高分化子宫内膜样腺癌,应注意与子宫内膜不典型增生及不典型息肉状腺肌瘤鉴别。     

阴道原发性子宫内膜样腺癌

阴道的原发性腺癌约占阴道所有原发性癌15％。除了透明细胞腺癌认识较清楚外，其他类型的腺癌尚未得到足够的重视。作者报道了18例阴道原发性子宫内膜样腺癌，患昔年龄45—81岁，平均60岁。临床症状主要表现为阴道出血或不适。16例患者曾行子宫切除术，9例有子宫内膜异位症病史，5例有长期服用雌激素史，其中1例患者在诊断时还已服用三苯氧胺5年，1例患者在诊断腺癌之前9年曾被诊断为阴道腺病。肿瘤大小为1．4～7．0cm。     

Epithelial tumors of the lacrimal glands: a clinicopathologic study.

We report the clinicopathologic features of epithelial tumors of the lacrimal gland apparatus, which are rare and therefore represent a major challenge for diagnosis and treatment. Histologic material from 22 lesions was studied by light microscopy, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry. A comparison with major and minor salivary gland tumors was performed to analyze the relative distribution of these tumors and to establish whether salivary glands and lacrimal gland tumors are similar or different in their pathologic appearance and clinical behavior. There were three benign pleomorphic adenomas and 19 malignant tumors. The gender distribution was equal. The ages of the patients ranged from 10 to 73 years (mean age, 46 years). Among the malignant tumors, adenoid cystic carcinoma was the most common (nine cases), followed by mucoepidermoid carcinoma (three cases). There were two cases each of malignant mixed tumor and adenocarcinoma. All mucoepidermoid carcinomas and the adenocarcinomas were histologically high grade. There also was one case each of salivary duct carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma, and oncocytic adenocarcinoma. Of 14 patients in whom clinical follow-up was available, seven had distant metastases and four died of their disease. The only case occurring in a child was an adenoid cystic carcinoma that recurred locally after 14 years. The clinical and pathologic features of lacrimal gland tumors resemble those lesions that arise in the intraoral minor salivary glands. The greater relative proportion of malignant cases in this series probably reflects a selection bias.     

Primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the esophagus

Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic findings of a primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the esophagus from a 71-year-old male patient are described. An oval tumor in the middle intrathoracic esophagus was resected. The tumor appeared similar to a submucosal tumor and was histologically diagnosed as primary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the esophagus. The patient has survived for 10 years postoperatively with no evidence of recurrence. Histologically, the tumor showed a cribriform, tubular or solid pattern. A small focus of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was found independently. Immunohistochemical results for keratin groups, S-100 protein and smooth muscle actin (αSMA) revealed similar profiles in the ACC tumor tissues and small ducts of the normal esphageal glands. By electron microscopy, tumor cells were found markedly similar to the small duct cells of the normal esophageal gland. These findings. indicate that ACC may originate from the esophageal glands, especially from cells of the small duct including intercalated duct.     

Electron microscopic findings for diagnosis of breast lesions

The normal mammary gland can be roughly divided into the large duct close to the nipple and the terminal duct located within the lobulus. Both the large duct and the terminal duct are composed of epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells. The epithelial cells can be divided into light and dark cells using electron density. Heterochromatin is the predominant type of chromatin found in normal mammary glands. The cytoplasm of myoepithelial cells contains a number of fine filaments that possess dense patches. The myoepithelial cells of the large duct have a large process with a crablike appearance that protrudes from the cytoplasm. The myoepithelial cells of the terminal duct, by contrast, assume a relatively flat form and are approximately parallel to the epithelial-stromal junction. If the nuclei of the epithelial cells of normal mammary glands and benign breast lesions are compared with those of malignant breast lesions, the latter are primarily oval or circular in shape whereas the former often show marked notches. The predominant chromatin is heterochromatin in noncancer cells and euchromatin in cancer cells. The intracytoplasmic lumen (ICL) can be roughly divided into two types. The ICL is frequently seen in breast cancers, especially scirrhous carcinoma and lobular carcinoma. Invasive ductal carcinoma can be divided into three types: papillotubular carcinoma, solid-tubular carcinoma, and scirrhous carcinoma. Scirrhous carcinoma can be divided into two subtypes: scirrhous carcinoma in the broader sense of the term (characterized by scirrhous invasion of the stroma by papillotubular carcinoma or solid-tubular carcinoma), and scirrhous carcinoma in the narrower sense of the term (characterized by linear or cluster-like invasion of the stroma without forming ducts). Ultrastructural characteristics of scirrhous carcinoma in the narrow sense are bright cytoplasm (seen in most cells) and euchromatin (seen in all cells of this type of carcinoma). In cases of papillotubular carcinoma, solid-tubular carcinoma, and scirrhous carcinoma in the broad sense, euchromatin is predominant but sporadic cells with heterochromatin are also seen. Adenoid cystic carcinoma and carcinoid tumor of the breast are histological types of breast carcinoma that show characteristic features under an electron microscope. Ultrastructurally, the former shows a pseudocyst and true lumen whereas the latter presents numerous neuroendocrine granules within the cytoplasm. Breast carcinoma shows several ultrastructural characteristics that are useful in differential diagnosis. Therefore, it is advisable to take electron microscopic findings into account when evaluating or diagnosing breast lesions.     

Terminal duct carcinoma of minor salivary glands. A nonpapillary subtype of polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma

The clinicopathologic features of five terminal duct carcinomas arising in minor salivary glands are presented. These nonpapillary, low-grade adenocarcinomas are part of the spectrum of polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma. The patients ranged in age from 47 to 77 years. Symptoms were nonspecific and related to a mass that usually was present for several years. Histologically, the tumors had a ductal pattern with areas of solid and cribriform architecture. Cytologically, they were composed of uniform, cuboid cells with round to oval nuclei and fine chromatin. One patient developed a recurrence after 13 years, but none of the tumors has metastasized. One lesion in this series was studied ultrastructurally and demonstrated both glandular and pseudoglandular structures analogous to those of adenoid cystic carcinoma. Nonetheless, terminal duct carcinoma is cytologically distinctive from adenoid cystic carcinoma and appears to have a more favorable prognosis.     

Pleomorphic solid and cystic papillary carcinoma of the breast: two cases occurring in young women

Solid and cystic papillary carcinoma is typically a localized indolent, low-nuclear-grade form of intraductal carcinoma of the breast that occurs in a cystically dilated duct and predominantly affects elderly women in the sixth to the eighth decade of life (mean age, 57 to 75 years). We describe two such lesions, both of high nuclear grade, of larger than average size, that occurred in women in their second decade, one of whom was pregnant.     

Complete reversibility of paraneoplastic acanthosis nigricans after operation

A patient with widespread acanthosis nigricans is described. No abdominal tumour was found. Explorative thoracotomy disclosed numerous enlarged lymph glands containing squamous cell carcinoma. The left lung was removed but meticulous search did not disclose any tumour. The glands were removed as radically as possible. After the operation the skin improved and the lesions have disappeared completely. The observation time is over three years.     

Hybrid carcinomas of the salivary glands: report of nine cases with a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and p53 gene alteration analysis.

Hybrid carcinomas of the salivary gland are a recently defined and rare tumor entity, consisting of two histologically distinct types of carcinoma within the same topographic area. In this study, we examined nine such cases, which mainly arose in the parotid gland (seven cases), with an additional one each from submandibular and lacrimal glands, and analyzed their clinicopathologic profiles, including immunohistochemical features and p53 gene alterations. The prevalence of hybrid carcinomas was 0.4% among the 1863 cases of parotid gland tumors in our series. The nine patients comprised five men and four women, ranging in age from 40 to 81 years (mean, 62 y). Tumor size ranged from 2 to 10 cm (mean, 4.2 cm). Of the seven patients who were followed up, two were alive with disease and five were alive with no evidence of disease, although the follow-up period was short. Three cases had cervical lymph nodal metastases. The combinations of carcinoma components in our hybrid carcinomas were as follows: epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma and basal cell adenocarcinoma in two cases, epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in one case, salivary duct carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma in two cases, myoepithelial carcinoma and salivary duct carcinoma in one, acinic cell carcinoma and salivary duct carcinoma in one, and squamous cell carcinoma and salivary duct carcinoma in two. Although the proportion of each carcinoma component in a tumor mass varied from case to case, the minor component always represented >or= 10% of the area. Differences in cellular composition were studied by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. The Ki-67-labeling index apparently differed between the two carcinoma elements in five cases. Diffusely positive p53 immunoreactivity was observed in four cases, restricted to the more aggressive component in each pair. Furthermore, p53 gene alteration analysis of these p53-positive cases revealed that all and three cases demonstrated loss of heterozygosity at p53 microsatellite loci and p53 gene point mutations, respectively, which were detected only in the p53-immunoreactive carcinoma component. Therefore, there is the possibility that such molecular-genetic events take an integral part for inducing the transformation from histologically lower to higher grade tumor during the hybrid carcinoma genesis of the salivary glands.     

High-grade papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the tongue

Aims : Salivary gland tumours of the tongue are rare. The most common type is low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma. Papillary cystadenocarcinoma of salivary glands are uncommon lesions with low-grade histological and clinical features. We report a high-grade papillary cystadenocarcinoma in an 80-year-old man who presented with a tongue mass and metastatic disease in the neck. Methods and results : He was treated with partial glossectomy and bilateral neck dissection but developed local and regional recurrences 6 months later. The tumour had a prominent cystic appearance and had areas of necrosis. The cyst lumen was occupied by numerous papillae lined by pseudostratified columnar cells with a high nuclear–cytoplasmic ratio. The cytoplasm was eosinophilic, the nuclei were pleomorphic and exhibited irregular nuclear membranes, vesicular chromatin and prominent eosinophilic nucleoli. The mitotic activity was high and there were occasional abnormal mitotic figures. Metastatic carcinoma was present in four lymph nodes. The differential diagnosis of this unusual lesion includes cystadenoma, salivary duct carcinoma and metastases. Conclusions : This case and a review of the literature indicates that papillary cystadenocarcinomas of salivary gland origin exhibit a wider morphologic spectrum than described in the latest World Health Organization (WHO) classification which defines these lesions as low-grade neoplasms.     

乳腺放射状硬化性病变的病理形态学观察

目的 探讨乳腺放射状硬化性病变的组织病理特点和鉴别诊断.方法 收集44例乳腺放射状硬化性病变,进行组织形态学和免疫组织化学SP法或EnVision二步法染色观察.结果 44例均发生在女性,年龄17～54岁(平均40.3岁).31例会诊者中13例误诊为癌.镜下病变呈放射状,中央为纤维瘢痕区,其内常有受压变形的腺管,周围有放射状分布的扩张腺管及不同程度增生的导管和小叶,可伴大汗腺、柱状细胞化生增生,其中14例见坏死,8例伴不典型导管增生.免疫组织化学染色显示纤维瘢痕组织内假浸润的变形腺管周围有肌上皮,旺炽性增生的上皮呈CK5/6阳性.结论 乳腺放射状硬化性病变有特殊的形态特点,易误诊为癌,需与导管内癌、小叶性肿瘤、小管癌、浸润性导管癌鉴别.     

Atypical apocrine metaplasia in sclerosing lesions of the breast: a study of 51 patients

Sclerosing breast lesions with cytologically atypical apocrine metaplasia present a difficult diagnostic problem. The clinical significance of these lesions has not been established although, historically, apocrine metaplasia and sclerosing adenosis have been regarded as totally benign. To further assess these lesions, we studied 51 patients with atypical apocrine metaplasia in sclerosing lesions of the breast, obtaining an average follow-up of 35 mo (12 to 76 mo). For convenience, these have been grouped together as atypical apocrine sclerosing lesions (AASL). The average age at diagnosis was 58 yr. The lesions tended to be small (67% less than 1.0 cm) and usually were detected by mammography (78%). Four patients had an ipsilateral mastectomy following a biopsy of AASL that was interpreted as carcinoma or "precancerous" by the referring pathologist. Two patients had nonapocrine intraductal and infiltrating duct carcinoma in previous contralateral mastectomy specimens. None of the 47 women with an intact breast developed breast carcinoma during the follow-up period. Immediate treatment with surgery and/or radiation is not indicated. The long-term clinical implication of these lesions is yet to be determined; therefore, continued clinical observation of AASL patients is advisable.