Outcome of 80 cases of external cephalic version

This is a prospective observational study of the outcome of 80 cases of external cephalic version (ECV) at term using terbutaline infusion. There were 55 primiparas and 25 multiparas. The successful ECV rate was 44% and 85% respectively. The majority (82%) of the patients with successful ECV delivered vaginally. Parity and type of breech were the two significant factors in the success of the procedure.     

Outcome of term breech presentation

Three hundred and ninety five cases of breech presentation at Harare Maternity Hospital, Harare revealed that caesarean section either electively or in labour resulted in good fetal outcome. Vaginal breech delivery was associated with a perinatal mortality of 74 per 1,000. Fifty four (25%) out of 216 infants delivered vaginally required admission to the Neonatal Unit and thirteen of these had a five minute Apgar Score of 5 or less. Various reasons for this unacceptably high morbidity and mortality are discussed in order to develop a protocol for management of breech presentation in a developing country. The protocol includes the advocation of external cephalic version.     

胎臀位外倒转术的实施孕周以及成功影响因素分析

目的 研究胎臀位外倒转术（ECV）实施孕周情况,分析胎臀位外倒转术成功率的影响因素。 方法 临床纳入2017年9月～2018年9月期间在我院分娩的65例单胎孕妇作为研究对象,所有孕妇均接受外倒转术。观察不同孕周孕妇实施胎臀位外倒转术的成功率,分析孕周对手术成功的影响。收集所有孕妇临床资料,观察外倒转术成功与不成功孕妇临床资料差异性,采用Logistic回归方程分析胎臀位外倒转术成功的影响因素。 结果 不同孕周孕妇胎臀位外倒转术的成功率对比无差异（P＞0.05）。手术成功孕妇与手术失败孕妇在臀位类型、产次、胎盘位置、羊水量以及脐带绕颈方面均有差异（P＜0.05）。通过Logistic回归方程计算分析发现,上述有差异资料均为胎臀位外倒转术成功的影响因素。 结论 超过32周的孕妇不同孕周对ECV的成功率并无影响,影响ECV成功的因素包括臀位类型、产次、胎盘位置、羊水量以及脐带绕颈情况,严格掌握ECV的指征和操作方法,可有效提高ECV的成功率,保障孕妇安全。     

分析臀位外倒转术的妊娠结局及与成功率相关的影响因素

目的 探讨臀位外倒转术(ECV)的临床应用价值,分析与ECV成功率相关的影响因素.方法 回顾性收集2019年2月至2020年7月在安徽省妇幼保健院定期产检并在本院产科分娩的胎儿臀位孕妇资料123例,其中实施ECV 40例,计划剖宫产83例.实施ECV的孕妇中,成功转为头位经阴道分娩23例(ECV成功组),失败17例(E...     

A five year appraisal of caesarean section in a northern Nigeria university teaching hospital

A retrospective analysis of cases of caesarean section performed in Jos University Teaching Hospital between January 1994 and December 1998 was undertaken to determine the incidence, indications, perinatal and maternal outcome. There were 11,571 deliveries with 2083 caesarean sections done giving an incidence of 18%. 62.2% of the patients who had caesarean section were booked for antenatal care and delivered in the hospital, while 37.8% were unbooked seen as emergency. 90% of the operations were done as an emergency while only 10% was electively performed. There was a high caesarean section rate in all the age groups as well as the various parity distributions. The main indications for the elective section were repeat caesarean section, placenta praevia, precious baby, severe pregnancy induced hypertension and bad obstetric history while those for emergency section were cephalo-pelvic disproportion foetal distress, repeat caesarean section, antepartum haemorrhage, severe pregnancy induced hypertension/eclampsia, obstructed labour and breech presentation. The maternal mortality rate was 624.1/100,000 due mainly to haemorrhage, eclampsia and sepsis and there was one anaesthetic death amongst the booked patients. The perinatal mortality rate was 81.6/1000. The clinical causes of deaths were birth asphyxia, ante-partum haemorrhage, obstructed labour and prematurity.     

75例臀位外倒转术临床分析

目的 探讨足月单胎臀位外倒转术的影响因素、成功率及并发症情况。方法 以2014年4月~2016年4月在笔者医院定期产检的≥37孕周单胎臀位行外倒转术的孕妇75例为研究对象,对其妊娠结局进行分析。按照倒转成功与否分为成功组和失败组,将相关因素（产妇年龄、孕周、BMI、脐带长度、羊水指数、新生儿体重、产次、臀先露类型、绕颈与否、胎盘位置、是否使用宫缩抑制剂）进行统计学分析,从而探讨其成功的影响因素。统计学分析采用单因素分析。结果 75例单胎臀位行外倒转术的孕妇中,倒转成功32例（42.67%,无病例复变）,失败43例（57.33%）。倒转成功的32例中,有6例剖宫产（18.75%）。并发症有胎膜早破1例,胎心轻度可变减速16例,胎儿窘迫5例,无新生儿窒息。成功相关因素统计分析结果,两组脐带长度差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,其余因素差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 臀位外倒转术大大降低了剖宫产率,影响外倒转术成功的其他相关因素需大样本量的进一步研究。对于单胎臀位的孕妇,在决定行外倒转术之前,应充分评估相关因素,严格筛选患者,掌握其适应证和禁忌证,提高外倒转的成功率。     

A prospective randomised controlled trial of external cephalic version comparing two methods of uterine tocolysis with a non-tocolysis group

The use of tocolvtic agents to enhance uterine relaxation and facilitate external cephalic version (ECV) has come under recent debate. We studied 90 breech presentations in late pregnancy who did not have contra-indications to ECV. The patients were randomised into 3 groups of 30 patients each: one was administered oral salbutamol 4 mg t.d.s.; another had intravenous salbutamol infused until the maternal heart rate rose above 100 bpm for 30 mins; and the last served as a control group. All patients in each group were matched for parity and gestation, and each had an intravenous line, thereby masking the treatment group from the 2 doctors who performed half the number of ECVs each. There was no significant difference in the success of ECV between the treatment and control groups (46.6% vs 50.0% vs 46.6%). The gestational age, the placental site, the attitude of the breech, the abdominal girth, and the maternal weight and fetal birth weights did not seem to influence results. On the other hand, there was a significant difference in successful ECV between nullipara (26%) and multipara (75%) (p less than 0.001). There were no cases of abruptio placenta or foetal distress, and one patient entered labour one day after the ECV at 39 weeks gestation. There were 2 cases of spontaneous version after failed ECV, and one case of spontaneous reversion to breech after successful ECV. We conclude that the use of salbutamol does not increase the incidence of successful ECV, but multiparity predicts for a successful outcome.     

CAESAREAN SECTION — CHANGING TRENDS DURING LAST TWO DECADES

Changing trends of caesarean section during last twenty years have been studied. There seems to be a gradual increase in the incidence of caesarean section over the years with a simultaneous decline in the perinatal mortality rate. The incidence of caesarean section has slowly been increasing for post-caesarean pregnancy, breech presentation and foetal distress. This opens up a debate as to what extent this increase is justifiable. The trend needs a close observation.KEY WORDS: Cesarean section, Trends     

368例臀位孕妇分娩方式与结局临床分析

目的观察368例臀位孕妇的分娩方式与结局.方法比较剖宫产分娩的臀位产妇和阴道分娩的臀位产妇的母婴并发症、死亡率.结果剖宫产组新生儿Apgar评分≤3分和4～7分者的比例、新生儿窒息率、骨折率、臂丛神经损伤率、颅内出血率和死亡率显著低于阴道分娩组(P<0.01),产后出血率和产褥感染率显著高于阴道分娩组(P<0.01).结论应全面根据臀位产妇的情况选择适合的分娩方式.     

Impact of increased rate of caesarean section on perinatal outcome: sociolegal evaluation

Sharp rise in the caesarean section rate, over the past years has been causing lot of concerns. It is to be evaluated whether the decrease in perinatal mortality rate is due to the rising rate of caesarean section. Five hundred consecutive patients were selected on whom caesarean section had been performed. Both mother and baby were followed till they are discharged from the hospital. Foetal distress was the commonest indication in primigravidae who underwent caesarean section. The other indications of caesarean section in this study were breech, severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, cord prolapse, elderly primi, postdated, premature rupture of membrane, twin, compound presentation, meconium stained liquor. The occurrence of perinatal morbidity in caesarean section was 10% compared to 12% in vaginal delivery. Common causes of perinatal morbidity were asphyxia, prematurity, diarrhoea, septicaemia, jaundice, conjunctivitis and scalp injury. The occurrence of perinatal mortality in caesarean section was 3.8% compared to 3% in vaginal delivery. Causes of perinatal mortality were stillbirth, meconium aspiration syndrome, hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy, prematurity and congenital malformation. In spite of safety of vaginal birth after caesarean section it continues to be underutilised. Good perinatal care proper screening and use of newer effective pharmacological agents improve the maternal progress as well as perinatal outcome without increasing the caesarean section rate.     

Anesthesia for emergency cesarean section

Caesarean Section is one of the most common of all surgical procedures. Common indications for caesarean section may include foetal distress, Cephalopelvic disproportion and failure of labour to progress. Both regional and general anesthesia may be employed for caesarean section. Each is relatively safe and they have their own advantages and disadvantages. Actual decision to adopt one technique over another depends on maternal and foetal status and skill and ability of the anesthesiologist to tackle the situation with the aim of patient and baby safely. Among these, many of the cases come to the hospital as emergency basis. The Anesthesiologists have to face the challenge in providing anesthesia for emergency caesarean section, being the last member in the perinatal team. The challenge faces the risks in involvement of maternal changes in pregnancy, presence of foetal distress and various anesthetic complications arising in perioperative period. Still now anesthetic mishaps are considered as the sixth most frequent cause of maternal mortality. The use of regional Anesthesia reduced the number of deaths at about 80% but deaths involving general anesthesia has not decreased and the incidence is 17 times more than the regional anesthesia. Most of the deaths or complications are related to the airway management (also failed intubation). Better skill and knowledge in physiology, pharmacology and use of modern Anesthetic technique is essential to face the problems.     

The start of life: a history of obstetrics

Obstetric intervention originally consisted of extraction of the baby, usually by the breech, to save the mother's life in obstructed labour. Forceps, introduced in the 17th century, were later refined by men-midwives like William Smellie. In Victorian times, Simpson championed chloroform anaesthesia, Lister pioneered antisepsis, and caesarean section was introduced. In 1935, however, Britain's maternal mortality rate was still around 400/100,000. It fell dramatically after antibiotics appeared and is now 11.4. In the 1960s ultrasound and electronic fetal monitoring became widely used. In 2000 the British caesarean section rate reached 20%. Worldwide, childbirth still causes 600,000 maternal deaths a year.     

臀位分娩方式选择对新生儿影响的临床研究

目的：探讨不同臀位分娩方式对新生儿预后的影响。方法：回顾性分析自2007年1月至2011年12月期间在我院住院分娩的98例臀位产妇的临床资料,其中35例阴道分娩（臀位阴道分娩组）,63例剖宫产（臀位剖宫产组）,观察比较两组产妇新生儿死亡及新生儿窒息、吸入性肺炎等并发症发生情况,同时对两组新生儿进行Apgar评分并进45-比较。结果：63例臀位剖宫产组新生儿无1例死亡,35例臀位阴道分娩组新生儿3例（8．57％）死亡,两组新生儿死亡率差畀具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。63例臀位剖宫产组新生儿,2例（3．18％）发生并发症,臀位阴道分娩组8例（22．86％）发生并发症,两组差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。臀位剖宫产组新生儿Apgar评分为（7．2±1．8）分,臀位阴道分娩组为（4．5±1．3）分,前者显著高于后者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：臀位分娩时选择剖宫产可降低新生儿并发症的发生,降低新生儿死亡率,提高Apgar评分,在臀位分娩时宜适当放宽剖宫产手术指征,对于改善新生儿预后有着重要意义．     

臀先露114例临床分析

目的 探讨臀先露的分娩方式。方法 对114例臀先露孕妇根据产次、胎儿体重、孕周、臀先露类型不同，对分娩方式进行比较。结果 产次、胎儿体重、妊娠周数、臀先露类型对臀先露孕妇的分娩方式有着显著影响。结论 臀位应适当放宽剖宫产指征，减少母婴并发症。     

孕晚期臀位外倒转术成功的相关因素

目的 探讨孕晚期臀位外倒转术成功的相关因素。方法以孕周≥36周单胎臀位、自愿接受外倒转术的孕妇146例为研究对象,依据外倒转术是否成功,进行分组：成功组和失败组,对相关因素(年龄、产次、孕周、BMI、脐带因素、羊水指数、新生儿体重、臀位类型、胎盘位置、有无使用宫缩抑制剂)进行单因素分析和logistic回归多因素分析。结果146例行孕晚期臀位外倒转术的孕妇中,81例（55.48％）成功外倒转。单因素分析提示：成功组(81例)与失败组(65例)的脐带长度［(55.00±4.96)cm vs. (50.01±5.35)cm］、产次(是否经产妇)、臀位类型、是否行椎管内麻醉差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素分析提示：产次、椎管内麻醉是孕晚期臀位外倒转手术成功的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论严密监护下进行孕晚期臀位外倒转术是安全可靠的,是否成功可能与经产、脐带长度、单臀先露、椎管内麻醉有关。孕晚期单胎臀位的综合评估,术前使用宫缩抑制剂,并行椎管内麻醉,围术期加强母儿胎监护,以实现安全的前提下最大限度促进阴道分娩的目的。     

≤34周早产剖宫产69例分析及近远期并发症随访

目的　探讨早产分娩方式对≤孕 34周早产儿的近远期并发症影响及寻求早产的最佳分娩途径。方法　 6 9例住院的≤孕 34周剖宫产病例与随机抽取同期同孕周的阴道分娩病例 93例进行回顾性分析 ,比较两种分娩方式对孕妇的影响及早产儿近期并发症 (包括新生儿窒息、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、颅内出血和死亡 )和远期影响 (包括身高、综合学习能力 )。结果　妊高征组的窒息率、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征 (NRDS)发生率较前置胎盘组低(P <0 0 5 ) ;臀位分娩时剖宫产组的预后较阴道分娩好 (P <0 0 5 ) ;剖宫产组出生的早产儿重度窒息率 ,NRDS、脑出血发生率、病死率均低于阴道分娩组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,但综合学习能力比率较高 ;轻度窒息率、缺血缺氧性脑病 (HIE)及目前身高两组差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　随着NICU发展及新生儿救治水平的提高 ,剖宫产不是低体重早产儿的禁忌证 ,在合并母儿病理产科的情况下 ,及时转运至有条件的医院 ,剖宫产分娩更有利于预防早产儿近远期严重并发症的发生     

The premature breech: caesarean section or trial of labour?

Obstetricians face difficult decisions when the interests of fetus and mother conflict. An example is the problem of choosing the delivery method when labour begins prematurely and the fetus is breech. Vaginal delivery involves risks for the breech fetus of brain damage or death caused by umbilical cord compression and head entrapment. Caesarean section might avoid these dangers but involves risks for the mother, including infection, haemorrhage and even death in a small percentage of cases. If a caesarean section is performed the infant might die anyway, due to complications of prematurity. Thus, decisions about delivery method involve balancing the risks to mother and fetus. Uncertainty about the frequency of fetal injuries in vaginal breech deliveries adds to the difficulty of these decisions.     

浅议臀位分娩的处理——附204例临床分析

本文分析了204例臀位分娩的处理,各科臀产式与围产儿死亡及并发症的关系.包括足位79例,完全臀位85例,单臀位35例,不详5例.围产儿死亡23例(107.8%.),均系臀牵引术分娩.臀助产73例,臀牵引86例,剖宫产40例、牵引+穿颅术5例.臀牵引术围产儿死亡率及并发症最高.作者应用王氏臀位评分法进行评分,结果评分5分以下剖宫产率占44%,优于阴道分娩,(p<0.001),评分愈高,预后愈好.     

Caesarean section for the dead baby--an unhappy reality

Caesarean section for the dead baby is sometimes still needed to prevent maternal complications. The objective of the study is to critically analyse the characteristics of the mother and indications for the operation in women who delivered stillbirths following caesarean section. The study period covered a 2 years span from January, 2003 to December, 2004. During this time 121 mothers (study group) underwent caesarean section for the dead baby representing 1.41% of all caesarean section operations done in the hospital. The study group was compared to the overall caesaren section done during the two years in relation to parity (parous 77.7% versus 45.7%), type of caesarean section (emergency 83.5% versus 69.8%) and timing of caesarean section within 12 hours of admission (74.4% versus 50.2%). Common indications in the study group included antepartum haemorrhage (31.4%), malpresentation (19.0%), postcaesarean pregnancies (16.5%), obstructed labour (15.7%), foetal distress (9.9%), second twin (4.1%) and eclampsia (3.3%). In some indications like obstructed labour and malpresentation, abdominal deliveries could be reduced by more destructive operations. The maternal reasons for resorting to caesarean section to save maternal lives are understandable. But caesaren section done for foetal distress was a disturbing revealation.     

Spontaneous preterm labour and delivery at under 34 weeks' gestation

The management and outcome of 242 infants delivered between 26 and 34 weeks' gestation in an obstetrical and neonatal regional referral centre as a result of spontaneous preterm labour were recorded prospectively. Results of the survey show that the decision to intervene and delay delivery will depend on the availability of neonatal intensive care facilities. Infants likely to require intensive neonatal care should be transferred in utero to a centre with these facilities. The use of steroids reduces the mortality of preterm infants. The maximum effect occurs between 30 and 32 weeks' gestation, and there is no benefit after 34 weeks. If the weight is over 1500 g the mode of delivery of the preterm infant presenting by the breech does not influence outcome; if under 1500 g a caesarean section improves survival over those infants born by vaginal breech delivery.