sup 99m TECHNETIUM-DIMERCAPTO-SUCCINIC ACID RENAL SCAN IN THE EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL LONG-TERM RENAL PARENCHYMAL DAMAGE ASSOCIATED WITH EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY IN CHILDREN

Purpose

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL ^†) has been reported as efficient and safe in children. Because of reports of renal parenchymal damage in adults, this study was designed to assess the effects of ESWL in pediatric kidneys evaluated before and after treatment with^99m technetium dimercapto-succinic acid (DMSA) renal scan.

Materials and Methods

A total of 15 children, 9 months to 15 years old (mean age 6.5 years), underwent ESWL treatment for urolithiasis. Evaluation imaging included plain abdominal radiography, excretory urogram and/or renal sonography. DMSA renal scan was performed 24 hours before ESWL and at least 6 months after treatment.

Results

ESWL was performed in 1 session for 8 patients, 2 sessions for 6 and 3 sessions for 1, delivering a range of 600 to 3,000 shock waves per session. Treatment was successful in achieving stone-free status in 87% of the cases. Long-term followup (1 to 5 years) showed no blood pressure changes. On DMSA renal scan no acquired parenchymal scar was identified at least 6 months after ESWL treatment.

Conclusions

The efficacy of ESWL in treating pediatric urolithiasis is confirmed. Renal parenchymal trauma associated with ESWL does not appear to cause long-term lesions identifiable by DMSA renal scan.     

Litotricia extracorpórea en niños. Eficacia y evaluación a largo plazo de la lesión del parénquima renal mediante gammagrafía con DMSA-99mTc

PurposeTo determine the effectiveness of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and possible deleterious effects on renal parenchyma of children subjected to treatment of renal lithiasis, using renal scintigraphy with 99mTc dimercapto-succunic acid (DMSA).Patients and methodsFrom January 2004 to November 2007, 18 children (age 3-10 years) underwent ESWL (Philips-Dornier) for kidney urolithiasis. All patients underwent preoperative evaluation, including physical examination, urine culture, image exams and renal scintigraphy with Tc99-DMSA. Evaluation after treatment consisted of a clinical examination, blood pressure measurement, urine culture, renal ultrasound and Tc99-DMSA, repeated at 3, 6 and 12 months, which were compared to the scans obtained before ESWL to determine possible morphological or functional changes.ResultsSuccess in the stones fragmentation was achieved in all cases – in 9 patients (50%) with one session of ESWL, in 6 (33%) with two sessions and in 3 patients (17%) with 3 sessions of ESWL. Only one patient (5%), after three sessions of ESWL and 6 months of follow-up showed change in size of right kidney with a decrease in tubular function, without hypertension or other major changes. In the other cases, there was absence of hypertension up to 12 months of follow-up, absence of renal hematomas detected by ultrasound or significant renal scars in scintigraphic examinations.ConclusionESWL is effective and safe for treating renal lithiasis in children. Renal parenchyma lesions may occur early after treatment, but these lesions are transients and resolve spontaneously in virtually all cases; generally, there are no irreversible renal lesions associated with ESWL, even after the follow-up period with clinical examination, ultrasound examination and 99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy.     

The management of paediatric urolithiasis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the management of paediatric urolithiasis by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), endoscopic ureterolithotomy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and open nephrolithotomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a 3-year period (1997-1999), 59 children were treated for urolithiasis and underwent a total of 79 procedures. Thirty-two ESWL sessions were performed in 23 children (mean age 7.4 years, median 6.0). PCNL was undertaken in 30 renal units in 25 children (mean age 6.4 years, median 4.0). Eight patients (mean age 7.8 years, median 5) underwent 17 ureteroscopic procedures, six of which involved the use of a holmium laser. Three children with staghorn calculi underwent open nephrolithotomy under conditions of renal ischaemia and hypothermia. RESULTS: Of the 23 children treated using ESWL, 21 (91%) became stone-free; 17 underwent one ESWL session (74%), three had two sessions and three (13%) had three sessions. All eight patients who underwent ureteroscopy became stone-free. Four patients in whom the stone could not be reached by ureteroscopy initially had a JJ stent inserted, and the stone and stent subsequently removed. Stones were cleared using PCNL in 27 of 30 renal units (90%); three patients who had residual stone fragments were rendered stone-free by ESWL. Two of three children undergoing open nephrolithotomy were stone-free after surgery and the remaining one rendered stone-free with ESWL. Metabolic evaluation showed that 25 of 45 children (55%) had a urinary infection, eight (18%) had hyperoxaluria, three (7%) had hypercalciuria, two (4%) had cystinuria, and no identifiable cause was found in seven (16%). Treatment by a single modality rendered 52 of the 59 children (88%) stone-free; when the different modalities were combined, 57 of 59 patients (97%) were cleared of their stones. CONCLUSIONS: Technological advances in ESWL, ureteroscopy and PCNL have had a significant effect on the management of urolithiasis in children, allowing a safe and successful outcome. The comprehensive care of children with urolithiasis should include a full metabolic evaluation. Anatomical anomalies contribute to the complexity of many cases, necessitating a close liaison between adult and paediatric urologists, nephrologists and radiologists to optimize stone management in children.     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in children. Efficacy, complications and long-term follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is effective and safe for the treatment of upper urinary tract calculi in adults. Some speculations concerning possible damages from ESWL on the growing kidney have been raised. METHODS: From January 1990 to December 1998, 64 children (30 girls and 34 boys; 8 months to 15 years old, mean 5.6 years) with a total of 83 stones of the upper urinary tract were treated by ESWL (Lithostar). Preoperative evaluation included history, physical examination, routine blood tests, urinalysis, urine culture, intravenous urography and optional renal scintigraphy. The impulse rate per treatment varied from 750 to 4,000 (mean 2,996). After acute treatment, routine follow-up included renal ultrasound, blood pressure controls, laboratory tests and eventually plain film X-ray. RESULTS: Successful fragmentation of the stones was achieved in all patients. In 54% the patients were free of stones treated at the time of discharge. At 3 months after treatment radiographic studies showed no residual fragments in 80% of the treated children. 83% of the treated stones were cleared entirely. The remaining fragments were clinically insignificant. An average of 2.5 ESWL treatments per child in general anesthesia were required. Stone analysis showed 20 calcium oxalate, 38 calcium phosphate, 12 struvite, 2 uric acid and 9 cystine calculi. Ureteral stents were placed in 43%. No significant urinary infection was seen under antibiotic prophylaxis. Only 3 children showed a recurrence (1 x cystinuria with low compliance and 2 x struvite). There was no case of renal scarring. No change in renal function or blood pressure was found compared to the preoperative values. Hematuria and proteinuria disappeared in all children who were free of stones. Renal ultrasound revealed no growth difference between treated and untreated renal units. CONCLUSIONS: In childhood, ESWL is an efficacious and safe treatment of stones of the upper urinary tract. The long-term follow-up after ESWL with a second-generation lithotriptor did not show any signs of damage to the growing kidney. Sometimes repeated ESWL treatments are justified by the low rate of complications.     

体外冲击波碎石治疗儿童尿路结石的疗效观察(附62例报告）

目的：探讨体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)治疗儿童尿路结石的有效性和安全性。方法：采用ESWL治疗儿童尿路结石患者62例，其中肾盂肾盏结石35例，输尿管结石22例，膀胱结石4例，移植肾结石1例。结果：62例随访3个月，结石排净59例(95．2％)，结石残留2例(3．2％)，1例无效(1．6％)，改用手术治疗。结论：ESWL治疗儿童尿路结石安全、有效，是儿童尿路结石的首选治疗方法。     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in children: experience using a mpl-9000 lithotriptor

Our objectives were to assess the value of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in treating pediatric urolithiasis, and to determine the factors that may affect treatment success. Between January 1993 and August 2002, 129 children with upper urinary tract calculi (134 renoureteral units) were treated using a Dornier MPL-9000 lithotriptor. The series consisted of 77 boys and 52 girls with an age range from 20 months to 14 years (average age: 8.7 years). All ESWL procedures took place under general anaesthesia or sedation with ketamin or fentanyl. Under ultrasonic or fluoroscopic guidance, children were treated with a maximum 2,550 shocks at an average of 19.5 kV. Success was defined as the lack of any visible stone fragments on post-treatment radiological evaluation. The patients were assessed 3 months after ESWL treatment and the results were compared using ²-tests to detect factors that might be associated with treatment success. There were 105 renal, 20 ureteral, four bilateral renal and one unilateral renal plus contralateral ureteral calculi. The mean sizes were 15.7 mm for pelvic, 17.8 mm for renal and 10.2 mm for ureteral stones. One or two lithotripsy sessions were sufficient in most cases (71.6%). In 15 (11.6%) patients, double J stents introduced before lithotripsy were left indwelling until all stone fragments were voided. Overall success rates were 89.5% for pelvic, 85.5% for renal and 75% for ureteral stones. Complications such as urinary tract infection, Steinstrasse and small subcapsular hematoma occurred in 19 (14.7%) patients. The only significant factor associated with the stone-free rate was the diameter of the stone (P=0.022). This study confirmed that the stone-free rate is significantly influenced by stone size. Because children with stone disease are at risk for a longer period than adults, their cumulative likelihood of stone recurrences may be higher. Thus, we agree with other authorities that minimally invasive treatment, such as ESWL, is mandatory in children with urolithiasis.     

移植肾尿路结石46例诊治体会

目的探讨肾移植术后尿路结石的诊断和治疗,提高长期存活率。方法回顾性分析1980年1月至2011年6月46例移植肾结石患者的临床资料。结果 35例为肉眼血尿,10例为体检时B超发现,1例为急性无尿发病,均无肾绞痛。移植肾结石24例,移植输尿管结石22例,结石大小0.7～2.0 cm,结石发病时间为术后3.5（0.4～15）年。42例行体外冲击波碎石（ES-WL）,其中3例无效行输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术和1例行经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）,4例尿酸结石给予枸橼酸氢钾钠（友来特）药物治疗。随访3个月：42例ESWL中,结石排净36例（85.72%）,结石残留2例（4.76%）,4例（9.52%）无效改用腔镜治疗后结石排出;4例尿酸结石口服枸橼酸氢钾钠结石大部分排出。结论移植肾结石缺乏典型肾绞痛表现,体外冲击波碎石术是治疗移植肾结石安全、有效的主要方法。     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in children

Summary In general, the criteria for treatment of urolithiasis in children are the same as those for adults. Today, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is the method of choice for treatment of most pediatric urinary stones. Stone-free rates between 57 % and 97 % at short-term follow-up and 57 %–92 % at long-term follow-up have proven the efficacy of ESWL treatment in children. So far, there is no evidence of negative side effects of ESWL treatment in children in the longterm, confirming the safety of ESWL treatment seen in the short-term results. In particular, neither induction of hypertension nor deterioration of renal function have been detected in children when limitation of shock wave energy and shock wave numbers have been carefully observed.      

Improvement of stone comminution by slow delivery rate of shock waves in extracorporeal lithotripsy

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of delivery rate of shockwaves (SW) on stone comminution and treatment outcomes in patients with renal and ureteral stones. METHODS: Patients with radio-opaque stones in the upper urinary tract that were treated by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) were divided into two groups according to delivery rate (120 or 60 SW/min). The effective fragmentation after one ESWL session and treatment success at 3 months after ESWL was compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Of 134 patients (84 men and 50 women), 68 patients were treated at a fast rate and 66 were treated at a slow rate. Thirty and 38 patients in the fast rate group and 28 and 38 in the slow rate group had renal and ureteral stones, respectively. After one ESWL session, effective fragmentation was noted more often in the slow group (65.2%) than the fast group (47.1%) (P = 0.035), particularly for smaller stones (stone area <100 mm(2)) (P = 0.005) and renal stones (p = 0.005). However, there was no significant difference in treatment success at 3 months after ESWL between the two groups. In univariate logistic regression analysis, slow SW rate and smaller stones were significant factors for effective fragmentation after one ESWL session. In multivariate analysis, slow SW rate and smaller stones were also independent factors. CONCLUSIONS: Slow SW rate contributed to better stone comminution than fast rate, particularly for small stones and renal stones. ESWL treatment at a slow SW rate is recommended to obtain efficient stone fragmentation.     

The etiology of renal scars in infants with pyelonephritis and vesicoureteral reflux

We aimed to investigate, by means of dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan, the relations between vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and its degree, pyelonephritis during infancy, and renal parenchymal findings. Seventy-four infants with pyelonephritis, 44 girls and 30 boys (mean age at their first pyelonephritic episode 4.12 months, median 3 months), were enrolled in the study. Voiding cystourethrography (VCU) and ultrasonography (US) were performed within 6 weeks following the infection. DMSA was performed at least 4 months after the urinary tract infection (UTI). The renal parenchymal pathology was defined as focal or multifocal defects or as a split renal uptake of less than 45%. DMSA scintigraphy revealed that 19% (14/74) of the children had renal damage. Renal parenchymal findings were observed only when VUR was present, and its grade was above 3/5. No abnormality was found in 51 renal units without reflux, 9 with VUR grade 1/5, and 54 with grade 2/5. Renal pathology was observed in 9/24 renal units with VUR grade 3, 3/8 with grade 4, and 2/2 with grade 5. No correlation was found between renal parenchymal defects and clinical presentation of the pyelonephritis, type of the microorganism, presence of bacteremia, or the number of recurrent infections. In adequately treated infants, renal damage is probably due to a reflux-associated, preexisting, congenital renal parenchymal pathology and not to the inflammatory process. We suggest that DMSA scintigraphy should not be performed routinely in every infant with UTI and should be reserved primarily for children with VUR grade 3 and above. Received: 17 February 1999 / Revised: 30 June 1999 / Accepted: 7 July 1999     

Lithotripsy in the treatment of urinary lithiasis

Based on an extensive review of the literature and on our own clinical experience, this article attempts to present clear guidelines for the management of various kidney stones, particularly regarding the extracorporeal shock waves lithotripsy (ESWL) treatment nowadays. Few technical developments have changed medicine more within a short period of time than ESWL. Fifteen years after the first clinical application, ESWL has gained world-wide acceptance as first choice therapy for most forms of urolithiasis. Ninety-eight per cent of stones can be successfully fragmented by the application of shock-waves, but the ability of the kidney and ureter to clear the resulting fragments is far more important in terms of successful treatment outcome. Increasing experience with new ultrasound-guided lithotriptors has shown that there are some advantages: cost reduction, permanent monitoring and lack of exposure to ionising radiations. ESWL is a safe procedure for the treatment of urolithiasis; nevertheless some problems remain. In ureteric stones, ureteroscopy (rigid or flexible device) allows a rate of stone-free patients better than ESWL. For treatment of large staghorn calculi combined approach of PCNL and ESWL is preferred. For stones located at lower calyx, the stone-free rate in patients treated by ESWL fell to 50%, when unfavourable anatomy is present. The potential long-term renal damage, associated with ESWL in children, have delayed the acceptance of shock-waves into paediatric practice. Recent reports suggest that the renal damage, including the potential risk of hypertension induced by ESWL, is mild and transient. A subgroup of patients (e.g. solitary kidney, impaired renal function, children) required further attention. The fate of residual fragments is unclear. In some cases residual lithiasis tend to result in regrowth and further progression, although ESWL itself does not increase the recurrence rate of urolithiasis. Nevertheless follow-up of stone patients after ESWL is mandatory and the ultimate goal of treating stones by whatever means is to get the patient stone-free and prevent recurrence.     

Evaluation of acute pyelonephritis with DMSA scans in children presenting after the age of 5 years

It is generally believed that infants are more susceptible to development of renal scarring after pyelonephritis than children over 5 years old. This view has led to differences in investigations and treatment according to age. The aim of this prospective study was to assess the occurrence of renal parenchymal lesion in children over 5 years admitted with a first-time symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI). Between October 2000 and April 2002, 52 children aged over 5 years who were admitted to our department with probable acute pyelonephritis (APN) and a positive urine culture were included in this study. All children received antibiotics for 14 days. During the acute phase of infection, scintigraphy with technetium-99 ^m -labeled dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and ultrasonography (US) were done. Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) was performed in all children early in the course of the illness, generally within 5–7 days of hospitalization. When scintigraphy showed renal parenchymal changes, repeat scintigraphy was done after at least 3 months to assess the progression of renal abnormalities. Of the 52 children with a first-time documented pyelonephritis, cortical scintigraphy showed renal lesion in 41 children (78.8%). US was normal in all children with normal renal scintigraphy, while it detected renal abnormalities in 16 of the 41 (39 %) with abnormal scintigraphy ( p <0.0001). Topographic analysis of the 165 focal lesions showed that 42.4% were localized to the upper poles, 17.5% to the middle third, and 40% to the lower poles of the kidneys. Repeat scintigraphy showed persistent lesions corresponding to those on the initial scan in nine (28.2%) of the 32 children. Renal lesions had partly regressed in 23 (71.8%) of the patients who underwent repeat scintigraphy. Vesicoureteral reflux was observed in 13.4% of kidneys and renal parenchymal abnormalities were identified in 71.4% and 72.2% of renal units, respectively, with and without reflux ( p >0.05). In conclusion, our data did not confirm the conventional opinion that the risk of renal scarring after pyelonephritis is low in children over the age of 5 years. Our findings suggest that renal scintigraphy may be a more appropriate method of investigation than VCUG for evaluation of the children over 5 years with acute pyelonephritis. Additionally, the frequency of scintigraphic changes is high, and a strategy based exclusively on ultrasound findings would miss about 61% of the abnormal renal units. We recommend that all children, irrespective of age, will benefit from further investigations that might prevent or limit the development of scarring process and renal complications.     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for cystine urolithiasis in children: Outcome and complications

The Siemens Lithostar Litotriptor was used to treat 6 children withcystine nephrolithiasis, previously treated by open surgery. Fivechildren had renal calculi (3 multiple caliceal, 2 pelvis) and one hadureteral calculus. Stone size ranged from 0.2–2.5 cm in diameter,and stone burden was from 0.24 to 10.81 cm³ per kidney. Fromone to 4 ESWL sessions per unit were applied, with a total of 1,800 to12,000 shock waves. The stone free rate at 3 months was 50%. Acomplete elimination was obtained with cystine stones in renal pelvisand ureter, however, up to 4 ESWL treatments failed in caliceal stones.Rather location of cystine calculi than previous surgery was associatedwith ESWL success rate. Two patients with positive urine cultures weresuccessfully treated with appropriate antibiotics before ESWL wasattempted. Perirenal hematoma was major complication demonstrated byradionuclide scintigraphy in one patient, and resolved spontaneously by3 months. In the combined treatment of cystine urolithiasis in childrenESWL, as auxillary procedure, was safe and effective in pelvis stone butfailed in caliceal stones. Medical dissolution for retained fragmentswas found effective.     

Electromagnetic extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in children

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) was performed for the treatment of urinary tract calculi in 28 children. All treatments were done with the standard Siemens Lithostar device in situ: no special adaptations for adequate positioning of children are required to target the stone precisely. A total of 42 calculi in 30 renal units was treated, requiring 50 ESWL sessions. The mean energy used was 16.4 kv. and the number of shock waves averaged 3,188. Mean fluoroscopy time per session was 1.5 minutes. In 26 of 50 sessions (52%) general anesthesia was needed for the child to remain perfectly still. A complete stone-free rate was achieved in 38 of 42 calculi (90.5%): after 1 session in 30 (71.4%), after 2 sessions in 6 (13.7%) and after 3 sessions in 2 (4.8%). Five staghorn calculi were treated with ESWL monotherapy. A complete stone-free result was obtained after 3 treatments in 2 patients, while 2 had residual fragments in the lower pole (5 mm. after 6 sessions and 11 months of followup in 1, and 7 mm. after 3 sessions and 3 months of followup in 1). A cystine staghorn stone necessitated open nephrolithotomy after 3 sessions without any fragmentation. One impacted sacroiliac ureteral stone required endoscopic laser lithotripsy. Except for these 2 failures no adjuvant procedures were needed. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications and minor skin bruising at the coupling site after 3 treatments did not require any therapy. We conclude that electromagnetic ESWL with the standard Lithostar unit is a safe and effective method to treat calculi throughout the urinary tract in children.     

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in removal of stones in anomalies of kidney and upper urinary tracts

The authors analyze the results of ESWL (URAT-P unit) for urolithiasis performed in 106 patients (49 females and 57 males) aged 16-67 years with anomalous kidneys and upper urinary tracts. 28, 1, 11, 14, 24, 4, 22 and 2 patients had horseshoe, L-shape, solitary, lumbar distopic, double, sponge, cystic kidneys, congenital megacallicosis, respectively. The stones ranged in size from 7 to 30 mm. Bilateral urolithiasis was in 7 patients. The number of impulses averaged 1745 +/- 168.4 per the procedure. The average number of ESWL procedures per stone was 1.4 (1-4). The stones were completely eliminated after one ESWL session in 78(73.6) patients, after two sessions in 23(21.7%) patients, after three sessions in 4, after for in 1 patient. Complications developed in 18 patients: urinary tract obstruction and attack of acute pyelonephritis (15 and 3 patients, respectively). Within 2-10-year follow-up recurrences arose in 12 patients who were retreated. Thus, ESWL is a method of choice in the treatment of urolithiasis patients with malformations of the kidneys and upper urinary tracts. Good results of ESWL are achieved in strict adherence to principles of the patients' selection, preoperative preparation technique, individual approach to patients in postoperative period, follow-up to detect complications and recurrences.     

Prediction of outcome of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in the management of ureteric calculi

The present study was designed to evaluate the clinical outcome of using extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in the treatment of ureteric calculi and to establish a predictive model for the stone-free rate in patients receiving the treatment. A total of 831 patients with ureteric calculi were accepted in this study. Several parameters, including stone site, stone number, stone size, history of urolithiasis, renal colic, hydronephrosis, and double-J ureteric stent, were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses. A prediction model was established based on the logistic regression analysis of the significant factors, and the goodness-of-fit of the model was evaluated by employing the Hosmer–Lemeshow test. At a 3-month follow-up after ESWL treatment, the overall stone-free rate was 96.8% (804/831) with no serious complications being found, while the treatment failed in 3.2% (27/831) of the patients. Five factors, including stone number, stone size, history of urolithiasis, renal colic, and double-J ureteric stent contributed significantly to the clinical outcome of the ESWL treatment. The prediction model had a sensitivity and overall accuracy of 99.8 and 96.9%, respectively. The results show that ESWL remains an effective method for treating ureteric calculi. The prediction model established in this study could be used as a method for estimating prognosis in patients following ESWL treatment.     

三聚氰胺致婴幼儿泌尿系结石一年随访研究

目的 调查因三聚氰胺污染奶粉致泌尿系结石婴幼儿1年后康复情况. 方法 三聚氰胺致泌尿系结石婴幼儿81例,男51例,女30例.随访时年龄13～48个月,平均26个月.对患儿进行了1年后B超复查,血BUN、SCr、尿酸含量检测,并行尿常规检查,同时检测尿液中α1-微球蛋白(α1-MG)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、微量白蛋白(UMA)的含量.81例同年龄段未食用污染奶粉的健康婴幼儿作为对照组,行尿常规检查及尿α1 -MG、β2-MG、UMA检测. 结果 内科治疗组54例,结石残留3例,直径分别为0.3、0.3、0.4 cm;外科治疗组27例,结石残留2例,直径为1.5、0.2 cm,1.5cm残留结石为阳性结石,行经皮肾镜取石治疗.患儿UMA水平明显升高,中位数(四分位间距)为5.4(8.0) mg/L,对照组为2.3(4.9) mg/L,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.0l);血BUN、SCr、尿酸均在正常范围,不同治疗组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 大多数三聚氰胺致婴幼儿泌尿系结石采用内科或外科治疗效果确切,结果满意,如果1年后残留结石直径＞1.0 cm建议手术治疗.     

Arterial blood pressure following different types of urinary stone therapy. Presented at the 8th European Symposium on Urolithiasis, Parma, Italy, 1999

OBJECTIVE: Several studies reported increased blood pressure (BP) values following extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) treatment of renal stones. It is unclear, however, whether this is due to ESWL, since nephrolithiasis itself increases the relative risk of developing hypertension. Therefore we prospectively studied the BPs of stone patients undergoing different types of treatment. METHODS: 252 stone patients (63% males, 37% females, median age 44.3, range 11.7-86.4 years) participated. 168 suffered from uretral stones: 50 underwent ESWL; 40 ureteroscopy, and 78 patients passed stones spontaneously (SP). 84 had renal stones: 60 underwent ESWL; 8 percutaneous nephrolithotomy/open surgery, and 16 no treatment. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP were measured according to Riva-Rocci prior to, immediately after, and 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after stone therapy. RESULTS: Immediately after SP, SBP decreases, whereas after active stone treatment increases (highest after ESWL) in SBP were seen. DBP was unchanged. During the further follow-up, a gradual increase in BP was observed in all groups. At 24 months in all groups, regardless of the stone location and type of treatment, SBP and DBP were significantly higher than the pretreatment levels (p = 0.000). There was no a difference between renal and ureteral stones, or between the ESWL treatment and the other groups. CONCLUSION: Renal stone disease itself rather than the type of treatment significantly increases SBP and DBP during a follow-up period of 24 months. The underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated.     

Natural history of residual renal stone fragments after ESWL

OBJECTIVE: After extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), residual fragments (RF) 4 mm or less are usually considered as clinically insignificant. We retrospectively reviewed the natural history and clinical significance of 97 noninfected and isolated RF (4 mm or less) observed 3 months after the last ESWL session on renal tomography. PATIENTS AND METHODS: They represented 83 among 1, 216 patients treated by ESWL over a 9-year period (1989-1997). These RF were mostly localized in the inferior calyx (62%). Median follow-up was 40.6 months (range: 7-96 months). Renal tomography was always performed at the end of follow-up. RESULTS: Stone-free status, or a decreased, stable or increased amount of residual stone occurred in 27 (33%), 1 (1%), 24 (29%) and 31 (37%) of the 83 patients, respectively. During this study, 18 patients (22%) were proposed for a complementary treatment related to a size increase of the residual fragments (13 ESWL, 1 retrograde endoscopy, 3 percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and 1 polar inferior nephrectomy). CONCLUSION: The term clinically insignificant should not be employed to describe RF after ESWL. Efforts should be performed to obtain true stone-free status after ESWL.     

低浓度对比剂、低辐射剂量婴幼儿腹部CT扫描

目的探讨使用低浓度对比剂(270mgI/ml)、低辐射剂量(管电压100kV)增强CT扫描在婴幼儿腹部CT检查的可行性。方法收集因腹部实体肿瘤或外伤需接受CT增强检查的婴幼儿90例,将其分为3组:A组为平扫与实质期管电压120kV、对比剂碘克沙醇(320mgI/ml);B组为平扫与实质期管电压100kV、对比剂碘克沙醇(320mgI/ml);C组为平扫与实质期管电压100kV、对比剂碘克沙醇(270mgI/ml)。采用4分制主观评价实质期图像质量。测量实质期的皮下脂肪标准差(SD),以及肝实质、脾实质、肾皮质、肾静脉和腹主动脉SNR和CNR,记录容积CT剂量指数(CTDI_(vol))、剂量长度乘积(DLP),并计算有效剂量(ED)。对3组数据进行统计学分析。结果 3组实质期肝实质、脾实质、肾皮质、肾静脉和腹主动脉的SNR、CNR及主观评分差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。3组CTDI_(vol)、DLP、ED差异有统计学意义(P均0.01)。A组CTDI_(vol)(P=0.001、0.002)、DLP(P=0.013、0.004)、ED(P=0.003、0.001)与B组、C组比较差异均有统计学意义,B、C组CTDI_(vol)、DLP、ED差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论采用低浓度对比剂(270mgI/ml)联合100kV管电压进行CT增强扫描,可保证婴幼儿腹部图像的CNR,并满足临床诊断要求。