Intraoperative parasympathetic nerve stimulation with tumescence monitoring during total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer

BACKGROUND: Unilateral or bilateral division of the parasympathetic nerves during resection of rectal cancer may result in sexual erectile dysfunction. The purposes of this project were twofold: to determine the ability to demonstrate penile tumescence in response to parasympathetic nerve stimulation after rectal cancer resection and to correlate the nerve stimulation response with clinical sexual function 6 months after operation. STUDY DESIGN: In 21 consecutive male patients with normal erectile function undergoing total mesorectal excision, cavernous nerve identification and integrity before and after pelvic dissection were assessed intraoperatively, both visually by an experienced surgeon and by using the CaverMap nerve stimulator. The minimal effective current necessary to produce a 2% increase in penile tumescence was recorded for both the left- and right-sided nerves, primarily the largest nerve trunk, S3. Postclearance stimulation data were then correlated with sexual function outcomes, specifically erection and orgasm at 6 months after surgery. RESULTS: The operating surgeon's visual assessment of the pelvic autonomic nerve's integrity after pelvic dissection was deemed intact in 20 of the 21 patients (95.2%). Of the 20 patients who were evaluated with CaverMap after completion of total mesorectal excision, 17 (85%) had tumescence response after nerve stimulation on either side, and 3 patients (15%) had unilateral response only. Of the 19 patients evaluated for sexual function 6 months after surgery, 18 (94.7%) had normal function, including the 3 patients with only unilateral nerve stimulation tumescence response. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative mapping of the parasympathetic nerve trunks with the CaverMap nerve stimulator may be a valuable aid to less experienced pelvic surgeons and may help in autonomic nerve preservation during total mesorectal excision clearance.     

直肠癌TME中保留盆腔自主神经对男性排尿及性功能影响的初步研究

目的:探讨保留盆腔自主神经(pelvic autonomic nerve preservation,PANP)的直肠全系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)对男性排尿及性功能的影响.方法:对2005～2006年48例进行丁ME(对照组)和2007～2008年进行PANP+TME的53例(治疗组)男性直肠癌患者的排尿及性功能情况进行回顾性分析.结果:术后勃起功能障碍的发生率为治疗组28.30%(15/53),对照组72.92%(35/48),2组差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);射精功能障碍的发生率为治疗组24.53%(13/53),对照组62.50%(30/48),2组差异有统计学意义(P=0.001);排尿障碍的发生率为治疗组18.87%(10/53),对照组47.92%(23/48),2组差异有统计学意义(P<0.001).结论:PANP和TME结合可以明显改善患者的排尿功能和性功能,从而提高患者术后生活质量.     

保留盆腔自主神经的全直肠系膜切除术对中、低位直肠癌患者术后排尿和性功能的影响

目的:探讨保留盆腔自主神经的全直肠系膜切除术后患者排尿及性功能的变化。方法:行保留盆腔自主神经(PANP)加全直肠系膜切除术(TME)的中、低位DukesB期的直肠癌患者38例作为研究组,同期行TME的DukesB期患者35例作为对照组。研究组中低位前切除(LAR)21例,经腹会阴联合切除(APR)17例;对照组中LAR20例,APR15例。观察并比较二组患者术前后排尿、性功能之变化。结果:研究组与对照组术后排尿功能障碍发生率分别为15.7%(6/38)与40%(14/35)(P=0.013);研究组LAR与APR组性功能障碍发生率分别为9.5%(2/21)、29.4%(5/17),总的性功能障碍率为18.4%(7/38);对照组中分别为35%(7/20)、73.3%(11/15)和51.4%(18/35),研究组性功能障碍发生率明显低于对照组(P=0.002)。结论:Dukes B期患者行保留盆自主神经的全直肠系膜切除术能明显降低术后排尿、性功能障碍的发生率,提高患者术后生活质量。     

腹腔镜直肠癌根治术中保留盆自主神经的关键技术与意义

直肠癌术中盆自主神经(PAN)的损伤是患者术后排尿功能和性功能障碍的主要原因之一。术中盆自主神经的精准辨认和保护始终是直肠癌根治术的要点与难点。术者应熟悉PAN的走行,把握直肠周围筋膜的解剖层次,才能维持正确的外科平面(surgical plane),最大程度降低盆神经损伤概率。高清腹腔镜设备及应用解剖技术的进展使外科医生更精准地辨认PAN、血管、筋膜等重要解剖结构。本文对腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术中保留PAN的关键技术和意义作一综述。     

全直肠系膜切除并自主神经保留术治疗直肠癌的疗效评价

目的评价全直肠系膜切除（TME）并保留盆腔自主神经（PANP）的直肠癌根治术对直肠癌患者术后性功能、复发和生存期的影响。方法回顾性分析1997年10月至2004年6月共105例行TME并保留自主神经的男性直肠癌患者（保留自主神经组）术后的随访资料,并与同期110例TME不保留自主神经的男性直肠癌患者（不保留自主神经组）术后的性功能、复发和生存率进行比较。结果勃起障碍保留自主神经组33．3％（35／105）,不保留自主神经组63．2％（68／110）,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（X^2=17．466,P〈0．001）。射精障碍保留自主神经组43．8％（46／105）,不保留自主神经组70．0％（77／110）,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（x。=15．053,P〈0．001）。保留自主神经组局部复发率7．6％（8／105）,不保留自主神经组局部复发率5．5％（6／110）,两组差异无统计学意义（X^2=0．413,P=0．520）。5年生存率保留自主神经组为63．4％,不保留自主神经组为59．7％（P〉0．05）。结论TME并PANP的直肠癌根治术既能保证手术根治,同时术后性功能障碍率低,生存质量提高。     

保留盆腔自主神经的全直肠系膜切除的临床应用及评价

目的探讨保留盆腔自主神经（PANP）的全直肠系膜切除（TME）在男性直肠癌低位保肛术中的应用。方法回顾性分析传统手术、TME和PANP＋TME在男性直肠癌保肛手术中的应用，对各组病人肿瘤下缘距肛门距离、3年存活率、局部复发率、排尿功能、性功能作一评价。结果TME组和PANP＋TME组手术病人的肿瘤下缘距肛门距离较传统手术组明显缩短（P〈0．05）；3组的3年存活率分析差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；TME组和PANP＋TME组的局部复发率较传统手术组明显降低（P〈0．05）；传统手术组、TME组、PANP＋TME组的排尿障碍、勃起功能障碍和射精功能障碍的发生率逐渐降低，3组间两两比较差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。PANP手术分型与排尿障碍、勃起功能障碍和射精功能障碍分级呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论TME可以降低直肠癌的局部复发率，降低排尿障碍和性功能障碍的发生率；PANP和TME结合使排尿障碍和性功能障碍的发生率更加降低，PANP手术保留神经越彻底，手术后排尿障碍、性功能障碍的发生率越低。     

腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除术

目的探讨腹腔镜外科技术在直肠全系膜切除术(TME)的应用。方法对39例腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除术患者进行随访和回顾性分析。结果腹腔镜直肠前切除术30例,中转手术1例;腹腔镜辅助Miles手术9例。无手术死亡,术中盆底静脉丛破裂出血1例(发生率2.6%)。平均手术时间185min,平均出血量85ml,平均术后住院日为8.5d。术后发生吻合口瘘1例,尿潴留1例。39例患者术后随访1～28个月,仅1例DukesC1期的低分化腺癌患者,术后12个月盆腔局部肿瘤复发。全组患者的trocar穿刺孔及腹壁切口无肿瘤种植。结论腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除术创伤小、疼痛轻、恢复快。只要严格掌握手术适应证,正确应用腹腔镜技术就能完成此类手术。     

经肛门全直肠系膜切除和腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除对直肠癌的疗效对比

目的分析比较经肛门全直肠系膜切除（TaTME）与腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除（LaTME）在中低位直肠癌治疗中的疗效及预后。 方法选择东营市东营区人民医院2015年2月至2016年2月收治的64例择期行全直肠系膜切除术（TME）的中低位直肠癌患者,随机分为TaTME组与LaTME组,各32例。观察并比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、标本完整率、环周切缘（CRM）阳性率、远端切缘（DRM）阴性率、淋巴结清扫数目、保肛率、中转开放手术率、术中及术后并发症、术后住院时间、局部复发率、远处转移率、2年总体生存率（OS）各指标间的差异。 结果TaTME组患者的术中出血量、中转开放手术率、手术时间、标本完整率、CRM阳性率、保肛率、术后住院时间、尿潴留发生率均显著优于LaTME组（均P<0.05）。患者均获随访2~24个月,TaTME组中位生存时间为23.9个月,局部复发率、转移率分别为6.2%（2/32）、3.1%（1/32）。LaTME组中位生存时间为19.7个月,局部复发率、转移率均为3.1%（1/32）。两组术后复发率、转移率比较,差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.350、0.516,P=0.554、0.472）。TaTME组与LaTME组1年OS分别为100.00%、93.75%,2年OS分别为96.87%、81.25%。两组1年OS比较,差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.516,P=0.472）,TaTME组的2年OS显著高于LaTME组患者（χ²=4.402,P=0.036）。 结论与LaTME术相比,TaTME术治疗中低位直肠癌具有较高的安全性和有效性,且术后并发症较少,术后住院时间短,可以改善患者预后。     

全直肠系膜切除术中保留男性盆腔自主神经的解剖基础

目的 探讨成年男性盆腔自主神经的筋膜层次及其解剖标记,明确全直肠系膜切除术中保留男性盆腔自主神经的解剖基础.方法 对12具男性尸体盆腔(24侧半盆腔)进行解剖.结果 盆腔自主神经走行筋膜层次为:腹下神经走行于脏筋膜后叶内,盆丛位于膀胱腹下筋膜与脏筋膜间,精囊前列腺分支位于Denonvilliers筋膜前侧方.骶骨岬、输...     

A prospective study of sexual and urinary function before and after total mesorectal excision with autonomic nerve preservation for rectal cancer

BACKGROUND: Oncologic resection of rectal cancer has been reported to be associated with a significant (10%-60%) rate of sexual and urinary dysfunction. We hypothesize that curative total mesorectal excision (TME) with autonomic nerve preservation (ANP) can be done with high rates of preservation of such function. STUDY DESIGN: We studied prospectively preoperative and postoperative urinary and sexual function in patients who had sphincter-preserving operations for rectal carcinoma without preoperative irradiation. Standardized questionnaires were used preoperatively and postoperatively, including the International Prostatic Symptom Score and a score of quality of urinary function satisfaction. Urodynamic evaluation was performed preoperatively and 3 months after the operation. The sexual results were evaluated after 1 year. RESULTS: Twenty patients, 13 men and 7 women, had TME, with ANP technique. Fourteen patients had coloanal anastomosis, 4 had a stapled colorectal anastomosis, and 2 had an ileoanal anastomosis. In all patients, hypogastric and sacral splanchnic nerves were identified and preserved. There was no mortality. Tumors are graded by Astler-Coller classification: A1 in 3 cases, A2 in 3, B1 in 7, B2 in 2, C2 in 1, and D in 1. There was no difference in preoperative and postoperative urinary function, International Prostatic Symptom Score, or urodynamic results, nor in the results of the quality of urinary function questionnaire. Four of the 7 women (69%) were sexually active before undergoing the surgical procedure. Sexual activity and ability to achieve orgasm was unchanged in these women. No dyspareunia was reported. Nine of the 13 men (69%) were sexually potent in the preoperative period. Sexual activity and potency were unchanged in these men. Retrograde ejaculation was reported in 1 man who previously had had normal antegrade ejaculation. After 3 months, 4 patients reported a reduced rigidity of erection, returning to normal by 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: The authors conclude that TME and ANP for cancer limited to the mesorectum do not impair urinary and sexual function.     

实时神经监测在腹腔镜直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术中盆腔自主神经丛保护的应用

目的 探讨实时神经监测在腹腔镜直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术中盆腔自主神经丛保护的应用。方法 选取2017年1月至2020年12月非急诊收治的直肠癌患者,共11例。所有患者均进行腹腔镜直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术,术中使用实时神经监测进行盆腔自主神经丛保护,术后评估排尿、肛管直肠功能,并分析两者相关性。结果 所有患者均成功进行术中实时神经监测,神经监测电生理结果均为阳性,术后第6月进行功能评估,均未发生排尿、肛管直肠功能不全,两者相关性良好（r=1.0）。结论 实时神经监测在腹腔镜直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术中盆腔自主神经丛保护的应用安全、有效,结果阳性提示术后排尿、肛管直肠功能完好。     

腹腔镜辅助经肛全直肠系膜切除术与腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术治疗低位直肠癌的疗效比较

背景与目的：全直肠系膜切除术（TME）是治疗直肠癌的标准术式,与开放TME比较,腹腔镜辅助TME（LaTME）不仅降低了手术创伤,且疗效相当。但对于肥胖、骨盆狭窄、男性低位直肠癌患者,LaTME的盆腔操作仍十分困难,且环周切缘（CRM）阳性的风险增加。腹腔镜辅助经肛TME（TaTME）的出现为低位直肠癌切除术提供了一种创新的微创选择,给外科医生提供新的解决方案。本研究比较分析腹腔镜辅助TaTME与LaTME治疗低位直肠癌的临床疗效。 方法：回顾性分析广东省中医院胃肠外科2018年7月—2019年1月收治的30例低位直肠癌患者（肿瘤下缘距肛门距离≤5 cm）的临床资料。其中12例行腹腔镜辅助TaTME（TaTME组）,18例行LaTME（LaTME组）。比较两组患者的相关临床指标。 结果：两组患者在年龄、性别、BMI、ASA分级、肿瘤学分期、肿瘤下缘距肛门距离、肿瘤直径等一般资料均无明显差异（均P>0.05）。两组患者无中转开腹手术,无近期死亡病例。TaTME组较LaTME组手术时间明显缩短（168.5 min vs. 239.33 min,P=0.007）、出血量明显减少（66.50 mL vs. 160.00 mL,P=0.002）。两组在预防性造口、保肛率、CRM阳性率、淋巴结清扫总数方面差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。TaTME组术后住院时间明显短于LaTME组（6.33 d vs. 10.83 d,P<0.001）、住院费用明显低于LaTME组（58 963元 vs. 81 341元,P<0.001）,TaTME组的术后排气时间及恢复全流饮食时间均短于LaTME组,但差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。两组术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。  结论：腹腔镜辅助TaTME治疗低位直肠癌与LaTME的短期疗效相当,且在某些方面具有一定优势;是安全可行的,值得临床进一步研究和应用。     

男性直肠癌直肠系膜切除术中保留盆腔自主神经对排尿及性功能影响的研究

目的 探讨男性直肠癌直肠系膜切除术(TME)保留盆腔自主神经(PANP)对排尿功能及性功能的影响.方法 男性直肠癌患者240例,分为PANP组120例,行TME术并保留盆腔自主神经;对照组120例,不保留盆腔自主神经.统计学比较2组患者术后排尿功能及性功能、3年生存率和局部复发率. 结果PANP组术后排尿功能障碍发生率为30.8%、术后勃起功能障碍发生率为28.3%、术后射精功能障碍发生率为34.2%,对照组分别为55.0%、60.0%、62.5%,2组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);PANP组术后3年局部复发率和生存率分别为9.4%、75.0%,对照组为9.0%、65.0%,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 男性直肠癌TME术中PANP可以明显改善患者的排尿功能和性功能,提高患者的术后生活质量,且不影响治疗效果.     

Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for low rectal cancer

Background

Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer is coming out of age with recent publications highlighting its safety, feasibility, sound oncological outcomes, and improved quality of life. Nevertheless, laparoscopic proctectomy remains a challenging procedure. An embedded didactic video demonstrates a step-by-step laparoscopic total mesorectal excision with coloanal anastomosis for a low rectal cancer.

Methods

A five-trocar technique is shown. The key steps demonstrated are: high division of the inferior mesenteric artery, medial-to-lateral mobilization of the descending colon, high division of the inferior mesenteric vein, take-down of the splenic flexure, total mesorectal excision with division of the rectum at the pelvic floor, and side-to-end coloanal anastomosis. Principles of a good anastomosis and potential pitfalls are described, including protection of the ureter and pelvic autonomic nerves.

Results

A series of ten consecutive patients operated for low rectal cancer with total mesorectal excision is reported. Median (range) operative time and estimated blood loss were 274 (135?C360) minutes and 25 (10?C50)?ml. Median tumor height from the anal verge was 7 (4?C10)?cm. Reconstruction included three coloanal J-pouch and seven side-to-end anastomosis. Nine anastomoses were performed by using a double-stapled technique. One patient with an intersphincteric dissection required a handsewn anastomosis. A diverting ileostomy protected all coloanal anastomosis. Median length of stay was 3 (range, 2?C7) days. One of ten patients was readmitted for a small bowel obstruction. The embedded video demonstrates a total mesorectal excision down to the pelvic floor in a patient who had a T2 cancer 6?cm from the anal verge with prior open cholecystectomy and hysterectomy.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision is a safe and effective procedure. Patient selection and advanced laparoscopic skills are paramount. It is hoped that this didactic video will contribute to a wider and safer practice of laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for low rectal cancer.     

腹腔镜下直肠癌全直肠系膜切除手术

目的 探讨腹腔镜下直肠癌全直肠系膜切除(total mesorectal excision，TME)手术的可行性。方法 自2000年3月至2003年11月共行腹腔镜下直肠癌TME手术67例，其中直肠癌前切除术(anterior resection，AR)45例，直肠癌腹会阴联合切除术(abdominal pelineal resection，APR)22例。结果 本组67例患者按TME原则采用腹腔镜完成直肠癌手术，术中出血量10～50ml，手术时间2.5～5．0h，无术中死亡，术后持续胃肠减压时间8～24h，平均术后24～48h开始进食水，术后1～3d下床活动，术后1～5d开始排便。术后住院时间7～10d。术后随访时间3～43个月，2例患者局部复发，2例患者肝转移；术后因局部复发和肝转移各死亡1例，失访3例；有19例术后不足1年的患者，未发现转移及复发。结论 只要有较好的开腹TME手术经验和腹腔镜操作技能，腹腔镜下直肠癌TME手术是可行的。     

经肛直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术实践与策略

经肛门全直肠系膜切除术在近几年成为了结直肠外科学界的研究热点,在经历了动物实验、尸体试验和伦理认证等过程后,该手术的临床试验在国内外多个国家得到迅速发展。虽然该术式的初步结果尤其在肥胖患者、骨盆狭窄、前列腺肥大等情形时可改善全直肠系膜切除的质量,降低远切缘及环周切缘的阳性率。但目前开展单位尚少,样本累积亦不足,缺乏多中心研究的长期结果,该术式仍处于探索性的研究阶段。鉴于该术式与传统手术路径不同,需要有更为充分的前期基础来谨慎开展。开展高质量多中心随机对照临床研究,以获得更多循证医学证据的支持,是今后临床工作的重点。     

直肠癌直肠系膜全切除技术的再思考

2002年作者曾在本杂志撰文发表了“直肠癌直肠系膜全切除技术”一文。7年过去了,直肠全系膜切除（total meso—rectal excision,TME）已成为结直肠外科医生的共识。但围绕TME的解剖概念、手术方法、安全性评估和预后的讨论却未停止,其实正是通过这种讨论和争鸣才有学科进步与发展。