Trace Element Accumulation in Bivalve Mussels Anodonta woodiana from Taihu Lake, China

Data are presented for 13 trace metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, and Pb) in 38 bivalve mussels Anodonta woodiana from four separate sites (Huzhou, Dapu, Sansandao, and Manshan) around the Taihu Lake of China. All elemental concentrations generally ranked in decreasing order, Mn > Fe > Zn > As ≈ Cu ≈ Cd ≈ Se > Pb > Mo ≈ Ag, except that Cr, Co, and Ni were not detected. Anodonta woodiana was able to bioaccumulate essential Mn and toxic Cd to the extremely high level of 19,240 and 53 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Geographical differences in the concentrations of trace elements were usually significant between sampling sites except for As and Pb, and the mussels from Sanshandao site had mostly accumulated or were contaminated with essential and toxic elements. The residue level of Cd in A. woodiana from the Sanshandao and Manshan sites appeared to be even higher than those of the essential elements Cu and Se, and exceeded the corresponding maximum residue limits of China. The present study provides the most recent information on trace element bioaccumulation or contamination in Taihu Lake and, further, suggests that A. woodiana can be used as a suitable bioindicator for inland water environmental monitoring.     

Accumulation of Butyltin and Phenyltin Compounds in Various Fish Species

Concentrations of organotins (OTs) were measured in the muscle of 11 species of fishes from the Port of Osaka and Yodo River, Japan. Tributytin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) compounds were detected in the range of 0.011–0.182 mg/kg wet weight and < 0.001–0.130 mg/kg wet weight, respectively. Concentrations of TBT were higher than those of TPT in the muscle of fish. Concentrations of OTs in fish from sea areas were higher than those from rivers, and the ratios of TBT to total butyltins (BTs) in fish from sea areas were also higher than those from rivers. A similar trend was found for TPT. Logarithm of bioconcentration factor (BCF) of TBT in fish was in the range of 2.7–3.9. No sex differences in TBT and TPT concentrations in Japanese sea perch were observed, and the concentrations of TBT and TPT were not related to total length of fish. No correlation was also observed between the concentration of TBT or TPT and lipid content. The concentrations of BTs and phenyltins (PTs) in organs and tissues of three fish species were determined. TBT was higher concentration in liver, brain, and muscle of white croaker and yellowtail. The ratios of TBT to the total BTs were 30–40%, and the ratios of TPT to total PTs in these fishes were greater than 50% of the total PT concentrations. Received: 13 September 1999/Accepted: 2 February 2000     

Organotin Compounds in Water, Sediment, and Biological Samples from the Port of Osaka, Japan

Butyltin (Bts) and phenyltin compounds (Pts) were measured in water, sediment, plankton, and mussels collected from eight stations in the harbor area of the Port of Osaka in 1996, and were compared with those of Otsuchi Bay. The levels of tributyltin (TBT) compounds in all samples from the Port of Osaka were slightly high in marinas and mooring areas of small and medium-hull vessels. Of total Bts, the ratio of TBT was under 50% in water and was dominant in sediment, plankton, and mussels. Triphenyltin (TPT) compounds in water were not detected. TPT was present at lower levels than TBT in sediment, plankton, and mussels. Of total Pts, monophenyltin (MPT) compounds and diphenyltin (DPT) compounds represented a high proportion in sediment, while TPT was dominant in plankton and mussels. The concentrations of TBT in water from the Port of Osaka were lower than those from Otsuchi Bay, however TBT concentrations in sediment, plankton, and mussels from the Port of Osaka were higher than those from Otsuchi Bay. The difference of TBT concentration among stations in the Port of Osaka was slight. In contrast, the levels of TBT in Otsuchi Bay were markedly higher at a station near the shipyard. Though TPT in water from the Port of Osaka was not detected, trace amounts of TPT was found in seawater from Otsuchi Bay. The levels and detected frequencies of TPT in sediment, plankton, and mussels from the Port of Osaka were lower than in those from Otsuchi Bay. The partition coefficients of Bts to sediment, plankton, and mussels from the Port of Osaka were higher than those of dibutyltin (DBT) compounds and MBT and those of TBT to plankton and mussels were higher than those in sediment. The partition coefficients of TBT to sediment and biological samples from the Port of Osaka were higher level than those in Otsuchi Bay. Received: 11 December 1997/Accepted: 2 June 1998     

HCH and DDT Residues in Bivalves <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anodonta woodiana</Emphasis> from the Taihu Lake,China

The present article attempts to use freshwater bivalves Anodonta woodiana for monitoring the pollution of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (α-, β-, γ-, δ-HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (o, p′, p, p′-DDT) and metabolites (p, p′-DDE, p, p′-DDD) in the Taihu Lake, China. A total of 36 bivalves were sampled from 4 sites of Huzhou city, Dapu of Yixing city, Xueyan of Changzhou city, and Wulihu of Wuxi city around the lake in August–October 2004. The organochlorines were detected in all bivalves, and the mean concentration of ΣDDTs (7.07 ng/g wet weight) was significantly higher than that of ΣHCHs (2.37 ng/g wet weight). Overall, ΣHCHs are at the highest concentrations in the bivalves from the Dapu and Huzhou site, whereas ΣDDTs are at highest concentrations in the bivalves from the Wulihu site. Compositions of ΣHCHs were predominated by α- and γ-HCH isomers in the bivalves from all four study sites. Among these sampling sites, p, p′-DDT exhibited the highest percentage in the bivalves from Huzhou site. Furthermore, significant regional variations in compositions of both ΣDDTs and ΣHCHs had been identified. The residue levels of ΣDDTs and ΣHCHs in the bivalves of the present study were much lower than the corresponding residue limits for aquatic products of Ministry of Agriculture of China, FDA, and FAO/WHO. These findings suggest that Anodonta woodiana could serve as a unique bioindicator to monitor the HCH and DDT pollutions in the freshwater environment.     

水产品及葡萄酒中有机锡污染水平的分析

目的分析北京市售来自大连、山东和天津沿海的贝类、螺类、鱼类及葡萄酒样品中有机锡的污染水平,为膳食有机锡的污染评价提供科学依据。方法以氢溴酸∶四氢呋喃(1∶20)和0.03%环庚三烯酚酮-正己烷为萃取剂,凝胶渗透色谱法净化,戊基溴化镁衍生后弗罗里硅土柱净化,采用气相色谱-脉冲火焰光度方法检测甲基锡、丁基锡和苯基锡。结果贝类、螺类和鱼类的丁基锡检出率分别为86.4%、33.3%和38.9%,苯基锡检出率分别为68.2%、16.7%和44.4%。贝类样品的检出率三丁基锡为81.8%,二丁基锡为59.1%,一丁基锡为45.4%,三苯基锡为68.2%,丁基锡平均总量为4.5μg/kg,有机锡平均总量为11.1μg/kg。鱼类样品检出率三丁基锡为38.9%,二丁基锡为22.2%,三苯基锡为为50.0%,丁基锡平均总量1.3μg/kg,有机锡平均总量2.8μg/kg。国产葡萄酒检出率二甲基锡为76.4%,含量0.4~5.5μg/L,二丁基锡为58.8%,含量0.1~1.7μg/L,一丁基锡为41.2%,含量0.2~0.8μg/L。贝类样品区域间和水产品种类间的有机锡含量差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论水产品和葡萄酒中普遍存在有机锡的污染,水产品中丁基锡和苯基锡,葡萄酒中二甲基锡的污染突出。     

背角无齿蚌软体组织与养殖场水和沉积物中砷含量测定

目的:测定背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana Lea)软体组织与养殖场中水、沉积物中砷的含量测定。方法:采用原子荧光分光光度法来测定背角无齿蚌养殖场中水、沉积物及体内的重金属元素砷的含量。结果:背角无齿蚌软体组织与养殖场中水、沉积物的砷含量分别为2.08 mg/kg,0.0053 mg/kg,10.04 mg/kg,养殖场沉积物中砷含量远高于背角无齿蚌软体组织的砷含量。结论:背角无齿蚌软体组织对养殖场中砷有很强的颗粒相吸收能力。     

Butyltin Compounds in River Otters (Lutra canadensis) from the Northwestern United States

Butyltin compounds, including mono-, di-, and tributyltin (MBT, DBT, and TBT) were measured in livers of 40 adult river otters (Lutra canadensis) collected from rivers and coastal bays in Washington and Oregon, USA. Butyltins were found in all the river otters, at a concentration range of 8.5–2,610 ng/g, WW. The greatest concentration of total butyltins of 2,610 ng/g, WW, was found in a river otter collected in Puget Sound from Fort Ward, Washington. River otters collected near areas with major shipping activities, such as the Puget Sound, contained significantly greater concentrations (geometric mean: 367 ng/g, WW) of butyltins than those from rivers. Among butyltin compounds, MBT and DBT predominated in livers. The concentrations of butyltins in river otters ranged from comparable (Puget Sound) to less (rivers) than what was found in coastal cetaceans. Received: 9 July 1998/Accepted: 12 November 1998     

Phenyltins in Surface Sediments of the Visakhapatnam Harbour,India

Twenty-two surface sediment samples were collected from Visakhapatnam harbour, east coast of India, and analysed for monophenyltin (MPT), diphenyltin (DPT), triphenyltin (TPT), total bacteria, and TPT tolerant bacteria. Concentrations of MPT, DPT and TPT varied between 1–26, 3–28, and 0.31–145 ng Sn g⁻¹ dry wt, respectively. Phenyltin concentrations were influenced by ship related activities, agricultural waste and sewage. These phenyltin concentrations indicate sediments are contaminated. Abundance of TPT tolerant bacteria was strongly influenced by the levels of phenyltins.     

Survey of Organotin Compounds in the Western Mediterranean Using Molluscs and Fish as Sentinel Organisms

Tributyltin (TBT) and its degradation products, mono- (MBT) and dibutyltin (DBT) as well as triphenyltin (TPT) were determined in molluscs and fish collected along the Catalan coast (Western Mediterranean). Marine molluscs (mussels, clams and snails) were sampled from three harbors with different characteristics (small vs. large boats). Two fish species were studied (a) the grey mullet Liza aurata sampled in Barcelona harbor and (b) the red mullet Mullus barbatus sampled along the coast; different tissues (muscle, liver, gills and digestive tube) were analysed separately. The composition of butyltin compounds was different according to the organism and sampling point, but in general elevated concentrations of TBT were noticed in molluscs. The highest organotin residue levels (5.4 μg/g d.w. as Sn) were detected in mussels from Masnou, a recreational marina, followed by those collected in Barcelona harbor (1.2 μg/g d.w. as Sn). In contrast, no organotin compounds were detected in fish muscle and very low levels in the other organs, being TPT the major organotin in red mullet liver. Received: 26 March 1996/Revised: 8 July 1996     

Immunotoxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of butyltins on human natural killer cells in vitro.

The widespread environmental contamination, bio-accumulation, and toxic effects of butyltins (BTs) in wildlife is well documented, but the role of BTs in debilitating human immune function mediated through natural killer (NK) lymphocytes (a primary immune defense against tumor and virally infected cells) has not been described. In this study, we assessed the effects of in vitro exposure to a range of concentrations (encompassing environmentally relevant concentrations) of MBT, DBT, and TBT on human natural killer lymphocytes obtained from adult male and female donors. TBT inhibited the tumor-killing capacity of NK cells when the NK cells were pretreated in vitro at 200 nM for as little as 1 h. Inhibition of NK cytotoxic function ranged from 40 to greater than 90%. The toxic potential of butyltins followed the order of TBT > DBT > MBT. Conjugation assays revealed that after a 24-h exposure to TBT, there was about a 50% decrease in NK cell binding to tumor cells, indicating alteration of the NK cell receptors for tumor cells. Analysis of whole-blood samples for BTs revealed the presence of detectable concentrations of MBT, DBT, and TBT in all of the donors, indicating possible exposure of NK cells to BTs in the blood. The results of this study provide evidence that butyltin compounds significantly inhibit NK cell function and possible NK cell-mediated immunotoxic potential in humans.     

环太湖流域藻类密度和主要污染指标的相关性研究

目的 研究环太湖流域藻类密度与主要污染物指标之间的相关性.方法 于2009年7月-2010年6月,对环太湖流域19个监测点的藻类密度、水温、pH值、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总氮、总磷、氮磷比、叶绿素a、硝酸盐氮、总有机碳进行连续监测.结果 污染指标最严重的是总氮和总磷,合格率仅分别为11.7%和39.6%.水体中藻...     

Seasonal Variation in Organotins in the Waters of the Dona Paula Bay,West Coast of India

Surface seawaters from the Dona Paula Bay, were collected at weekly intervals during March 2007 to March 2008, and analyzed for butyltins (BT) such as tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), monobutyltin (MBT) using a GC–MS system. The mean concentrations of TBT, DBT, MBT and total BT varied from <1–37, 4–19, 6–28 and 21–84 ng Sn L⁻¹, respectively. Highest levels of BTs were recorded during May followed by April 2007 and March 2007 probably because the shipping and tourism activities are very high during these months.     

Organotin Compounds, Including Butyltins and Octyltins, in House Dust from Albany, New York, USA

Organotin compounds (OTs) have been used in a wide variety of consumer products. Despite this, very few studies have reported the occurrence of OTs in house dust or exposure of humans to OTs through the ingestion of house dust. In the present study, concentrations of monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), tributyltin (TBT), monooctyltin (MOT), dioctyltin (DOT), trioctyltin (TOT), diphenyltin (DPT), and triphenyltin (TPT) were measured in dust collected from 24 houses in Albany, New York, USA. In addition, a few household products, such as wallpaper, floor tile, vinyl window blinds, and handbags were analyzed for the presence of OTs. Organotins were found in all of the house dust samples analyzed, and total OT concentrations varied from 390 to 28,000 ng/g (mean ± SD: 6700 ± 6200; median: 5000). Relative abundances of OTs in house dust were in the order MBT >MOT >DBT >DOT >TBT. TOT, DPT, and TPT were not found in any of the samples at concentrations above their corresponding detection limits. MBT accounted for, on average, 51% of the total OT concentrations. Mean concentrations of total OTs found in house dust samples from our study were two to five times higher than concentrations that have been reported for dust samples from several European countries. Calculations indicate that dust ingestion by children account for, on average, 15–18% of the tolerable daily intake proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The estimated rates of OT intake by children via dust ingestion were, on average, eightfold higher than the intake rates calculated for adults. Household products, such as wallpaper, contained total OT concentrations as high as 780,000 ng/g.     

Phenyltin inhibition of the cytotoxic function of human natural killer cells

Phenyltin (PT) contamination has been reported in water, sediment, and fish. However, the role of PT in weakening human immune function mediated through natural killer (NK) lymphocytes has not been elucidated. In this study, we report the effects of in vitro exposure to triphenyltin (TPT), diphenyltin (DPT), and monophenyltin (MPT) on the function of human NK cells. Exposure to TPT (1 microM, for 1 h) inhibited the tumor killing capacity of NK cells by 85%. Exposure of NK cells to DPT for 1 h (5 microM) and 24h (1.5 microM) reduced tumor lysis by greater than 90%. A 24-h exposure of NK cells to 5 microM MPT reduced tumor lysis by greater than 80%. Assays assessing the ability of NK cells to bind to tumor cells showed that a 24-h pretreatment with TPT, DPT, or MPT reduced NK cell binding to tumor cells by greater than 50%. The toxic potential of the PTs followed the order TPT > DPT > MPT. In comparison with butyltins (BTs), in vitro effects of PTs revealed that these compounds are relatively less toxic to NK cells than BTs. The results of this study provide evidence that phenyltin compounds are immunotoxic to human NK cells under in vitro experimental conditions.     

Butyltin accumulation in two marine bivalves along a pollution gradient

In the present study, we describe a field survey regarding the effect of ambient water conditions in the accumulation of tributyltin (TBT) and its metabolites in green mussels (Perna viridis) and Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). The results showed that following the changes in TBT pollution levels, the accumulation of butyltins exhibited clear differences between oysters and mussels. The ratio of TBT to total butyltin (TBT:SigmaBT) decreased from 0.87 to 0.31 with increasing TBT burdens in the oysters. This status suggests that following the increases of TBT burdens, the metabolic rates of TBT were clearly enhanced in oysters; however, this phenomenon was not shown in mussels. The TBT:SigmaBT remained relatively constant at approximately 0.7 in the mussels despite the TBT burdens. Because of this phenomenon, the opposite status of different TBT burdens between oysters and mussels were present at different TBT pollution levels. These observations may provide valuable insight when evaluating or comparing TBT pollution in the environment using oysters and/or mussels as bioindicators.     

Brief exposure to triphenyltin produces irreversible inhibition of the cytotoxic function of human natural killer cells

Phenyltin (PT) compounds (mono-, di-, and triphenyltins) are used in agricultural and consumer products. They contaminate the environment and have toxic effects on aquatic and terrestrial animals including humans. In an earlier study we demonstrated that PTs (1 micro M, for 1h in vitro exposure) could cause considerable inhibition of the tumor-killing function of human natural killer (NK) cells (as much as 85%). In this study we examined whether cytotoxic function can be recovered after a brief exposure (1h) to PTs. Freshly isolated lymphocytes were exposed to triphenyltin (TPT) or diphenyltin (DPT) for 1h. The compound was then removed and the cells were incubated in PT-free medium for as long as 6 days. The results indicated that exposure to 750nM TPT for 1h caused an approximately 63+/-10% decrease in NK-cytotoxic function. However, if the cells were exposed to 750nM TPT for 1h and then allowed to incubate in TPT-free medium for 24h, there was a 91+/-12% loss of cytotoxic function. NK-cytotoxic function remained inhibited for as long as 6 days after removal of the TPT. A 1-h exposure to as much as 5 micro M DPT caused no loss of NK-cytotoxic function when the cells were tested immediately after the exposure. However, if the cells were allowed to incubate in DPT-free medium for 24h after the 1-h exposure to 5 micro M DPT, cytotoxicity was inhibited by 68+/-29% and this inhibition persisted for at least 6 days. These results indicated that short-term exposure to PTs caused persistent negative effects on human NK-cell function. The persistent effects of PTs are compared to those of the butyltins (BTs).     

Effects on ionic composition of blood and tissues ofAnodonta grandis grandis (Bivalvia) of an addition of aluminum and acid to a lake

To test the hypothesis that summer low pH, episodic events cause stress and mortality in aquatic organisms including mussels, alum (aluminum sulfate) was added near the point of inflow to Lake 114 in the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario from 3 to 5 July 1984. Lake 114 was at pH 5.9 before the alum addition. The alum produced measured extremes of pH 4.5 and [Al] of 2,237 g/L near the point of addition. This study examined the effects of the alum addition on ionic concentrations of blood and tissue (gills, adductor muscle, foot and visceral mass) of the floater mussel,Anodonta grandis grandis. Mussels were collected from a second lake, 377, and introduced into Lake 114 at five locations five days before the alum addition. In response to transfer from the oligotrophic, unmanipulated Lake 377 to acidified Lake 114 (pH 5.9), blood of mussels showed a marked elevation of [Ca⁺⁺], decline in [Mg⁺⁺] and a temporary increase in [Cl^–] but no change in [Na⁺], [K⁺] or [SO₄ ⁼]. During the alum addition, in mussels near the point source of the alum addition, blood [Na⁺] and [Cl^–] declined and [Ca⁺⁺] became still more elevated. Mussels suffered no mortality associated with the alum addition and almost no mortality during 26 days in Lake 114. Gill increased in [Al], [Ca], [Mn], declined in [Na] and showed no change in [Cd] in mussels near the alum addition. Visceral mass and adductor muscle also had lower [Na] in mussels near the point of alum addition. We attribute the increase in blood [Ca⁺⁺] to the dissolution of the Ca stores in the shell and/or mantle of mussels. This would provide protection to the mussels during short-term declines in pH such as spring or summer episodic events. Never-theless, chronic exposure to small decreases in pH by mussels, already near the limits for obtaining sufficient Ca⁺⁺, might be intolerable. It follows that acidification to the pH of 5.9 of soft water lakes containing mussels would be expected to lead to the loss of A.g. grandis from these waters.     

Occurrence of Antifouling Biocides and Fluorinated Alkyl Compounds in Sediment Core from Deep Sea: Suruga Bay,Tosa Bay,and Nankai Tough,Japan

Contamination profiles of antifouling biocides were investigated in a deep-sea environment in Suruga Bay Japan. Significant differences in the tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) concentrations in subsurface sediment between 850 and 800 m of water depth were not observed (p < 0.05). Organotin (OT) concentrations in sediment core of 0–30.5 cm from a water depth of 800 m were investigated. The butyltins (BTs) and phenyltins (PTs) concentrations were constant between 0 and 15 cm, and, subsequently, the concentration of these compounds increased. The peaks of the BTs and PTs concentrations were observed between 18 and 19 cm. The concentrations of Irgarol 1051 decreased until a core depth of 9 cm, and, the values then became near the detection limit under the 10 cm of core depth. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) were detected in the sediment core (0–30.5 cm) of Suruga Bay. The concentration of PFOS was high in the 0–5-cm core depth and then decreased. The concentrations of PFOA, however, were at the values near the detection limit throughout the sediment core. The BTs and PTs concentrations in surface sediment from Tosa Bay decreased with water depth. Although Irgarol 1051 was the only alternative compound detected, the value was near the detection limit. PFOS and PFOA were detected in sediment core from Tosa Bay. The concentrations of PFOS became low as the water depth became deeper. TBT, TPT, Sea Nine 211, Diuron and Irgarol 1051 were detected in sediment core (core depth: 10 cm) from the Nankai trough (water depth: 4010 m).     

Monitoring of Organotin Pollution in Bizerta Channel (Northern Tunisia): Temporal Trend from 2002 to 2010

Imposex and tributyltin (TBT) body burden were quantified in the gastropod Hexaplex trunculus collected from the Bizerta channel between 2002 and 2010. Except for the imposex frequency that remained maximal (100%), all the other imposex indices decreased throughout the study period. Similarly, TBT levels also decreased over time, being the less frequent compound among butyltins, with a proportion of 22.2%, against 42.9% for dibutyltin (DBT) and 34.9% for monobutyltin (MBT). These findings reflect the effectiveness of new generation of TBT-free antifouling paint introduced in the Tunisian market and global ban of TBT on reducing the environmental impact of this biocide.     

Uptake and body distribution of chlorinated phenolics in the freshwater mussel, Anodonta anatina L

Freshwater mussels (Anodonta anatina L.) were exposed to [14C]pentachlorophenol (PCP) and [14C]3,4,5-trichloroguaiacol (CG-3) under laboratory conditions. Uptake and body distribution in mussels as well as total water-soluble metabolites of chlorophenolics in hemolymph and digestive gland were measured. The time course of chlorophenolic accumulation in the mussel soft tissue was followed by analyzing the decrease in the radioactivity in exposure water. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs, activity in animal per activity in water) were measured at steady state for the soft tissue homogenate and separate organs. Both chlorinated phenolics reached a steady-state concentration during the first 24 hr. BCFs in soft tissue ranged from 145 to 342 for PCP and 34 to 125 for CG-3. Accumulations by the digestive gland (hepatopancreas) and kidneys were 2 and 1.3 times greater, respectively, than the average accumulation by the whole soft tissue. The water-soluble fraction of PCP (1-8%) and CG-3 (0.4-2.9%) in separate organs implied only a minor metabolism of chlorophenolics in this animal.