烹调油烟诱发厨师外周血微核率的调查研究

烹调油烟诱发厨师外周血微核率的调查研究任建华１申东晓２吴萍２戈玲玲１孙成范１苏忆兰２邱华士３蒋致诚２１．宁波市江东区卫生防疫站（３１５０４０）２．首都医科大学３．宁波市卫生防疫站烹调油烟与妇女、炊事人员癌症死亡增加的研究日益受到关注。实验研究证明小鼠...     

烹饪油烟冷凝物对小鼠免疫功能的影响

食用油作为烹饪材料,广泛应用于我国的每一个家庭。用食用油烹调食品的过程中,随着温度的升高会产生大量的油烟和食品的热解产物。根据文献报道,烹饪油烟中存在着多种有害物质,特别是多环芳烃类及杂环胺类物质。烹饪油烟是室内主要的空气污染物,它可通过呼吸道进入人体,     

厨房抽油烟机收集油对小鼠骨髓细胞微核影响

厨房抽油烟机收集油对小鼠骨髓细胞微核影响褚金花，孔祥环，王虹，尹学钧，肖中新室内空气污染问题日益受到人们的重视，而厨房内的烹调油烟是重要的室内空气污染物之一，它们主要来源于燃料的燃烧及烹调过程中产生的油烟和食物加热分解产物。据报道［１］，厨房收集油中...     

烹调油烟颗粒物对HELF细胞ROS水平的影响

烹调油烟颗粒物(cooking oil fume particulate,COFP)是烹调油烟中的重要组分,刘中文等[1]应用GS/Ms技术对COFP进行分析,共检出126种物质,包括脂肪烃类、多环芳烃、有机酸、碱、酯、酮、醇以及杂环化合物.目前认为氧化作用是烹调油烟引起健康损伤的重要途径,活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)的大量产生可能是烹调油烟毒性作用的主要因素.     

烹调油烟致大鼠体内氧化损伤的研究

通过ＳＤ大鼠连续吸入浓度为３４～５０ｍｇ／ｍ３的烹调油烟染毒,观察不同时相吸入烹调油烟对大鼠体内肺及肝组织Ｓ９组分、血清中ＭＤＡ含量的变化,并观察了血液ＶｉｔＣ含量和血清、肺及肝Ｓ９组分ＳＯＤ酶活性的变化。结果表明：烹调油烟具有产生脂质过氧化的作用,可使肝、肺Ｓ９组分及血清中ＭＤＡ含量增加,使血液中ＶｉｔＣ含量减少,并使血清、肝及肺ＳＯＤ酶活性降低,与阴性对照组比较,差异均有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。烹调油烟组随着染毒时间的延长,其体内ＭＤＡ逐渐增加,而ＳＯＤ逐渐降低     

烹调油烟动式染毒装置的研制及其应用效果考察

烹调油烟动式染毒装置的研制及其应用效果考察王守林周亚美戴建国高温煎炸食品是我国传统的烹调方式，烹调时能产生大量的油烟，是居室内空气污染的来源。油烟中含有醛、酮、醇及其衍生物和各种低级脂肪酸等近２００种化合物，能刺激人的眼及呼吸道粘膜，且具有遗传毒性。...     

药物性肝损伤机制与脂质过氧化

<正> 据荷兰药物副作用监测中心Stricker的统计,对肝脏可能有损伤作用的药物约600余种,其中许多由于肝毒作用已不作为体内用药。药物可引起肝实质损伤,如肝细胞坏死和脂肪变性、胆汁郁积;也可引起肝血管病变,如肝门静脉硬化、栓塞等。关于药物对肝毒性的机制,多数还不十分清楚。近年许多研究证明,药物的肝损伤作用与脂质过氧化(LPO)有密切关系。     

烹调油烟的健康危害和防治研究进展

80年代以来,国内对烹调油烟(cooking oil fumes)的毒性、主要成分、检测方法以及防治措施作了较多的研究。现就近年来烹调油烟的健康危害和防治研究进展作一综述,以对其健康危害机制及防治对策做进一步研究。1烹调油烟的形成与成分分析食用油的沸点比较复杂,加热到100~270℃时,较高沸点成分形成肉眼可见的油烟,主要由直径约10μm以上的小油液滴组成。温度大于270℃后,高沸点的食用油成分产生大量“青烟”,主要是由直径范围0.1~10μm的微油滴组成。从形态组成上看,烹调油烟包含颗粒物及气态污染物两类。国内外常用的检测烹调油烟的方法有重量…     

过氧化氢对大鼠气管上皮细胞氧化性损伤研究

应用无血清培养方法，建立大鼠气管上皮细胞体外试验模型，研究过氧化氢对大鼠气管上皮细胞的氧化性损伤作用。试验结果表明，大鼠气管上皮细胞与５ｍｍｏｌ过氧化氢共同培养４小时，可引起细胞膜脂质过氧化，导致细胞膜通透性增加，从而对细胞产生损伤作用。无血清培养可排除血清中一些抗氧化物对试验结果的影响。     

内毒素致大鼠内脏损伤与组织脂质过氧化增强的关系

内毒素致大鼠内脏损伤与组织脂质过氧化增强的关系沈伽弟，卢志良，徐在海，张敏，郭宝忠，李培忠关键词：内毒素；脂质过氧化ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｅｎｄｏｔｏｘｉｎｓ；ｌｉｐｉｄｐｅｒｏｒｉｄａｔｉｏｎ；（军事医学科学院毒物药物研究所，微生物流行病研究所北京１０...     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.