Perioperative blood loss in cementless or hybrid total knee arthroplasty without patellar resurfacing: a prospective, randomized study

The use of cement is considered as an important way to control perioperative blood loss in knee arthroplasty. We prospectively randomized 57 patients (60 knees) who underwent total knee arthroplasty with (30 knees) or without (30 knees) tibial cement to evaluate perioperative blood loss. The measured total blood loss did not differ significantly between the 2 groups (with tibial cement, 731 +/- 288 mL; without cement, 731 +/- 331 mL; P = .9117). The red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, and hematocrit returned to the preoperative levels within 3 months in both groups. Therefore, tibial cement does not appear to affect perioperative blood loss. This finding has implications when planning blood replacement in cementless and hybrid-type arthroplasties.     

Effect on blood loss and cost-effectiveness of pain cocktails, platelet-rich plasma, or fibrin sealant after total knee arthroplasty

This study evaluated the effect of periarticular pain cocktail, platelet-rich plasma, or fibrin sealant injections on blood loss, transfusion rate, and hospital costs after total knee arthroplasty. A retrospective review of 400 patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty with one of the different periarticular treatments as stated above was performed. Postoperative blood loss, hemoglobin levels, allogenic blood transfusion rates, and per-case hospital injection cost were reported. Although platelet-rich plasma and fibrin sealant decreased blood loss compared with the control group (P < .001), there was no significant difference in blood loss in the pain-cocktail group or in postoperative hemoglobin levels or transfusion rates between all groups. Significant efficacy and cost-effectiveness for these modalities could not be identified and have, therefore, been discontinued at our practice. Level of evidence: level III.     

Results of contralateral total knee arthroplasty in patients with a history of stiff total knee arthroplasty

This study seeks to evaluate the clinical outcomes of a second primary total knee arthroplasty in patients whose initial (contralateral) primary total knee arthroplasty was complicated by stiffness. We retrospectively compared the preoperative and postoperative range of motion and Knee Society Scores from a study group of 15 patients with an age-matched control group. Statistical analysis did not reveal a significant difference in final postoperative range of motion or Knee Society Scores between the 2 groups. However, there was a statistically significant higher rate of closed manipulation in the study group. Therefore, although the study group did show a higher rate of early stiffness, eventual functional outcome was comparable with a nonstiffness control group.     

全膝关节置换术术中止血药物的应用策略

全膝关节置换术(TKA)时骨与软组织出血常会导致大量血液丢失。初次置换时累计失血量可达500~1500ml。围手术期大量失血常常需要同种异体输血来维持血红蛋白以及红细胞压积的水平。同种异体输血常常导致免疫抑制,输血反应,移植物抗宿主病和感染的发生。为了避免这些问题并且降低输血的费用,可采用多种术中药物治疗策略。目前,这些药物包括氨甲环酸,6-氨基己酸,纤维蛋白,凝血酶,肾上腺素以及去甲肾上腺素。然而,这些药物的效果以及成本收益往往不同。我们对全膝关节置换术术中药物治疗方法进行总结,并讨论应用药物可能带来的并发症。     

Total knee arthroplasty using the total condylar III knee prosthesis

Twenty-seven total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) were performed in 24 patients using the total condylar III knee prosthesis (TCP III) and were evaluated clinically and radiographically with a mean follow-up period of 4 years. Eighteen were revision TKAs, and nine were primary knee arthroplasties. Evaluations were made using the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee scale as well as the Knee Society radiographic evaluation method. Clinical results for all knees were 11% (3 of 27) excellent, 70% (19 of 27) good, 15% (4 of 27) fair, and 4% (1 of 27) poor. The one poor rating resulted from an intraoperative vascular injury. The results showed no statistical difference between revision and primary TKA. After operation, pain relief, range of motion, walking, function, and activity level improved in both the primary and revision patients. Radiolucencies 2 mm or greater in width were found in 6 of the 27 tibial components, in none of the 27 femoral components, and in 1 of the 19 patellar components. Only two tibial implants showed progressive radiolucencies. No correlation was found between the radiographic position of the implants and the clinical results. The authors conclude that the TCP III is a satisfactory choice for TKA in selected knees in which there is significant instability and in which intramedullary fixation is required.     

Patello-femoral complications associated with total knee arthroplasty

The patello-femoral articulation accounts for a significant number of the complications that occur after total knee replacements and which require re-operation. These include problems with stability, component wear, fracture, loosening, and osteonecrosis. With careful attention to prosthetic design and surgical technique, these complications can be minimized. Guest Lecture presented at the 26th meeting of the Japanese Society for Replacement Arthroplasty in Tokyo on February 2, 1996     

An evaluation of the safety and efficacy of simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty

This study directly compared the clinical and radiographic results and patient satisfaction of a group of simultaneous, bilateral total knee arthroplasties (92) with a year of surgery matched unilateral total knee arthroplasties (92). Death within 1 month of surgery occurred in 1 bilateral patient and no unilateral patients. Significant cardiorespiratory complications were recorded in 6 bilateral patients and 2 unilateral patients. Patients with pre-existing cardiorespiratory conditions were particularly at risk. Analysis revealed a 98% 7-year survivorship for unilateral procedures and 97% for bilateral. In this study, 95% of bilateral patients stated they would choose the same option again.     

Osteolysis after total knee arthroplasty

Osteolysis ranks as the most significant cause of revision surgery in both total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The factors leading to osteolysis in TKA are unique and sometimes preventable. Changes in polyethylene manufacturing and implant design are striving to improve overall wear. In this review, we discuss osteolysis as it relates to TKAs. The etiology, diagnosis, contributing factors, and management are presented. The final section focuses on future improvements in TKA design, which may ultimately decrease the rate of osteolysis.     

全膝关节表面置换治疗严重膝关节畸形

目的探讨人工全膝关节表面置换术(TKA)治疗严重膝关节畸形临床疗效。方法应用全膝关节表面置换治疗严重膝关节畸形36例(48膝)。使用HSS评分标准评估分析术前、术后膝关节功能及术后疼痛、膝关节活动度的改善情况。43膝采用后稳定型人工全膝关节假体,5膝采用CCK型人工全膝关节假体。结果术后早期均无感染等并发症发生。术后X线片示假体位置良好,下肢力线良好。患者均获得随访,时间6～18个月。HSS评分术前为(41±5.3)分,术后6个月为(87.7±6.5)分。手术优良率为83.3%。患者疼痛、功能方面及活动度均有明显改善。结论全膝关节置换术对严重膝关节畸形的治疗效果满意。但应严格掌握手术适应证。     

Midterm results of cruciate retaining total knee arthroplasty in patellectomized patients

Background:

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in patellectomized patients gives inferior results when compared with those in which the patella is present. The literature is ambiguous about the role of cruciate retaining or sacrificing implants for these knees. In this study, we assessed the midterm results of TKA in patellectomized knees using a cruciate retaining implant.

Materials and Methods:

Thirty three patients with a prior patellectomy underwent a cruciate retaining TKA and were followed up for an average of 9.3 years (range 2-14 years). At each followup visit, they were evaluated clinically, radiologically and by the Hospital for Special Surgery Scoring System.

Results:

Twenty one knees did not have any pain or difficulty in climbing stairs, 10 knees were slightly painful on stairs but pain free on walking on flat ground and two knees experienced mild to moderate pain on walking up and down stairs as well as on flat ground. The average range of motion preoperatively was 87°, which postoperatively increased to 118°. The average Hospital for Special Surgery Knee scores increased from 52 to 89 points. None of the knees showed any progressive radiolucencies or evidence of any loosening/osteolysis or fractures in followup.

Conclusion:

Cruciate retaining TKA offers good results at midterm followup in patients with a prior patellectomy.     

人工全膝关节表面置换术治疗重症膝关节病

目的　探讨人工全膝表面置换术 (TKA)治疗重症膝关节病的疗效。方法　采用TKA共治疗 21例 24膝,其中晚期骨性关节炎 15例 17膝,类风湿关节炎 4例 5膝,全膝关节结核 2例 2膝。按TKA原则施术,重建膝关节负重力线,截骨达到伸屈间隙相等,维护软组织平衡,保持髌骨中置位,获取膝关节充分活动度。结果　平均随访 2 5年,膝关节平均活动度由术前的 58°(30°~100°)改善到 96°(60°~120°),疼痛、跛行明显改善,无感染。结论　对疼痛、畸形、明显影响功能、年龄在 60岁以上的重症膝关节病患者选择TKA治疗,疗效满意。     

A vascular complication in computer navigated total knee arthroplasty

The use of computer navigation has the potential to improve implant position in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but pin fixation of reference arrays introduces an additional potential source of complications. We report a case of vascular injury related to the insertion of a femoral pin during navigated TKA.     

Intraoperative passive knee kinematics during total knee arthroplasty surgery

Surgical navigation systems for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery are capable of capturing passive three‐dimensional (3D) angular joint movement patterns intraoperatively. Improved understanding of patient‐specific knee kinematic changes between pre and post‐implant states and their relationship with post‐operative function may be important in optimizing TKA outcomes. However, a comprehensive characterization of the variability among patients has yet to be investigated. The objective of this study was to characterize the variability within frontal plane joint movement patterns intraoperatively during a passive knee flexion exercise. Three hundred and forty patients with severe knee osteoarthritis (OA) received a primary TKA using a navigation system. Passive kinematics were captured prior to (pre‐implant), and after prosthesis insertion (post‐implant). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to capture characteristic patterns of knee angle kinematics among patients, to identify potential patient subgroups based on these patterns, and to examine the subgroup‐specific changes in these patterns between pre‐ and post‐implant states. The first four extracted patterns explained 99.9% of the diversity within the frontal plane angle patterns among the patients. Post‐implant, the magnitude of the frontal plane angle shifted toward a neutral mechanical axis in all phenotypes, yet subtle pattern (shape of curvature) features of the pre‐implant state persisted. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1611–1619, 2015.     

Popliteal vascular injury during total knee arthroplasty

BACKGROUND: Popliteal vascular injury during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is rare. Although the etiology, management, and outcome of this injury have not been systematically studied, several anecdotal reviews and small case series have suggested a high morbidity, with tourniquet injury as a predominant etiology. METHODS: We surveyed 190 members of a major regional vascular society concerning their experiences with popliteal vascular injuries sustained during TKA, specifically regarding the presentation, mechanisms of injury, diagnostic studies, surgical exposure and methods of repair, and outcomes. RESULTS: Thirteen surgeons provided data (6.8% response rate) on 19 patients with TKA-related popliteal artery injuries. In contrast to the historical literature, sharp, direct trauma was the predominant etiology of vascular injury. Vascular reconstructive techniques varied, with arterial bypass being the most common. There was no mortality in this series. Eighty-four percent (16/19) of the patients had full recoveries. Limb loss occurred in 2 of the 19 patients (10.5%). CONCLUSION: Popliteal vascular injuries during TKA are primarily the result of direct trauma to the vessel. Prompt diagnosis, extensile vascular exposure through a medial knee surgical incision, and standard reconstructive techniques offer a good prognosis for this limb-threatening complication.     

Two-stage conversion of fused knee to total knee arthroplasty

We report 2 cases of conversion of fused knee to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) by way of soft-tissue expansion. Case 1 had had multiple operations on the infected total knee, which was arthrodesed 7 months before conversion. Case 2 had had knee arthrodesis for an intra-articular comminuted fracture 5 years and 10 months before conversion. In both patients, a tissue expander was placed subcutaneously upon the patella and the patellar tendon to gradually expand the anterior knee skin for later coverage and knee flexion. After takedown of the arthrodesis, a fully constrained rotating-hinge prosthesis was implanted as the second-stage procedure. The final range of flexion was 95 degrees in both knees with patients' subjective satisfaction.     

全膝关节置换治疗膝关节炎术后早期镇痛的研究进展

因膝关节炎而行全膝关节置换术的患者在术后早期多会出现程度不一的疼痛,这直接影响术后膝关节早期的功能锻炼及康复。目前,常用的镇痛方法有静脉自控镇痛、硬膜外自控镇痛、连续股神经阻滞镇痛、关节周围注射药物镇痛以及一些非药物性镇痛等。本文对全膝关节置换术后早期镇痛方法研究进展进行综述。     

合并膝内翻骨性关节炎全膝关节置换的处理

目的探讨膝骨性关节炎合并膝内翻畸形者行膝关节置换时膝内翻的矫正方法。方法172例（190膝）合并内翻畸形骨性关节炎患者进行全膝关节表面置换术。术前测量膝内翻角、关节面夹角、胫骨角、胫骨内翻角及胫骨平台后倾角,其内翻角为8°～21°,参考关节面夹角、胫骨角及胫骨内翻角确定膝内翻的类型,术中根据膝内翻的类型及构成因素进行相应的胫骨截骨及适度的软组织松解。结果出现切口感染2例（2膝）,1例为急性感染,1例为迟发性感染,2例均经清创、假体取出并膝关节融合术后痊愈。术后内翻矫正157膝,仍有膝内翻33膝,内翻角3°～9°（4.8°±0.9°）。165例（182膝）获得随访,时间8～90（40±3.5）个月。末次随访时除2例感染外,余膝关节活动度为：伸直0°168膝,伸直受限＆lt;10°11膝,伸直受限11°～15°3膝;屈曲90°～130°。临床及X线检查未见明显松动迹象。HSS膝关节评分由术前12～57（30±5.5）分提高到76～89（79.2±4.3）分。结论术前明确膝内翻的类型及构成因素,术中采取针对性操作进行适度的软组织松解及正确的截骨,是全膝关节置换膝内翻获得矫正的有效方法。     

全膝关节表面置换术治疗膝骨性关节炎

目的分析人工全膝表面置换治疗膝骨性关节炎的临床效果。方法对21例29膝的膝骨性关节炎病例行人工膝关节置换术,单膝关节置换13例,双膝关节置换8例,全部采用后方稳定性假体。结果随访6~47个月,平均22.6个月,采用HSS评分系统进行分析,优15例,良5例,可1例。患者术后在疼痛、功能方面都有明显改善。结论全膝关节表面置换术对治疗严重膝骨性关节炎效果满意。术中精确的截骨操作、正确的软组织松解及术后指导康复是手术治疗成功的关键。     

The risk of subsequent joint arthroplasty after primary unilateral total knee arthroplasty, a 10-year study

The purposes of this study were to determine the probabilities of subsequent lower extremity arthroplasty after index knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis and to evaluate the demographic as well as radiographic factors that may predict progression to arthroplasty in the contralateral knee. Between 1984 and 1994, 646 patients, aged 40 to 75 years, with a primary cruciate-retaining knee were identified. The 10-year probability of having a contralateral knee after index knee was 36%. When grade 4 radiographic changes were present, the probability increased to 70%. Demographic factors played no role in the risk of future contralateral knee. The radiographic grade of the contralateral knee at the time of index surgery was found to correlate strongly with the future risk of contralateral total knee.     

Comparision of blood loss between computer assisted and conventional total knee arthroplasty

Background:

Bleeding during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can cause significant morbidity and mortality. One proposed benefit of computer assisted TKA is decreased bleeding as the femoral canal is not invaded. This study assessed blood loss between computer assisted surgery (CAS) and conventional TKA.

Materials and Methods:

73 consecutive patients (37 males, 36 females) underwent primary TKA between 2006 and 2009. Thirty eight patients underwent navigated TKA and 35 underwent conventional TKA for symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee. These patients were matched for age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Average age was 70.3 years (range 47-91 years). Mean BMI was 30 (range 17-49). Average preoperative hemoglobin was 13.26 g/dL (range 8.7-18.4 g/dL) in the navigated group and 13.47 g/dL (range 9.6-15.8 g/dL) in the conventional group (P = 0.9). Average tourniquet time was 110 min (range 90-150 min) in the navigated group and 96.7 min (range 60-145 min) in the conventional group (P = 0.77).

Results:

Average postoperative hemoglobin in the navigated group was 10.34 g/dL (range 7.5-14.8 g/dL) and in the conventional group was 10.03 g/dL (range 7.5-12.2 g/dL) (P = 0.17). Six patients in both groups required blood transfusions. The mean drain collection was 599 mL (range 150-1370 mL) in the navigated group and 562 mL (range 750-1000 mL) in the conventional group (P = 0.1724). These results suggest that there is no significant reduction in blood loss in CAS TKA.

Conclusion:

These results suggest that there is no significant difference in blood loss in CAS TKA and conventional TKA. This study also highlights the heterogeneity of methods used in studies related to CAS TKA. We believe that there is a need for a large multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial to be performed before a consensus can be reached on the influence of CAS techniques on blood loss during primary TKA.