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1.
Prescribing errors during hospital inpatient care: factors influencing identification by pharmacists
Objective: To investigate the prevalence of prescribing errors identified by pharmacists in hospital inpatients and the factors influencing
error identification rates by pharmacists throughout hospital admission. Setting: 880-bed university teaching hospital in North-west England. Methods: Data about prescribing errors identified by pharmacists (median: 9 (range 4–17) collecting data per day) when conducting
routine work were prospectively recorded on 38 randomly selected days over 18 months. Main outcome measures: Proportion of new medication orders in which an error was identified; predictors of error identification rate, adjusted
for workload and seniority of pharmacist, day of week, type of ward or stage of patient admission. Results: 33,012 new medication orders were reviewed for 5,199 patients; 3,455 errors (in 10.5% of orders) were identified for 2,040
patients (39.2%; median 1, range 1–12). Most were problem orders (1,456, 42.1%) or potentially significant errors (1,748,
50.6%); 197 (5.7%) were potentially serious; 1.6% (n = 54) were potentially severe or fatal. Errors were 41% (CI: 28–56%) more likely to be identified at patient’s admission
than at other times, independent of confounders. Workload was the strongest predictor of error identification rates, with
40% (33–46%) less errors identified on the busiest days than at other times. Errors identified fell by 1.9% (1.5–2.3%) for
every additional chart checked, independent of confounders. Conclusions: Pharmacists routinely identify errors but increasing workload may reduce identification rates. Where resources are limited,
they may be better spent on identifying and addressing errors immediately after admission to hospital. 相似文献
2.
Objective To analyse the contribution of adverse drug reactions (ADR) to hospital readmissions.
Methods This was a case–control study in which unscheduled admissions of patients who had been admitted to the hospital during the
two previous months were assessed during a 21-month period. The patient was considered a case when the main diagnosis of readmission
complied with the World Health Organisation’s definition of an ADR. For each case, two controls were selected from those patients
that had been admitted for ADR without readmission (n = 177). Information on drugs and other risk factors was obtained from cases by interview and from controls by clinical record
review.
Results There were 26,559 unscheduled admissions of which 81 were readmissions associated with ADR (4.5% of the unscheduled readmissions).
There were no statistically significant correlations with sex, age or medical history, with the exception of arterial hypertension.
The main drug products causing readmission were acenocoumarol (15, 18.5%), antihypertensive-diuretics (14, 17.3%), anticancer
drugs (11, 13.6%) and digoxin (seven, 8.6%). In the multivariate logistic analysis, the variables predicting readmission were
acenocoumarol [odds ratio (OR) 12.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.8–38.3, P < 0.0001], a record of diabetes mellitus (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.3–5.5, P < 0.01), the number of drugs taken at the moment of ADR (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.4, P < 0.001) and high blood pressure (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.2–0.6, P < 0.001) even though the latter was a negative predictor, preventing readmission. Of the 81 readmissions associated with
ADR, 28 (34.6%) were preventable.
Conclusion A medical record of diabetes mellitus, polypharmacy and acenocoumarol treatment were risk factors predicting hospital readmission
related to ADR. 相似文献
3.
Objective To describe drug-related problems (DRPs) and expense problems (EPs) identified by a standardised community pharmacist-based
medication review (MR) program among Swiss cardiovascular outpatients (56–75 years old) and to evaluate the need for collaborative
pharmacy practice to achieve economic, clinical and humanistic outcomes. Setting A pilot population of 85 cardiovascular outpatients who were customers of 14 community pharmacies (members of the pharmacieplus
virtual chain) and insured with Groupe Mutuel health insurance. Method Cross-sectional study of a structured medication review program, conducted by 11 pharmacists in collaboration with 61 general
practitioners (GPs), with patient interviews and access to medical data. Main outcome measure Numbers and types of DRPs and EPs within the study population and odds ratios between them, as well as economic, clinical
and humanistic outcomes. Results Of the included patients, 91% had at least one DRP or EP. The odds ratios indicated that not being exposed to DRPs was associated
with a higher chance of reaching the clinical target (OR: 3.4; IC95%:1.1–10.5; P = 0.01), of having a better physical quality of life than the median (OR: 2.5; IC95%:0.9–7.3; P = 0.05) and having lower total health care costs (OR: 3.2; IC95%:1.1–9.8; P = 0.02). Conclusions This cross-sectional study shows that the control of cardiovascular risk factors, quality of life and healthcare costs are
statistically related to the presence of DRPs detected by a community pharmacist-based MR program. 相似文献
4.
Nicolas Penel Pierre Leblond Amélie Lansiaux Stéphanie Clisant Eric Dansin Antoine Adenis Jacques Bonneterre 《Investigational new drugs》2010,28(6):839-843
Introduction New drug development is a time- and resource-consuming process. Phase 1 trials constitute a major key-step of this development.
Shortening the accrual time is of major importance. Methods 292 published phase-1-trials were retrospectively reviewed to establish the determinants of accrual time using Log-rank test
and then Cox Model. Results Out of 292 trials (1997–2008), only 107 reports (36%) described the accrual time (median: 20 months, 5–72). Phase-2-recommended
dose was established in 87 studies (81%). Most studies investigated regimens including cytotoxic drugs (77%) or molecular
targeted therapies (29%). Under univariate analysis, two parameters shortened the accrual time: studies conducted in USA vs.
other places (19 vs. 21 months p = 0.03) and regimen with more than 2 dose-escalated drugs (13 vs. 21 months, p = 0.003). One parameter was significantly associated with longer accrual time: starting dose justified by animal toxicology
data vs. previous clinical trials (22 vs. 19 months, p = 0.03). Most of parameters did not significantly affect the accrual time: nature of investigated drugs, duration of treatment
cycle, phase 1 dedicated to specific tumoral subtypes, number of centers, method of drug escalation (classical 3+3 vs. accelerated
titration design), type of increment (modified Fibonacci method vs. others) and presence of expansion of cohort at the phase-II-recommended dose. Cox model analysis retained one determinant:
starting dose justified by animal toxicology data: HR = 2.00 [1.45–5.20], p = 0.047. Conclusion Few parameters influence the accrual time of dose-escalation phase-1 trials. Real first-in-man phase 1 studies based on starting
dose estimated from animal toxicological data require longer accrual time. 相似文献
5.
Objectives This paper reports on a pilot study examining the incidence of nurses’ errors in preparation and administration of intravenous
drugs. Furthermore, the study aimed to evaluate the short-term effects of implementation of a new protocol for preparation
and administration of intravenous drugs. Setting Two nursing departments of internal medicine at a 953 beds University Medical Centre in The Netherlands. Methods By means of a prospective, quasi-experimental design, nurses were observed during the process of preparation and administration
of intravenous drugs. Observation was performed before and after the implementation of a new protocol. Seventy-two nurses
at two nursing departments were observed during the study. Main outcome measure A mean pre-test and post-test quality score at two departments of internal medicine. Results At baseline, average quality scores for nurses at the two departments were 64 (intervention ward) and 67 (control ward) on
a 0–100 quality scale. The pre-test quality scores were not statistically significant for the two nursing wards (T = 1.36, df = 55, P = 0.18). After the implementation of the new protocol, nurses at the intervention ward scored better (72) than nurses at
the control ward (69). The mean score at the intervention ward was significantly higher than the score in nurses of the control
ward (T = −2.20, df = 53, P = 0.04). Conclusions The number of errors in the preparation and administration of intravenous drugs is high. This study shows that implementing
a protocol for the preparation and administration of these drugs can reduce the number of errors. 相似文献
6.
Objective To determine medication possession ratio (MPR) of patients with asthma/COPD drugs. Method Individual patient’s volumes of asthma/COPD drugs (ATC-code R03) for 2000–2004 were obtained from a pharmacy record database.
For each patient the MPR was calculated as the percentage of the treatment time that the patient had drugs available. Main outcome measure Medication possession ratio (MPR). Results A total of 1,812 patients, 20 years and older, with dispensed asthma/COPD drugs were registered in the database, 928 patients
(51%) had acquired drugs less than once per year (68% for 20–29 years old) during the 5-year study. Only 13% of the patients
had steroids and steroid combinations available to allow continuous treatment. Eight percent of the patients 20–29 years old
had MPR ≥ 80% of all the included drugs and 5% when only steroids and steroid combinations were considered. About 25% of the
patients had acquired 80% of the total volume of asthma/COPD drugs. Conclusion The majority of the patients, and particularly those in the youngest age group used asthma/COPD drugs only sporadically.
This may indicate undermedication which is likely to have a negative impact on patient outcome. 相似文献
7.
Objective This study aimed to evaluate the safety for an injection with a mixture of extracts from Herba Artemisiae annuae, Fructus Gardeniae and Flos Lonicerae and to determine the risk factors that may affect its adverse drug reactions. Methods A drug-oriented prospective observational study was performed. Physicians filled in clinical observation forms with detailed
information of the patients including general information, drug information, therapeutic effects and adverse drug events.
The adverse drug reaction factors were analyzed by both mono-factor and multiple-factor logistic regression methods. Results From April to July 2007, we collected 12,427 observation forms from 46 hospitals in Jiangsu Province of China. Among the
11,707 observation forms we analyzed, 8,074 patients were children younger than 14 years old (69%). Among 51 reported adverse
drug events, 45 cases were adverse drug reactions. The total adverse drug reaction incidence of the injection was 0.38%. While
most adverse drug reactions were previously known (e.g., rash, pruritus, vomiting and diarrhea), we observed three new ADR
symptoms: shiver, phlebitis and anhelation. All the adverse drug reactions were controlled very well through the follow-up
therapy, and none of them was life threatening. The mono-factor analysis showed that adverse drug reactions of the injection
were significantly correlated with total medication dose (P = 0.0049) and combination medication (P = 0.0143), especially with antimicrobial drugs (P = 0.0079) and macrolides (P = 0.0017). The multiple factor analysis confirmed these results: medication dosage and combination medication had a crucial
impact on adverse drug reactions of the injection; the risk was increased by 24.8% (the estimated value of relative risk was
1.248, 95% confidence interval: 1.054–1.479) and 89% (1.890, 1.001–3.566), respectively. Conclusion The total adverse drug reaction incidence of the injection was 0.38% and lower than we expected. Moreover, we observed three
new adverse drug reactions, none of which was severe.
相似文献
Nai Feng LiuEmail: |
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Asim Ahmed Elnour Nagy Hassan Ellahham Huria Ismail Al Qassas 《Pharmacy World & Science》2008,30(2):182-190
Objective The study objective was to design and implement an educational programme to raise the awareness of in-patient nursing staff
about medication errors and other medication-related safety issues. Method A sample of in-patient nursing staff in Al Ain hospital (n = 370) was included in the study and completed a self-reported questionnaire about medication errors. A structured program
was developed and used by the clinical pharmacists to identify the nursing knowledge on medication errors and other medication-related
safety issues. The program consisted of a pre/post self-reported questionnaire, a training service, educational material,
successive presentations and handouts. The self-reported questionnaire included twenty closed questions asking nurses opinions
about medication errors. A training program on medication safety (Med Safe? tool) was carried out by [clinical pharmacy team
(n = 2) and quality coordinator nurse (n = 1)], for each group of 10 nurses. Main outcome measure The study outcomes were the change in mean scores pre and post intervention. Results Findings revealed differences in the knowledge of nurses about the causes and reporting of medication errors. There were
statistically significant differences in responses across the participant's years of experience and the current clinical working
area. The participant's responses improved significantly [57.4% ± 8.2, (95%CI: 56.6–58.2) vs. 68.9 ± 10.3, (95%CI: 67.8–69.9);
P < 0.05] pre and post questionnaire respectively. Conclusions The clinical pharmacist's structured program has improved knowledge of the in-patient nursing staff in terms of raising their
awareness about medication errors. 相似文献
11.
Sung Sook Lee Hei-Cheul Jeung Hyun Cheol Chung Sung Hoon Noh Woo Jin Hyung Ji Yeong Ahn Sun Young Rha 《Investigational new drugs》2012,30(1):357-363
Background Although its efficacy is unproven, 5-fluorouracil plus cisplatin (FP) is used to prevent postoperative relapse in gastric
cancer. We investigated the safety and feasibility of S-1 plus cisplatin (SP) vs. FP for stage IIIB-IV (M0) gastric cancer.
Methods Following curative resection, 41 stage IIIB-IV (M0) gastric cancer patients were assigned to SP (eight 14-day cycles of S-1
[40 mg/m2 twice daily] plus cisplatin [60 mg/m2 day 1] administered every 3 weeks) or FP (six 3-day cycles of FU [1 g/m2 per day] plus cisplatin [80 mg/m2 day 1] every 4 weeks). Doses were reduced based on predefined criteria. Results Patient characteristics were balanced between the two arms. In total, 124 cycles of SP (N = 20, median = 7, range 1–8) and 113 cycles of FP (N = 21, median 6, range 1–6) were administered. The median relative dose intensity per patient was 75% (49.99–100%) for S-1,
100% (75–100%) for cisplatin in SP, and 100% (64–100%) for 5-FU, 100% (60–100%) for cisplatin in FP. The relative dose intensity
of FP was stable, while that of SP decreased during treatment. After median follow-up of 7.9 months (3.8–14.55), the median
RFS was not reached. Relapse occurred in two (10%) patients on SP and five (23.8%) in the FP arm (P = 0.24). The incidence of grade 3–4 granulocytopenia was 36.8% with SP and 14.3% with FP. Grade 3–4 non-hematologic toxicities
included fatigue (5.2% with SP vs. 4.8% with FP), vomiting (10.5% with SP vs. 0% with FP), and infection (5.2% with SP vs.
0% FP). Conclusion S-1 plus cisplatin was feasible and tolerable as adjuvant treatment for stage IIIB-IV (M0) gastric cancer. However, because
of decreased relative dose intensity during treatment, further study is warranted to determine optimal dosage and combination. 相似文献
12.
Bohanec Grabar P Logar D Lestan B Dolzan V 《European journal of clinical pharmacology》2008,64(11):1057-1068
Objective Methotrexate (MTX) is a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Genetic polymorphisms
of reduced folate carrier (RFC1 A80G), P-glycoprotein (MDR1 G2677T>A/C and C3435T), 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T and A1298C), thymidylate synthase (TS 2R→3R),
methionine synthase (MS A2756G) and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR A66G) modify MTX transport and metabolic effects and
may influence the treatment response.
Methods A genotyping approach was used to determine the studied polymorphisms in 213 RA patients.
Results We observed that 56 (26.3%) patients discontinued MTX treatment due to poor response and/or toxicity. RFC1 A80G and MDR1 C3435T polymorphisms increased the risk for overall MTX toxicity (P = 0.039, OR = 3.574, 95% CI = 1.065–11.993 and P = 0.032, OR = 7.801, 95% CI = 1.194–50.960 respectively), while MTHFR A1298C polymorphism had a protective effect on overall
MTX toxicity (P = 0.027, OR = 0.170, 95% CI = 0.035–0.820).
Conclusion Our results suggest that genetic polymorphisms in the folate metabolic pathway and MTX transporters modify the toxicity but
not the efficacy of MTX treatment. 相似文献
13.
Women encounter ADRs more often than do men 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zopf Y Rabe C Neubert A Gassmann KG Rascher W Hahn EG Brune K Dormann H 《European journal of clinical pharmacology》2008,64(10):999-1004
Background Several publications indicate that the female gender experiences a higher incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) than
does the male gender. The reasons, however, remain unclear. Gender-specific differences in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic
behaviour of drugs could not be identified as an explanation. The aim of this study was to analyse ADR risk with respect to
gender, age and number of prescribed drugs.
Methods A prospective multicenter study based on intensive pharmacovigilance was conducted. Information on patient characteristics
and evaluated ADRs was stored in a pharmacovigilance database—KLASSE.
Results In 2,371 patients (1,012 female subjects), 25,532 drugs were prescribed. In 782 patients, at least one ADR was found. A multivariate
regression analysis adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI) and number of prescribed drugs showed a significant influence
of female gender on the risk of encountering ADRs [odds ratio (OR) 1.596, confidence interval (CI) 1.31–1.94; p < 0.0001). Dose-related ADRs (51.8%) were the dominant type in female subjects. Comparing system organ classes of the World
Health Organisation (SOC-WHO), cardiovascular (CV) ADRs were particularly frequent in female subjects (OR 1.92, CI 1.15–3.19; p = 0.012).
Conclusion Our data confirm the higher risk of ADRs among female subjects compared with a male cohort. Several explanations were investigated.
No single risk factor could be identified. 相似文献
14.
I. Schillevoort R. M. C. Herings A. de. Boer H. G. M. Leufkens G. W. K. Hugenholtz W. A. Nolen R. A. C. Roos 《Pharmacy World & Science》2005,27(4):285-289
Background: While several clinical trials showed that atypical antipsychotics have a low risk of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), this
observation is not undisputed. This study compared the risk of EPS between specific subgroups of antipsychotics.
Methods: Using the automated dispensing records of a large psychiatric hospital in The Netherlands, we defined cases as first-time
users of anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs. Controls were all patients with no recorded use of such medication. Cases and
controls were compared with regard to previous use of antipsychotics and relevant co-factors.
Results: Out of 1403 patients, we identified 105 cases and 330 controls. Compared to non-users, antipsychotic-users were 10 times
more likely to start with anticholinergic antiparkinson medication (adjusted odds ratio: 10.1; 95 CI 4.6–22.3). Depot and
non-depot antipsychotics had similar adjusted odds ratios of 10.9 (95 CI 3.7–32.6) and 8.8 (95% CI 3.8–20.4) respectively.
Low and high potency antipsychotics gave odds ratios of 3.0 (95% CI 0.9–10.3) versus 10.8 (95% CI 4.7–25.1). Classical and atypical antipsychotics showed comparable odds ratios: 10.0 (95% CI: 4.4–22.5) versus 8.0 (95% CI: 2.6–24.5). Applied doses of classical and atypical antipsychotic drugs were much lower and more equivalent than
those used in previous clincial trials.
Conclusions: Low potency antipsychotics had a much lower risk of EPS than other antipsychotics. However, we did not corroborate the reduced
risk with atypical antipsychotics observed in several clinical trials. This discrepancy may result from the high and non-equivalent
doses of classical antipsychotics used in many of these trials. 相似文献
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Gonçalves CB Moreira LB Gus M Fuchs FD 《European journal of clinical pharmacology》2007,63(10):973-978
Objectives Our primary objective was to determine the incidence of AEs of antihypertensive drugs in a cohort of outpatients attending
a specialized clinic. The secondary objectives were to determine the incidence of AEs by classes of blood-pressure-lowering
drugs used in monotherapy and to identify risk factors for the occurrence of AEs.
Methods In a prospectively planned cohort study, patients attending a hypertension outpatient clinic were systematically interrogated
about the occurrence of AEs of blood-pressure-lowering drugs. We compared the incidence of AEs by classes of drugs employed
in monotherapy and identified risk factors for the occurrence of AEs in a logistic regression model.
Results Participants were followed for 12.3 ± 12.2 months. In total, 534 (35.4%) of 1,366 patients treated with blood pressure drugs
complained of at least one AE during the follow-up, corresponding to an incidence of 31.3 AEs per 1,000 patients/month [95%
confidence interval (CI) 28.6–33.9). The systolic blood pressure in the initial evaluation (P = 0.002) and use of two or more drugs (P < 0.001) were associated with higher incidence of AEs. The incidence of AEs was higher among patients treated with calcium
channel blockers in monotherapy than in patients treated with diuretics (47.2 vs. 7.6%, P < 0.001).
Conclusion Adverse events of blood-pressure-lowering drugs are quite frequent in a clinical context, and may influence the adherence
to treatment. Patients under treatment with diuretics in monotherapy have the lower incidence of AEs. 相似文献
17.
《Research in social & administrative pharmacy》2020,16(10):1370-1378
BackgroundMedication plans are instruments used to document drug therapies, guide patients, and ensure medication safety. In Germany, patients who take at least 3 long-term medications are eligible to receive a medication plan. It has been statutory to use the federal standard layout (German: “Bundeseinheitlicher Medikationsplan”) since April 2017.ObjectivesThis study explores the prevalence, availability, medication discrepancies, and conformance with statutory regulations of medication plans since the introduction of the format of the federal standard medication plan in Germany.MethodsMedication reconciliation was performed for hospitalized patients according to the Best Possible Medication History principle. The collected medication lists were analyzed for medication discrepancies and conformance with the statutory regulations. The medication discrepancies were (1) omitted drugs, (2) additional drugs, and (3) dosing errors.ResultsAfter hospitalization, 524 patients taking drugs were included. The majority (n = 424 patients) were eligible for a medication plan. While 241 medication lists were present, only 24.1% (n = 58) matched the federal standard format. The mean number of drugs was 6.3 ± 3.6, with 3315 medications (3046 long-term and 269 as needed) reconciled totally. The 84 medication lists with omitted or additional drugs included 166 medication discrepancies upon 774 drugs listed. Of the 253 patients with dosing errors, 146 had a medication list. Inappropriate dosages were due to single dose (n = 195), daily dose (n = 225) or frequency of application (n = 255).ConclusionMedication plans are valuable tools for patients and health care providers. This study shows that the introduced paper-based federal standard medication plan in Germany falls short of its expectations regarding availability and correctness. Switching to an electronic patient record system may overcome some of the current pitfalls. 相似文献
18.
Maren I. Blonk Nathalie van der Velde Patricia M. L. A. van den Bemt Ron H. N. van Schaik Tischa J. M. van der Cammen 《Pharmacy World & Science》2010,32(1):26-29
Objective The objective of this study is to investigate the association between CYP2D6*4, CYP3A5*3 and ABCB1 3435T polymorphisms and
drug-related falls. Method Multivariate logistic regression was performed in an existing database in order to study the association between falls history
and CYP2D6*4, CYP3A5*3, ABCB1 3435T polymorphisms in patients using fall-risk-increasing CYP2D6, CYP3A5 and P-glycoprotein
(gene product of ABCB1) substrates. Results No statistically significant increased fall risk was found in ‘poor metabolizers’ compared to ‘extensive’ and ‘intermediate
metabolizers’ using fall-risk-increasing CYP2D6 substrates (Odds ratio (OR) = 2.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2–25.0),
CYP3A5 substrates (OR = 0.9; 95% CI 0.2–3.3) and P-glycoprotein substrates (OR = 2.1; 95% CI 0.2–17.2). Conclusion The hypothesis that ‘poor metabolizers’ have an increased fall risk was not confirmed. A larger study population is needed
to confirm the potential association that was seen between CYP2D6*4 and ABCB1 3435T polymorphisms and drug-related falls. 相似文献
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Hayley M. Vasileff Lauren E. Whitten Jennifer A. Pink Sharon J. Goldsworthy Manya T. Angley 《Pharmacy World & Science》2009,31(3):373-379
Objective To determine the frequency and clinical significance of medication errors when (a) pharmacists elicit medication histories
in the Emergency Department after medications have been prescribed by doctors and (b) pharmacists obtain and chart medication
histories prior to doctors’ approval. Setting The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, a 350 bed South Australian teaching hospital, serving the local adult community. Method Emergency Department patients at risk of medication misadventure were recruited in two phases with a ‘usual practice’ arm
(6 weeks) and a ‘pharmacist medication charting’ arm (5 weeks) reflecting an alternative intervention. In the ‘usual care’
arm, medication histories were compiled by a pharmacy researcher after a doctor had completed the medication chart. The researcher-elicited
medication histories were compared with the doctors’ medication charts and unintentional discrepancies were recorded. In the
‘pharmacist medication charting’ arm, the same process was followed except the researcher compiled the patients’ medication
histories at triage, prior to patients seeing a doctor. The medication history was then transcribed onto a medication chart
for authorisation by a doctor. In addition, whether resolution of unintentional discrepancies for patients in the ‘usual care’
arm had occurred by discharge was determined by examining patients’ medical records. Main outcome measure Frequency of unintentional discrepancies and medication errors. Results The study included 45 and 29 patients in the ‘usual care’ and intervention arms, respectively. In the ‘usual care’ arm, 75.6%
of patients had one or more unintentional discrepancies compared with 3.3% in the ‘pharmacist medication charting’ arm. This
resulted in an average of 2.35 missed doses per patient in the ‘usual care’ arm and 0.24 in the intervention arm. In addition,
an average of 1.04 incorrect doses per patient were administered in the ‘usual care’ arm and none in the ‘pharmacist medication
charting’ arm. The differences observed between the arms were statistically significant (P < 0.05) and deemed clinically significant by a multidisciplinary panel. Conclusion This study provides evidence for pharmacists eliciting medication histories to prepare medication charts at the earliest
possible opportunity following a patient’s presentation to the Emergency Department 相似文献