花蠕形蚤若干生物生态学和形态特性研究

目的为有效防治家畜蠕形蚤病,对主要病原花蠕形蚤Vermipsylla alakurt的生物、生态及形态特性进行观察研究.方法于2003年12月和2004年3月在天山山地和昆仑山山地(海拔2 500～3 300m)绵羊体采集花蠕形蚤,带回乌鲁木齐(海拔900m)实验室,在T 19～22℃,RH 70%～90%条件下观察生活史.局部解剖口器、臀板和卵巢,观察形态特征.结果每只孕蚤平均日产卵19粒;卵的孵化率为16.3%～35.5%;卵期7～13d;1龄幼虫大多在2～4d内死亡.成虫不能在小白鼠和乌鲁木齐市的绵羊体叮咬吸血.雌性卵巢小管数34～52根.结论在乌鲁木齐市实验条件下,只能完成卵的孵化而得到1龄幼虫.想要完成全部生活史的观察,应在现场进行工作.该蚤的卵巢管数明显多于一般蚤,其繁殖力强,种群数量大,故对家畜危害极大,应加强防治.     

室内饲养丝光绿蝇的生物学特征观察

目的　观察比较丝光绿蝇室内连续饲养的各代生物学特性。　方法　将丝光绿蝇引入室内 ,采用改良的饲养方法对其进行室内连续饲养 ,对其室内第 1～ 5代生活史各期的生长发育、产卵、繁殖等各种生物学特性进行观察分析。　结果　结果经 t检验发现 ,第 3、4代间蛹重、蛹长差异均无显著性 ,但蛹重、蛹长都显著性 >第 2代及第 5代 ;第 2、5代间蛹重及蛹长差异均无显著性。第 1代羽化率显著高于第 2、3、5代 ,第 2～ 5代间羽化率差异无显著性。成虫头宽第 1代均显著 >其第 2～ 5代。第 1、2、4代雄性略多于雌性 ,第 5代雄性稍少于雌性 ,代间比较差异均无显著性。成虫室内第 1代产卵天数显著少于第 2、3、5代 ,与第 4代差异无显著性 ,第 2～ 5代间产卵天数差异均无显著性 ;产卵次数及产卵指数室内第 1～ 5代间均无显著性差异。丝光绿蝇室内各代饲养的生活史各期发育时间 ,卵期第 2～ 5代 <1d,幼虫期 6～ 7d,蛹期 6 d,产卵前期 6～ 7d。　结论　本次实验丝光绿蝇引入室内连续饲养的各代生物学特性比较稳定。     

无棘额蚤的养殖及其一龄幼虫破卵器形态

无棘额蚤(Frontopsylla aspiniformis Liu ＆ Wu,1960)是达乌尔鼠兔(Ochotona daurica Pallas,1776)的主要寄生蚤,数量多,繁殖力强,人工养殖在温度19～21℃、相对湿度68～76％,幼虫饲以猪血粉的条件下,各发育期分别为:卵期2～8天、幼虫期16～27天(结茧率约为66.2％),蛹期(包括前蛹期)19～25天(羽化率约为75.4％),从卵—幼虫—蛹—成虫的变化发育历时为38～44天,雌雄之比为2.1:1.0.温度在12～14℃,相对湿度在72～86％,卵期5～1O天,幼虫期约为41～83天(结茧率均为74.9％),蛹期(包括前蛹期)60天(羽化率约为64.7％),从卵—幼虫—蛹—成虫变态发育约为120～151天,雌雄之比为1.2:1.0,羽化次序雌先于雄,两组温湿度的不同变态期也有很大差异,一龄蚤幼破卵器正面观呈鞋底状,前半部较宽,前端钝圆;后半部略小于前端,孵化刺发达,位于破卵器前1/3处,期顶端尖锐,并明显向前突出。     

家蝇在不同温度湿度条件下的产卵观察

为观察家蝇在不同温度、湿度下首次产卵时间及产卵高峰期和产卵总量。采用饲养笼饲养法 ,将成蝇分 12组 ,在不同温度 ,湿度 ,空间为 30 cm3,饲养 30 d,观察产卵时间 2 2 d。结果显示 ,以 2 9～ 30℃ ,相对湿度为 70 %时的产卵量最高 ;首次产卵时间为成蝇羽化后第 3～ 4d,产卵高峰期为产卵后第 4～ 5 d开始 ,可持续 10～ 11d,然后进入衰减期。因此 ,家蝇在实验室批量饲养以温度 2 9～ 30℃、相对湿度 70 %条件下为最佳     

边缘革蜱的生物学观察

本文在室内(T15～28℃和RH66％～87％)及自然环境条件下,初步观察研究了边缘革蜱(Dermacentor marginatus)的生活史和某些生物学特征,并获得了有关参数。其生活史各期经历平均时间为:卵期22天,幼、若虫期分别为24和37天,成虫滞育越冬时间为233天,越冬后寻找宿主吸(饱)血时间为17天,饱血雌蜱孕卵期为15天,产卵期17天,总计一个世代发育周期大约为365天。每只雌蜱日平均产卵264.8粒,一生平均产卵4501粒;卵长宽径值为394.1×340.3μm,卵的孵化率为87.7％;幼、若虫期吸血率分别为69.5％和54.6％,由幼虫到若虫和由若虫到成虫其蜕变率分别为80.1％和94.6％;子代成虫雄雌比例为1∶1.3。以上基础数据,填补了国内对该蜱种生物学研究的某些空缺,对有关自然疫源性疾病的研究具有一定的参考价值。     

实验室条件下全沟硬蜱生活史观察

为深入研究蜱媒疾病提供充足，有效的试验材料，建立一套规范的实验室人工饲养繁殖蜱类的技术和方法，将布旗法在新疆博乐林区采集到的超冬后未吸血的全沟硬蜱（（xodes persulcatus)成虫带回实验室，以家兔，小白鼠和灰仓鼠为该蜱的供血动物，将受精后的饱血雌性蜱分别放进50个试管中（φ20mm)，每管一只，编号，将装有饱血雌性蜱的试管放进温度为22－24℃，相对湿度为75％－85％的温箱内，观察产卵情况以及由卵→幼虫→若虫→成虫等各期发育蜕变过程，全沟硬蜱生活史各期经历的平均时间为：成蜱吸血期平均为7（6－9）d，孕卵期为6（4－7）d，产卵期为27（25－43）d，卵孵化期为28（26－31）d，幼虫吸血期为2（1－2）d，幼虫蜕变期为32（20－43）d，若虫吸血期为4（3－5）d，若虫蜕变期为107（50－164）d，即在实验室条件下，全沟硬蜱完成其整个生活史约需213d，提示该蜱在一年内即可完成整个生活周期，远短于自然条件下该蜱3－4年的生活史；另外，用灰仓鼠和小白鼠作为成蜱的供血动物获得成功，这使实验室大鼠生产该蜱作为蜱媒疾病的研究材料成为可能。     

红带锥蝽实验条件下发育特征研究

目的研究红带锥蝽的发育历程,为其调查和防制提供参考依据。方法以福建省漳州市华安县湖坪村采集的红带锥蝽为研究对象,于2018年5月-2019年9月在温度26℃、相对湿度60%的实验室环境条件下进行饲养。以ICR小鼠为唯一供血源(供血3 d),观察并记录红带锥蝽各个发育阶段的孵化、吸血、蜕皮等情况。结果在设定的实验条件下,红带锥蝽可完成整个生活史,包括卵、Ⅰ~Ⅴ龄若虫和成虫等7个阶段,平均历时117.7 d。卵的孵化率为92.2%(391/424)。若虫和成虫均吸血,且每一龄若虫均需饱血才能蜕皮,雌性成虫需吸血才能产卵。Ⅰ~Ⅴ龄若虫的吸血率和蜕皮率分别为86.4%(338/391)和72.4%(283/391)、76.7%(217/283)和58.3%(165/283)、71.5%(118/165)和52.1%(86/165)、91.9%(79/86)和64.0%(55/86)、96.4%(53/55)和56.4%(31/55)。若虫的吸血量随龄期增长而逐渐增大,Ⅰ~Ⅴ龄若虫的平均吸血量分别为(2.9±11.0)、(8.0±3.0)、(14.9±8.8)、(85.4±17.8)、(101.6±54.2)mg,吸血后的平均体质量增重倍数分别为5.4±1.8、3.8±1.2、2.8±1.1、5.1±1.4、2.6±1.1。Ⅴ龄若虫平均吸血量最大,Ⅰ龄若虫吸血后平均体质量增重倍数最大。结论红带锥蝽在实验条件下通过动物饲血能完成生活史,可为相关研究提供实验平台。     

多种实验动物对藐小棘隙吸虫易感性的实验研究

为观察不同实验动物对藐小棘隙吸虫的易感性 ,以定量囊蚴感染幼犬 2只、幼猫 2只、新西兰兔 3只、昆明小鼠 10只、猪 2头、鸡鸭各 10只 ,并观察犬体内藐小棘隙吸虫成虫寿命、日产虫卵量以及排卵动态。结果所有感染犬、兔、猫均检获成虫 ,10只小鼠有 7只感染成功 ,其他实验动物均为阴性 ;犬、兔、猫和鼠的获虫率分别为 5 6 .15 %、5 1.45 %、2 9.82 %和 11.93%。实验犬和兔的获虫率、所获虫体大小以及虫体子宫含卵数均明显高于或大于实验猫和小鼠。上述结果表明 ,犬和兔是藐小棘隙吸虫适宜终宿主 (其中兔为终宿主新记录 ) ,猫次之 ,小鼠的易感性较低。实验犬感染藐小棘隙吸虫后第 13d开始从粪便中排卵 ,此后排卵量迅速增加 ,感染后 3个月达到高峰 ,感染后 6个月时明显下降 ,10个月时排卵量处于很低水平 ,此后 10个月仍维持同一水平 ,未见明显升降或停止排卵现象。犬体内 13～ 2 5日龄藐小棘隙吸虫成虫日产卵量为 ( 48± 2 7)个。成虫在犬体内的寿命超过 2 0个月。另外 ,3只兔感染日本血吸虫 ( 2 0 0 0尾蚴 /只 ) 2 8d后再用藐小棘隙吸虫囊蚴攻击感染 ,结果对藐小棘隙吸虫产生了明显的抗性 ,与无血吸虫感染的实验兔相比其减虫率达到 86 .78%～ 10 0 % (平均为 92 .0 9% )。藐小棘隙吸虫 /兔模型对于研究异     

两种蚤卵的扫描电镜观察

蚤卵是蚤类生活史中比较薄弱的一个环节,易受外界环境的影响和天敌的侵袭,但由于蚤类给人们带来骚扰和传播疾病的是成虫期,同时蚤卵又多数是存在宿主动物的窝巢内,给蚤卵的研究带来一定困难。因此,蚤卵的形态报道不象其它昆虫那样多,有关其形态方面的研究仅限于光镜下的一般描述。为了深入了解蚤卵表面的特殊结构,以弥补这方面的不足,并为分类和防治提供参考依据,我们于1989～1990年对两种蚤卵的表面形态进行了扫描电镜观察。     

黑胸大蠊室内繁殖、发育的生物学特性研究

目的阐明药用昆虫黑胸大蠊室内繁殖、发育的生物学特征。方法系统观察黑胸大蠊在人工饲养条件下生殖产卵、孵化、若虫生长、蜕皮、羽化等生活史全过程。结果统计分析了卵鞘长度、每鞘含卵数及分布、卵孵率、鞘孵率、卵期、若虫发育历期、羽化率、性比、成虫寿命、雌虫产卵期等生物学特征参数。结论实验结果为建立黑胸大蠊的人工饲养及大量繁殖方法提供了重要的科学依据和详细的实验观察资料。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.