Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder: Case Report and Review

Introduction

Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the urinary bladder are relatively rare, accounting for less than 1% of all bladder carcinomas. These tumors can be divided into the more indolent typical or atypical carcinoid tumors and the aggressive small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas.

Objective

To report 2 clinical cases of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the bladder (LCCB) and to review the epidemiology, prognosis, and current treatment algorithms for patients with bladder small and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas.

Results

In both cases hematuria was the presenting symptom. One patient was submitted to partial cystectomy and the other to trans-urethral resection of the bladder tumor. The former patient died on the third month postoperatively. The latter patient had extensive liver metastasis at the time of diagnosis and died from acute liver failure on the 14th postoperative day. In review LCCB is associated with a more aggressive behavior and poorer prognosis than transitional cell bladder carcinoma. No standard approach exists. Surgery (transurethral ressection, partial cystectomy, radical cystectomy), chemotherapy and radiotherapy are current treatment modalities.

Conclusion

LCCB is an aggressive tumor which usually presents itself in an advanced stage. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with platinum regimen plus aggressive surgical approach should be the treatment of choice.Key Words: Bladder cancer, Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, Small cell carcinoma     

Cure of undifferentiated small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder with M-VAC chemotherapy

Small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the urinary bladder is a rare, aggressive malignancy with approximately 135 cases reported in the literature. Treatments have included chemotherapy, radical surgery, radiotherapy, and combinations of these. We present the apparent cure of a 73-year-old man who presented with clinical stage T2 SCC of the urinary bladder. He was treated with three cycles of methotrexate, vinblastine, Adriamycin (doxorubicin), and cisplatin (M-VAC) chemotherapy. Subsequent radical cystoprostatectomy revealed no pathologic evidence of tumor. The patient is alive and well with no evidence of recurrence 3 years post cystectomy. A brief review of the literature is also presented.     

原发性膀胱小细胞癌(附4例报告)

目的 提高对膀胱小细胞癌的认识水平。方法 对4例膀胱小细胞癌的病理及临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 4例患者中男3例，女1例，平均年龄69．5。其中3例行根治性膀胱全切加化疗，1例行姑息性膀胱全切。3例死于肿瘤复发，平均生存20个月，1例存活7年。结论原发性膀胱细胞癌恶性程度高、预后差，根治性膀胱全切加联合化疗可获得较好的疗效。     

膀胱小细胞癌3例

目的 探讨膀胱小细胞癌的临床病理特征和诊治方法。方法 总结3例膀胱小细胞癌患者资料,结合文献复习讨论。结果 1例行膀胱部分切除术,术后4月复发转移7月死亡。1例行髂内动脉插管化疗,至今带瘤生存14月。另1例行膀胱部分切除术,术后6月无复发转移,至今健在。病理学检查肿瘤细胞较小,核浓染,胞浆稀少,核仁不显著,核分裂相多见。免疫组化NSE3例均阳性。结论 膀胱小细胞癌临床罕见,诊断主要依靠病理学检查,此病预后差,应提倡手术切除辅以放疗及全身联合化疗。     

Small Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Primary pure small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the bladder is a rare condition. It is an aggressive tumor with an average five-year survival rate of less than 10% as cited by multiple case reports. We report a 48 year-old male patient with primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the bladder who was treated with TUR-T, adjuvant carboplatin-based chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The patient is free of disease at the end of 30 months with a normally functioning bladder.     

肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对复发膀胱癌的影响

目的 探讨肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对膀胱复发癌的影响.方法 对96 例获随访的原发性肾盂输尿管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究总结.结果 行肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术术后未进行膀胱灌注化疗的患者膀胱癌复发率为34.4%(11/32),术后行膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌复发率为18.8%(12/64),差异有显著性意义(pO.05).术中先行输尿管末端结扎者术后膀胱癌复发率较未采取结扎措施者低,但两者相比未见统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 肾盂输尿管癌行肾输尿管膀胱酃分切除术后预防性膀胱灌注化疗可有效降低复发件膀胱癌的发生率.术中游离肾输尿管前行输尿管末端结扎并同时行预防性膀胱灌注化疗对预防肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌可能有效.     

肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对复发膀胱癌的影响

目的 探讨肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对膀胱复发癌的影响.方法 对96 例获随访的原发性肾盂输尿管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究总结.结果 行肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术术后未进行膀胱灌注化疗的患者膀胱癌复发率为34.4%(11/32),术后行膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌复发率为18.8%(12/64),差异有显著性意义(pO.05).术中先行输尿管末端结扎者术后膀胱癌复发率较未采取结扎措施者低,但两者相比未见统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 肾盂输尿管癌行肾输尿管膀胱酃分切除术后预防性膀胱灌注化疗可有效降低复发件膀胱癌的发生率.术中游离肾输尿管前行输尿管末端结扎并同时行预防性膀胱灌注化疗对预防肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌可能有效.     

肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对复发膀胱癌的影响

目的 探讨肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对膀胱复发癌的影响.方法 对96 例获随访的原发性肾盂输尿管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究总结.结果 行肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术术后未进行膀胱灌注化疗的患者膀胱癌复发率为34.4%(11/32),术后行膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌复发率为18.8%(12/64),差异有显著性意义(pO.05).术中先行输尿管末端结扎者术后膀胱癌复发率较未采取结扎措施者低,但两者相比未见统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 肾盂输尿管癌行肾输尿管膀胱酃分切除术后预防性膀胱灌注化疗可有效降低复发件膀胱癌的发生率.术中游离肾输尿管前行输尿管末端结扎并同时行预防性膀胱灌注化疗对预防肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌可能有效.     

肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对复发膀胱癌的影响

目的 探讨肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对膀胱复发癌的影响.方法 对96 例获随访的原发性肾盂输尿管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究总结.结果 行肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术术后未进行膀胱灌注化疗的患者膀胱癌复发率为34.4%(11/32),术后行膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌复发率为18.8%(12/64),差异有显著性意义(pO.05).术中先行输尿管末端结扎者术后膀胱癌复发率较未采取结扎措施者低,但两者相比未见统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 肾盂输尿管癌行肾输尿管膀胱酃分切除术后预防性膀胱灌注化疗可有效降低复发件膀胱癌的发生率.术中游离肾输尿管前行输尿管末端结扎并同时行预防性膀胱灌注化疗对预防肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌可能有效.     

肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对复发膀胱癌的影响

目的 探讨肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对膀胱复发癌的影响.方法 对96 例获随访的原发性肾盂输尿管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究总结.结果 行肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术术后未进行膀胱灌注化疗的患者膀胱癌复发率为34.4%(11/32),术后行膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌复发率为18.8%(12/64),差异有显著性意义(pO.05).术中先行输尿管末端结扎者术后膀胱癌复发率较未采取结扎措施者低,但两者相比未见统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 肾盂输尿管癌行肾输尿管膀胱酃分切除术后预防性膀胱灌注化疗可有效降低复发件膀胱癌的发生率.术中游离肾输尿管前行输尿管末端结扎并同时行预防性膀胱灌注化疗对预防肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌可能有效.     

肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对复发膀胱癌的影响

目的 探讨肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对膀胱复发癌的影响.方法 对96 例获随访的原发性肾盂输尿管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究总结.结果 行肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术术后未进行膀胱灌注化疗的患者膀胱癌复发率为34.4%(11/32),术后行膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌复发率为18.8%(12/64),差异有显著性意义(pO.05).术中先行输尿管末端结扎者术后膀胱癌复发率较未采取结扎措施者低,但两者相比未见统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 肾盂输尿管癌行肾输尿管膀胱酃分切除术后预防性膀胱灌注化疗可有效降低复发件膀胱癌的发生率.术中游离肾输尿管前行输尿管末端结扎并同时行预防性膀胱灌注化疗对预防肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌可能有效.     

肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对复发膀胱癌的影响

目的 探讨肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对膀胱复发癌的影响.方法 对96 例获随访的原发性肾盂输尿管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究总结.结果 行肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术术后未进行膀胱灌注化疗的患者膀胱癌复发率为34.4%(11/32),术后行膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌复发率为18.8%(12/64),差异有显著性意义(pO.05).术中先行输尿管末端结扎者术后膀胱癌复发率较未采取结扎措施者低,但两者相比未见统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 肾盂输尿管癌行肾输尿管膀胱酃分切除术后预防性膀胱灌注化疗可有效降低复发件膀胱癌的发生率.术中游离肾输尿管前行输尿管末端结扎并同时行预防性膀胱灌注化疗对预防肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌可能有效.     

肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对复发膀胱癌的影响

目的 探讨肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对膀胱复发癌的影响.方法 对96 例获随访的原发性肾盂输尿管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究总结.结果 行肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术术后未进行膀胱灌注化疗的患者膀胱癌复发率为34.4%(11/32),术后行膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌复发率为18.8%(12/64),差异有显著性意义(pO.05).术中先行输尿管末端结扎者术后膀胱癌复发率较未采取结扎措施者低,但两者相比未见统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 肾盂输尿管癌行肾输尿管膀胱酃分切除术后预防性膀胱灌注化疗可有效降低复发件膀胱癌的发生率.术中游离肾输尿管前行输尿管末端结扎并同时行预防性膀胱灌注化疗对预防肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌可能有效.     

肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对复发膀胱癌的影响

目的 探讨肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对膀胱复发癌的影响.方法 对96 例获随访的原发性肾盂输尿管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究总结.结果 行肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术术后未进行膀胱灌注化疗的患者膀胱癌复发率为34.4%(11/32),术后行膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌复发率为18.8%(12/64),差异有显著性意义(pO.05).术中先行输尿管末端结扎者术后膀胱癌复发率较未采取结扎措施者低,但两者相比未见统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 肾盂输尿管癌行肾输尿管膀胱酃分切除术后预防性膀胱灌注化疗可有效降低复发件膀胱癌的发生率.术中游离肾输尿管前行输尿管末端结扎并同时行预防性膀胱灌注化疗对预防肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌可能有效.     

肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对复发膀胱癌的影响

目的 探讨肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱灌注化疗对膀胱复发癌的影响.方法 对96 例获随访的原发性肾盂输尿管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究总结.结果 行肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术术后未进行膀胱灌注化疗的患者膀胱癌复发率为34.4%(11/32),术后行膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌复发率为18.8%(12/64),差异有显著性意义(pO.05).术中先行输尿管末端结扎者术后膀胱癌复发率较未采取结扎措施者低,但两者相比未见统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 肾盂输尿管癌行肾输尿管膀胱酃分切除术后预防性膀胱灌注化疗可有效降低复发件膀胱癌的发生率.术中游离肾输尿管前行输尿管末端结扎并同时行预防性膀胱灌注化疗对预防肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌可能有效.     

Small cell carcinoma of the bladder. Report of a new case and review of the literature

Small cell carcinoma of the bladder is a rare entity occurring in fewer than 1% of all the primary bladder tumors. Its clinic and epidemiologyc characteristics are similar to the transitional cell carcinoma. But, its more aggressive with a high tendency to infiltrate the muscular layer and to metastasize. Thus, therapeutic approach used by the pulmonary form has been applied to the bladder carcinoma. The best results has been achieved using systemic chemotherapy, not only in survival rates but in preserving the bladder integrity, playing the radical cystectomy a rescue role in cases of recurrence or persistence of the tumor. We report a new case of small cell carcinoma of the bladder and review the literature with special attention to the different therapeutic approaches.     

Small cell carcinoma of the urinary tract

Small cell carcinomas of the urinary tract are rare, but lethal. We report 3 cases of primary small cell carcinoma of the kidney, urinary bladder and prostate with light microscopic, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic findings. One patient with small cell carcinoma of the prostate died of disseminated disease 2 years after diagnosis and another patient with small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder was free of tumour after 6 months. A partial remission was induced in the third patient with distant metastases of small cell carcinoma of the kidney by using chemotherapy protocols similar to the drug regimens for small cell carcinomas of the lung; the patient survived for 5 months. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the absence of argyrophilic immunostaining of tumour cells in all 3 cases, positive staining for keratin in 2 and staining for neuron-specific enolase in all 3. In the third patient, reactivity for prostate-specific antigen was negative. Dense-core, membrane-bound granules were identified in the cytoplasm of 2 patients. The paraneoplastic syndrome was not found, indicating that in considering the occurrence of ectopic hormones, specific cytoplasmic granules of origin need not be implicated. Recognition of this distinct entity requires full consideration of morphological, immunohistological, ultrastructural and biological features. In order to define the origin of this tumour more clearly and to evaluate the effectiveness of chemotherapy, larger series of patients are needed.     

Low incidence of perioperative chemotherapy for stage III bladder cancer 1998 to 2003: a report from the National Cancer Data Base

PURPOSE: Studies of perioperative chemotherapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer have shown a survival benefit with combined modality therapy. We reviewed chemotherapy use in patients with stage III transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder from 1998 to 2003 to evaluate perioperative chemotherapy treatment patterns. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The National Cancer Data Base collected data on approximately 60% of all newly diagnosed bladder cancer cases in the United States from 1998 to 2003. We queried the National Cancer Data Base for all treatment of male and female patients 18 years old or older with bladder transitional cell carcinoma diagnosed between 1998 and 2003. A total of 224,060 bladder transitional cell carcinoma records were reviewed. Perioperative chemotherapy was defined as chemotherapy given within 4 months before and 4 months after surgery. Of 11,339 cases of stage III bladder cancer treatment, analysis was possible for 7,161. RESULTS: Treatment patterns were analyzed in 7,161 patients with stage III bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Perioperative chemotherapy was administered to 11.6% of patients with stage III bladder transitional cell carcinoma with 10.4% receiving adjuvant chemotherapy and 1.2% receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. When comparing perioperative chemotherapy use by diagnosis year in 1998 and 2003, a small statistically significant increase was observed using the Pearson's chi-square test with Bonferroni correction (p <0.05) at 11.3% of patients in 1998 vs 16.8% in 2003. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative chemotherapy is underused in the management of surgically resectable stage III transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. This finding may reflect a delay in implementing the results of recently reported randomized trials, a low incidence of referrals by urologists for chemotherapy and/or confidence in salvage chemotherapy as an equivalent alternative. Further followup will determine if this treatment pattern changes in the future.     

膀胱小细胞癌(附五例报告)

目的 探讨膀胱小细胞癌的诊治疗效。方法 对5例膀胱小细胞癌的病理及临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 5例患者,男4例,女1例,平均年龄67岁。分期T2N0M01例,T3N0M02例,T4N0M01例,T4N3M01例。根治性膀胱切除1例,根治性膀胱切除加放疖例,动脉导管化疗1例,动脉导管化疗、术前疗加姑息膀胱切除1例。3例死于肿瘤复发,平均生存时间17个月,2例存活7年。结论 膀胱小细胞癌预后差,手术加联合化疗可提高治愈率。     

Three cases of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a case report

We report three cases of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Case 1: A 69-year-old man showed microscopic hematuria during follow up of prostate cancer of stage D2. The patient was diagnosed with small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder at the stage of pT2N0M0. Complete remission was achieved by three courses of chemotherapy consisting of irinotecan and carboplatin. The patient was died by prostate cancer 16 months after the chemotherapy. Case 2: An 83-year-old woman presented with macroscopic hematuria. The patient was diagnosed with small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder at the stage of pT2N0M0 and partial cystectomy was performed. The patient has been alive without any evidence of tumor recurrence at 6 months after surgery. Case 3: An 84-year-old man presented with macroscopic hematuria. The patient was diagnosed with small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder at the stage ofcT3bN0M1 with multiple liver metastases. Complete remission was achieved by three courses of chemotherapy consisting of etoposide and carboplatin.