经门静脉低机械指数灰阶超声造影在肝肿瘤中的应用

目的：应用经门静脉低机械指数灰阶超声造影研究肝恶性肿瘤门静脉供血特点。方法：分别经门静脉主干对12只荷VX2瘤新西兰大白兔快速注射超声造影剂Sono Vue，应用CnTi（contrast tuned imaging）低机械指数实时灰阶造影匹配成像技术，分析22个VX2瘤门静脉供血特点与造影增强效应。结果：注射造影剂后肝实质快速强化并很快达到高峰，而肿瘤一般延迟3～6s后才开始增强。门静脉造影22个肿瘤增强可分4种类型：①弥漫增强型7例，表现为肿瘤弥漫性增强，但其增强效应比周围肝实质的强烈增强弱，仍呈负性显影；②门静脉分支型3例，表现为肿瘤内出现门静脉分支影，造影剂微泡在其内快速流动，肿瘤实质仅轻微增强；③周边增强型5例，表现为肿瘤周边不规则增强，肿瘤边界变得模糊；④无明显增强型7例，表现为肿瘤内无明显强化。结论：经门静脉低机械指数灰阶超声造影可观察肝实质与肿瘤内造影剂的动态增强过程；为病灶的定性诊断及个性化介入治疗提供有价值的信息。     

低机械指数灰阶造影对肝VX2瘤动态期相性变化的研究

目的应用低机械指数灰阶超声造影研究肝恶性肿瘤的动态期相性增强变化规律及其诊断价值。方法分别经耳缘静脉对8只荷VX2瘤新西兰大白兔团注超声造影剂SonoVue（0．1ml／kg），应用CnTI低机械指数实时造影匹配成像技术，动态观察兔VX2瘤及其周围肝实质造影增强效应。结果在所有造影过程中，肝肿瘤及肝实质内造影剂随时间呈动态增强。VX2瘤动脉期明显强化，呈“灯泡征”，与周围肝组织灰阶对比明显；随后造影剂逐渐退出，肿瘤回声强度从与周围肝实质持平，到低于周围肝实质，最后造影剂完全退出瘤组织，在肝实质增强的背景下呈极低回声。肿瘤强化呈“快进快出”型。结论VX2瘤主要为肝动脉供血，具有恶性肿瘤“快进快出”典型的超声造影增强特点；低机械指数灰阶超声造影能完全反映肝恶性肿瘤血流动力学变化；观察肿瘤的动脉期是超声造影的关键，对诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要意义。     

Grey-scale contrast enhancement in rabbit liver with SonoVue at different doses

To evaluate the dose of ultrasound (US) contrast agent (UCA) in relation to the contrast-enhancement effect, an in vivo model of perfusion was studied using SonoVue, a second-generation UCA, and low mechanical index (MI) grey-scale harmonic imaging. SonoVue, at eight different doses (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.14 and 0.16 mL/kg BW), was applied in five normal rabbits. Flow-related parameters obtained from time-intensity curves were calculated and plotted over the contrast agent doses, and nonlinear curve fitting was performed. Results showed that, along with an increase of the administrated contrast agent dose, the enhancement duration (ED) and the area under the curve (AUC) increased logarithmically, and the time to enhancement (ET) decreased logarithmically. There was a progressive increase of the peak signal intensity (PSI) following an increase of SonoVue dose only in the dose range of 0.02 up to 0.10 mL/kg body weight (BW) in the portal vein and in the dose range of 0.02 up to 0.12 mL/kg BW in the liver parenchyma. Moreover, a good correlation was observed between the parameters obtained from liver parenchyma and those obtained from the portal vein. The results indicated that SonoVue in conjunction with continuous harmonic low-MI grey-scale imaging has the capability of flow quantification on both vessels and parenchyma. The parameters of time-intensity curve were influenced intensely by different contrast agent doses.     

肝灰阶超声造影剂量与效果关系的实验研究

目的 探讨不同超声造影剂剂量对肝灰阶超声造影效果的影响及其变化规律。方法 分别对5只新西兰大白兔在8个剂量水平(剂量范围：0．02～0．16ml／kg)团注超声造影剂，应用低机械指数灰阶超声造影和时间强度曲线定量分析门静脉和肝实质造影增强效果。结果 门静脉和肝实质开始增强时间随造影剂剂量的增加而缩短，均呈指数递减形式；造影剂剂量与门静脉、肝实质峰值增强时间无明确相关性(r=-0．35，0．22)；在0．02～0．10ml／kg范围内，造影剂剂量与门静脉、肝实质峰值信号强度呈直线相关关系(r=0．89，0．92)；门静脉和肝实质的平均渡越时间和曲线下面积均随造影剂剂量的递增而增加，呈指数递增形式。结论 超声造影剂剂量影响肝造影增强各参数。确定剂量和效果的关系及认识其规律是进行超声造影和定量研究的前提条件。0．10ml／kg是兔理想的造影剂量。     

灰阶超声造影对兔荷VX2瘤前后肝实质血流灌注的对照研究

目的应用灰阶超声造影定量研究肝恶性肿瘤对其周围肝实质血流动力学的影响及其诊断价值.方法分别经耳缘静脉对8只新西兰大白兔荷VX2瘤前、后团注超声造影剂SonoVueTM(0.1 ml/kg),应用CnTi(contrast tuned imaging) 低机械指数实时灰阶造影调谐成像技术和声学定量时间强度曲线分析软件,定量分析兔荷瘤前、后肝实质造影增强效应.结果在造影过程中,肿瘤及肝实质内造影剂随时间呈动态增强,其时间-信号强度曲线客观反映造影剂显影的全过程.与荷瘤前相比,荷瘤后肝实质造影剂开始增强时间和达到峰值时间均较早,峰值强度较强,显影时间短,但其变化轻微.荷瘤前、后肝实质各造影定量参数间差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05).结论灰阶超声造影不能完全反映肝恶性肿瘤对其周围肝实质血流动力学影响;肝实质超声造影定量分析对肝恶性肿瘤的诊断及预示价值尚待进一步研究.     

超声造影评价兔肝炎性假瘤及VX2肝癌血流灌注的实验对照研究

目的 应用实时超声造影成像技术及时间-强度曲线,观察兔肝炎性假瘤和转移性VX2肝癌的血流灌注方式.方法 荷炎性假瘤和荷VX2肝癌实验兔各10只,经耳缘静脉团注法注射超声造影剂SonoVue后,应用CnTI低机械指数实时灰阶成像技术和定量时间-强度曲线(Wash in-Wash out Curve)软件,观察分析各时相肿瘤结节及周围正常肝组织的动态增强过程.结果 与正常肝实质相比较,炎性假瘤造影增强与肝实质同步,二者造影始增时间、峰值时间、增强时间、始消时间无显著性差别(P>0.05).VX2肝癌强化呈典型的"快进快出"型,早期动脉相快速增强,门脉相与延迟相肿瘤结节内造影剂迅速廓清,表现为负性显影,VX2肝癌始增时间、峰值时间、增强时间、始消时间显著早于正常肝实质(P<0.05).VX2肝癌与炎性假瘤比较,VX2肝癌造影始增时间、峰值时间、始消时间显著早于炎性假瘤(P<0.05).结论 低机械指数实时超声造影成像,可提供肝脏局灶性结节的动态血流灌注信息,结合时间-强度曲线定量分析,对肝肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断具有较佳的实用价值.     

肝局灶性病变超声造影反向脉冲谐波显像的临床研究

目的 探讨不同肝局灶性病变在超声造影反向脉冲谐波显像时的动态灌注过程及其特征。方法 对7例肝细胞性肝癌，6例转移性肝肿瘤，1例腺瘤，6例血管瘤，1例局灶性脂肪浸润，3例局灶性慢性炎症，1例多房囊肿共25个肝局灶性病变进行超声造影反向脉冲谐波动态显像，观察病灶内及肝实质的灌注过程。结果 25例均观察到动脉期(5～24s)、门脉期(19～85s)、实质期(200～320s)。7例肝细胞性肝癌均为肝动脉期完全显著增强；5例转移癌为门脉期增强，2例在实质期发现更多病灶；6例血管瘤均显示出特征性的填充式增强；2例慢性炎症及1例脂肪浸润未见增强；1例腺瘤为门脉期显著增强；1例多房囊肿则为实质期低回声缺损。结论 超声造影反向脉冲谐波显像可清晰显示肝局灶性病变及肝实质的动态灌注过程，对诊断和鉴别诊断具有明确的临床应用价值。     

Time-intensity-based quantification of vascularity with single-level dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasonography: a pilot animal study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to delineate the hemodynamic features of VX2 tumor and perineoplastic liver parenchyma and to evaluate the potential usefulness of single-level dynamic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of tumors by the analysis of time-intensity curves. METHODS: An in vivo animal model was studied using a low mechanical index in conjunction with single-level dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. A sulfur hexafluoride contrast agent (SonoVue; Bracco SpA, Milan, Italy) was applied in 8 rabbits by intravenous bolus injection. Data were acquired before and after VX2 tumor induction. Corresponding parameters of the time-intensity curve were measured using wash-in/wash-out curve software. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in the time to enhancement, time to peak intensity, peak signal intensity, and enhancement duration between liver parenchyma before and after VX2 tumor induction (P > .05). The typical enhancement pattern of VX2 tumors was hyperechoic relative to liver parenchyma during the early phase and hypoechoic during the later phase. The curves obtained in carcinomas revealed an early arrival time and time to peak intensity with an irregular and sharp decrease of the intensity signal and a very early return to baseline, presenting a much more rapid wash-in and wash-out of ultrasonographic contrast agents. There was a significant difference in the time to enhancement, time to peak intensity, peak signal intensity, and enhancement duration between the VX2 tumors and perineoplastic liver parenchyma (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Single-level dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with a low mechanical index level could provide real-time and continuous enhanced images and fully delineate the typical enhancement pattern of liver tumors. The analysis of time-intensity curves may provide useful, complementary, and quantitative information. This technique may be useful for the diagnosis of liver tumors, especially those showing an atypical enhancement pattern on biphasic helical computed tomographic scanning.     

灰阶超声造影对正常肝实质及VX2肿瘤血流动力学的对照研究

目的 应用低机械指数灰阶超声造影定量研究肝恶性肿瘤及其周围肝实质血流动力学特点及其诊断价值。方法 分别经耳缘静脉对8只荷VX2肿瘤新西兰大白兔团注超声造影剂SonoVue（0．1ml／kg），应用低机械指数实时灰阶造影匹配成像技术和声学定量时间一强度曲线分析软件，定量分析兔VX2瘤及其周围肝实质血流动力学特点及造影增强效应。结果低机械指数灰阶超声造影可动态显示肝实质与肿瘤内造影剂的增强过程，其时间一信号强度曲线客观反映造影剂的渡越过程。与肝实质相比，VX2瘤造影剂开始增强时间和达到峰值时间均明显提前，分别为10．13s和17．48S，峰值强度较低，渡越时间明显缩短。VX2瘤与肝实质各造影定量参数间差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论 低机械指数灰阶超声造影能很好地反映肝恶性肿瘤血流动力学变化，超声造影定量分析对肝恶性肿瘤的诊断有重要价值。     

肝细胞性肝癌超声造影的增强模式 --低机械指数连续实时成像技术的应用研究

目的　分析采用低机械指数连续实时成像技术时肝细胞性肝癌 (HCC)超声造影的增强模式。方法　 6 8例 HCC患者共 72个病灶接受了超声造影检查。采用对比脉冲序列 (CPS)成像技术 ,造影剂为 Sono Vue。结果　静脉注射 Sono Vue后 ,全部病灶均可见强化 ,绝大多数病灶 (70 /72 ,97.2 % )增强早于肝实质及门静脉 ;增强形态主要为均匀或不均匀增强 ;增强程度在动脉期高于肝实质 ,门静脉期和肝窦期则低于肝实质 ;动脉期 30 .6 % (2 2 /72 )的病灶可见包膜强化。结论　 HCC在各时相的增强模式具有特征性 ,采用 CPS技术及造影剂 Sono Vue能实时连续地描述 HCC的增强特点。     

正常人肝脏灰阶超声造影定量研究

目的 研究正常人肝脏造影剂增强特点及其规律。 方法 对15例正常人肝脏进行SonoVue灰阶超声造影定量分析。 结果 首先肝动脉开始增强呈树枝样，随后门静脉及下腔静脉增强，最后肝静脉增强。肝动脉较门静脉、下腔静脉及肝静脉峰值时间明显提前（P〈0．001）。与后场肝实质比较，前场，中场造影剂开始增强时间和达峰值时间较早，峰值强度较强、渡越时间较长，曲线下面积较大（P〈0．05）。 结论 SonoVue的应用提高了肝内细小血管显示。对于体质量相对较高者可采用提高机械指数和局部放大提高后场造影显示。     

Ultrasonographic arterial portography with second harmonic imaging: evaluation of hepatic parenchymal enhancement with portal venous flow.

Ultrasonographic arterial portography was evaluated with second harmonic and conventional gray scale imaging after the administration of 0.001 to 0.1 ml/kg of FS069 (Optison) in 10 dogs (four dogs with ligation of the portal vein branch) and two woodchucks with hepatocellular carcinomas. Harmonic imaging was required to obtain good liver parenchymal enhancement for ultrasonographic arterial portography to be useful. The tumors were visible as regions of greater enhancement after intravenous injection and as hypoechoic regions after superior mesenteric artery injection. The segments with portal vein ligation were not detected after intravenous injection but were clearly seen after superior mesenteric artery injection. Doppler signal measurement verified a significant difference between the portal vein and hepatic vein after superior mesenteric artery injection and in the femoral artery after intravenous versus superior mesenteric artery injection, demonstrating that minimal levels of FS069 pass through the liver.     

实时灰阶超声造影对肝硬化定量诊断的初步探讨

目的利用新型超声造影剂及匹配成像技术观察肝硬化患者的肝动脉、门静脉以及肝脏实质的灌注规律,探讨对肝硬化定量化诊断的意义.方法 26例经手术或穿刺证实为肝硬化的患者入选本研究,另8例无任何肝脏病史或肝病临床表现者作为正常肝对照组,采用第二代超声造影剂SonoVue以及Technos DU6 CnTi实时超声造影成像技术,行实时灰阶超声造影检查.造影剂注射方法分两种:其中11肝硬化患者及8例正常肝者采用慢注法,另15例肝硬化患者采用团注法.结果慢注法肝硬化的门静脉显影时间与肝实质增强峰值时间均较正常肝显著延长(39.36±11.89) s vs (30.00±6.76) s,(60.91±15.67) s vs (41.13±6.49) s,P<0.05;肝动脉显影时间、达峰值时间以及门静脉达峰值时间均与正常组无显著差异.团注法的肝动脉、门静脉平均显影时间,达峰值时间以及肝实质增强峰值时间均比慢注法提前,分别为(14.80±4.96) s,(26.67±6.92) s,(22.80±5.87) s, (33.87±6.06) s, (35.93±9.71) s;除肝动脉时相外,余各时相均有显著性差异,P<0.05.本组肝硬化患者的上述时相均与患者的Child-Paugh分级无相关性.结论本研究初步结果显示利用造影超声有助于肝硬化的诊断,但各时相显示时间界值,还应以不同的推注方法而定,尚有待临床进一步对照研究.     

Grey-scale contrast enhancement in rabbit liver with DMP115 at different acoustic power levels

The contrast enhancement effect of ultrasound (US) contrast agent DMP-115 (YM454, Definity™) in rabbit liver at two acoustic transmit power levels was studied. A total of 12 rabbits with healthy livers and 7 rabbits with VX-2 tumors were used. Grey-scale ultrasonograms in both fundamental (3.75 MHz) and harmonic (2.5/5.0 MHz) imaging modes were performed at a frame rate of 26 Hz under baseline acoustic power (MI = 0.6) or lower acoustic power (MI = 0.2). The contrast enhancement depended on the contrast agent dose and the acoustic power. The video intensity change was higher in the portal vein under the baseline acoustic power and higher in the liver parenchyma under the lower acoustic power. The contrast-enhanced US observation of the VX-2 tumor in the arterial phase correlated well with the angiographic and histopathological appearance of the tumor. In the parenchymal phase, the borderline of the tumor could be clearly delineated from the surrounding liver parenchyma. Continuous fundamental and harmonic grey-scale imaging with DMP115 has the capability of making peripheral circulation images of liver parenchyma and tumors.     

经静脉注射FX530对实验性兔VX2肝癌超声造影的研究

目的评价经静脉注射新型声学造影剂ＦＸ５３０观察实验性兔ＶＸ２肝癌的效果。方法先制作兔ＶＸ２肝癌模型１５只,共２０个肿瘤结节。经静脉注射ＦＸ５３０后观察兔肝内正常结构和肿瘤的二维灰阶增强情况。结果造影后,兔肝实质、肝内动脉、门静脉和肿瘤血管明显增强,肿瘤组织增强较弱或不增强,肿瘤的可视性增加,并可检出微小的肿瘤结节。结论静脉注射新型声学造影剂提高了超声对肝癌的观察能力。     

肝局灶性病变超声造影诊断指标初探

目的 探讨适宜中国肝局灶性病变的超声造影诊断指标。方法 以注射造影剂后肝动脉开始显影作为动脉相的起始时间，以门静脉开始显影作为门脉相起始时间，以肝实质增强达峰值为实质相起始时间；分析682例肝局灶性病变超声造影肝动脉、门静脉的始增时间及肝实质的增强峰值时间、肝内病灶的开始减退时间，分析增强模式。结果 肝硬化与非肝硬化组肝动脉、门静脉及肝实质始增时间有显著差异，肝内良恶性病灶增强退出时间有显著差异。85％的原发性肝癌及99％肝转移癌在注射造影剂后180s内退出，故以180s作为延迟相起始时间及与实质相的划分点，由此将超声造影分为四个时相。结论 由于肝背景不同造成血流动力学差异，病灶增强时相以自身背景对比更为适宜；根据新的时相定义及病灶增强退出特征，总结出中国人肝癌及其他肝局灶性病变的超声造影诊断标准。     

Intraoperative Contrast‐Enhanced Sonographic Portography Combined With Indigo Carmine Dye Injection for Anatomic Liver Resection in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

We present a method of intraoperative contrast‐enhanced sonographic portography combined with indigo carmine dye injection for anatomic liver resection in hepatocellular carcinoma. During surgery, before dye infusion into the feeding portal vein, the targeted portal vein branch was directly punctured, and a microbubble contrast agent was administered under sonographic guidance. Simultaneous enhancement of the resected hepatic parenchyma with a microbubble contrast agent and blue dye improved estimation of the segmental border in the cutting plane and the tumor resection margin during liver surgery.     

Characterization of benign hepatic tumors arising in fatty liver with SonoVue and pulse inversion US

Background We describe the spectrum of contrast-enhancement patterns of benign hepatic tumors arising in fatty liver on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (US). Methods Sixteen patients (12 women and four men) with 27 benign hepatic tumors (17 hemangiomas, eight focal nodular hyperplasias, and two hepatocellular adenomas) arising in fatty liver underwent baseline and pulse inversion US after administration of SonoVue. Two experienced radiologists evaluated baseline echogenicity and dynamic enhancement pattern of each lesion in comparison with adjacent liver parenchyma. Results After administration of SonoVue, in the arterial phase 13 of 17 hemangiomas showed peripheral globular enhancement and one showed a rim of peripheral enhancement, followed by progressive centripetal fill-in, which was complete in 10 of 14 cases and incomplete in four. Three of 18 hemangiomas showed rapid and complete fill-in in the arterial phase. Eight of eight focal nodular hyperplasias became hyperechoic in comparison with adjacent liver parenchyma in the arterial phase and slightly hyperechoic or isoechoic in the portal venous and delayed phases. Both adenomas showed strong arterial contrast enhancement that became less intense in the portal venous and delayed phases. Conclusion Contrast-enhanced US after administration of SonoVue enables depiction of typical contrast-enhancement patterns in most benign hepatic tumors arising in fatty liver, thus providing useful clues for characterization.     

超声造影在肝占位性病变诊断中的应用

目的探讨超声造影剂声诺维(SonoVue)在不同肝占位性病变中超声造影特点.方法对30例原发性肝癌、17例转移性肝癌、8例肝血管瘤、7例肝局灶性结节增生、9例结节性肝硬化、1例炎性包块,共72例患者的肝占位性病变进行实时超声造影检查,并与彩色多普勒超声、增强CT及病理结果进行比较.结果经超声造影后,各种肝内占位性病灶均显示不同程度的增强特点.肝癌表现多为动脉相快速显影,门脉相快速消退,呈"快进快出"型;肝血管瘤动脉相时无明显变化,增强方式以门静脉期周边缓慢增强,呈向心样填充,即从周边向中心部持续充填,造影剂显影持续时间较长;肝转移癌动脉相为均匀性增强或周边环状增强,内部可有轻度点状增强改变,实质期迅速出现回声减弱改变,易发现微小病灶;肝局灶性结节增生也为动脉期迅速增强,表现为门静脉期保持呈持续增强改变,以中央扩散型的均匀持续增强为主,在延迟相中有明显的造影剂摄取.结论不同的肝占位性病变在实时超声造影能表现出不同的时相特点,超声造影有助于提高对肝肿瘤超声诊断的特异性、敏感性及准确性.     

超声造影技术应用于肝肿瘤介入治疗的临床价值探析

目的 探讨超声造影技术在肝脏肿瘤介入治疗后疗效评估中的应用价值.方法 采用微创介入治疗手段对36例肝癌患者（56个病灶）进行不同类型的微创介入治疗,治疗前、后均行超声造影检查及同期CT/MRI检查,比较不同影像学检查方法的特点及可靠性.结果 36例肝癌患者（56个病灶）接受超声造影检查,结果显示其动脉早期呈现球状包裹、弥漫性或轻度的增强,门脉期对比剂迅速廊清.与同期CT/MRI检查比较,超声造影可使肝脏正常组织显影,对于不同类型的肝肿瘤,在不同时间分别显示造影增强,在肝肿瘤与正常组织之间形成较大的反差,提高了肝肿瘤检测的灵敏度、特异度和总符合率.结论 超声造影可以为肝脏肿瘤介入治疗后的疗效评估提供可靠依据,且更适用于恶性肿瘤介入治疗后的疗效评价.