钢板内固定加植骨治疗肱骨干骨折术后骨不愈合的疗效分析

目的评价钢板内固定结合自体松质骨植骨治疗肱骨干骨折术后骨不愈合的疗效。方法2002年2月～2004年12月对41例肱骨干骨折术后骨不愈合患者均采用钢板内固定结合自体松质骨植骨治疗。其中男32例,女9例;平均年龄37．5岁(17～67岁)。骨不愈合类型：肥大型16例,萎缩型25例。结果所有患者获平均22．6个月(8～42个月)随访。40例(97．6%)患_者骨折愈合,骨折愈合时间平均为5．8个月(3～12个月)。并发症：桡神经损伤3例,伤口感染1例,骨折不愈合1例。最终随访时,肩关节和肘关节功能恢复满意。结论对于肱骨干骨折术后骨不愈合的患者,采用钢板内固定加自体松质骨植骨治疗是有效的方法。     

桡神经内移在肱骨干骨折固定中的应用

目的:总结桡神经内移在肱骨干骨折固定中应用的结果。方法:2005年1月至2009年12月,对16例肱骨干骨折患者,在行前外侧钢板固定中应用桡神经内移方法治疗。其中,男12例,女4例;年龄26～49岁,平均36岁。左侧9例,右侧7例。根据AO骨折分类:6例为A3.2型,5例为A2.2型,2例为A1.2型,3例为B2.2型。应用美国骨科医师协会提出的DASH量表进行疗效评定,0表示上肢功能正常,1～100表示上肢功能有不同程度的损伤。结果:16例患者术后没有发生与手术相关的并发症,无神经损伤与伤口感染。术后随访20～46个月,平均29个月。上肢功能按DASH上肢功能量表评定,均达到了正常数值(数值为0),取得了满意的临床效果。结论:桡神经内移是一种安全的操作方法,不会引起医源性神经损伤,不影响对骨折的处理。在对肱骨干骨折行开放复位以及前外侧钢板固定中,该手术方法可防止桡神经受损伤。     

Trans-fracture transposition of the radial nerve during the open approach of humeral shaft fractures

The radial nerve constitutes a major problem in humeral shaft fractures; it may be injured immediately or during closed reduction or open reduction and internal fixation with plate and screws. After fixation, the nerve always runs directly over the plate without any interposed structure. If a revision surgery is indicated, the nerve is at high risk as it is usually difficult to dissect from surrounding fibrotic scar tissue or callus formation. To avoid these complications, some authors reported transposition of the radial nerve through the fracture line. We present herein the surgical technique of the trans-fracture transposition of the radial nerve during open reduction and internal fixation of humeral shaft fractures, along with our preliminary results in 6 cases and a review of the literature.     

肱骨尺侧结合前侧MIPPO入路双钢板内固定治疗肱骨干下1/3骨折

目的观察肱骨尺侧结合前侧微创经皮钢板内固定（MIPPO）入路双钢板内固定治疗肱骨干下1/3骨折的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析自2012年1月至2015年5月入住本科,诊断为"肱骨干下1/3骨折"的20例患者。全部采用肱骨尺侧结合前侧MIPPO入路双钢板内固定治疗。统计手术时间,术中出血量,术后观察桡神经、尺神经、肌皮神经功能,骨折愈合时间,采用Neer肩关节功能评分及Mayo肘关节功能评分评估肩、肘关节功能。 结果本组20例患者手术时间60~110 min,平均（85.0±6.5） min;出血量30~60 ml,平均（53.0±7.2）ml;术后切口均一期愈合;无医源性桡神经、尺神经、肌皮神经及重要血管损伤,无内固定失败的病例;骨折愈合时间10~15周,平均（13.0±2.1）周;肘关节最大屈曲范围131°~146°（137.60°±3.51°）;肘关节最大伸直范围0°~5°（2.70°±0.91°）;Mayo肘关节功能评分80~100（92.04±5.72）分;Neer肩关节功能评分85~100（93.63±4.11）分。 结论尺侧入路与常用的前外侧、后侧、外侧入路相比,无需暴露桡神经,避免其带来的医源性损伤;暴露范围大（特别针对内侧蝶形骨块能达到解剖复位）,手术时间短;出血少;内侧切口隐蔽、美观;同时结合前侧MIPPO呈90°双钢板固定肱骨干下1/3骨折,防止单钢板固定失效,在提供坚强的骨折稳定的同时带来更快的骨折愈合。目前随访病例无钢板失效、骨不连及血管、神经损伤。肱骨尺侧结合前侧MIPPO入路双钢板内固定治疗肱骨干下1/3骨折疗效确切,值得临床推广。     

Closed retrograde Hackethal nail stabilization of humeral shaft fractures.

We retrospectively reviewed 48 consecutive humeral shaft fractures treated with Hackethal stacked, flexible, intramedullary (IM) nails. The indications for fixation were polytrauma or fracture patterns not amenable to bracing. The average age of patients was 40 years. Eight had associated primary nerve injuries. All fractures were reduced closed, and the nails were inserted retrograde through a distal posterior cortical window. Follow-up was possible in 33 patients. Ninety-seven percent (32 of 33) had healed at 1 year. There were no iatrogenic nerve palsies. There was one delayed union, one nonunion, one deep infection, and three occurrences of heterotopic ossification at the entry portal. Two patients with distal nail migration required second operations. Clinical examination showed normal range of motion at the shoulder and an average of 5 degrees loss of extension at the elbow. Hackethal's bundled IM nailing was shown to be a reliable, inexpensive, and relatively atraumatic method for stabilization of simple and comminuted humeral shaft fractures.     

Radial nerve palsy associated with high-energy humeral shaft fractures

PURPOSE: To determine whether the radial nerve should be explored when there is a complete sensory and motor deficit after a high-energy fracture of the humeral diaphysis. METHODS: Twenty-four patients aged 16 years or older with a high-energy, diaphyseal fracture of the humerus and complete motor and sensory radial nerve palsy were reviewed retrospectively. Eleven fractures were open-6 of these were part of a very complex upper-extremity injury (multiple ipsilateral fractures in 3 patients and near amputation in 3). All 11 patients with open fractures and 3 of 13 patients with closed injuries had radial nerve exploration. RESULTS: All 6 patients with a transected radial nerve had an open humerus fracture and were part of a complex upper-extremity injury. Five of 6 had primary repair of the radial nerve, and none recovered. All 8 intact explored nerves and 9 of 10 unexplored nerves recovered; the only nonrecovery occurred in a patient treated with closed intramedullary rod fixation who may have had iatrogenic nerve injury. The average time to initial signs of recovery was 7 weeks (range, 1-25 weeks). The average time to full recovery was 6 months (range, 1-21 months). CONCLUSIONS: Transection of the radial nerve is usually associated with open fractures of the humerus that are part of a very complex upper-extremity injury. The results of primary nerve repair in this circumstance are poor, likely related to an extensive zone of injury and the need for nerve grafting. Intact nerves and nerve palsies that are part of a closed fracture nearly always recover, even after high-energy injuries. Because the first signs of nerve recovery and complete recovery of the nerve can be quite delayed, patience is merited before considering tendon transfers.     

肱骨逆行带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折体会

目的 用逆行带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折.方法 我院采用肱骨逆行带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折26例,男15例,女11例;年龄19～56岁,平均年龄32岁.结果 骨折固定满意,未发生桡神经损伤.结论 用逆行带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折,可有效避免医源性桡神经损伤,值得推广.     

Complications of locked nailing in humeral shaft fractures

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the complications of humeral locked nailing. METHODS: Between 1994 and 2000, 161 humeral shaft fractures (98 acute fractures and 63 delayed unions or nonunions) in 159 patients treated with humeral locked nails were followed up for an average of 25.4 months. There were 89 men and 70 women, with an average age of 53.5 years. Acute fractures included 68 closed, 18 type I, 8 type II, 3 type IIIA, and 1 type IIIB open fractures. Thirty-six nonunions had previous operations. In general, acute fractures were treated with closed nailing and nonunions were treated with open nailing with bone grafting. Since 1998, interfragmentary wiring has been added in nonunions to compress the fracture. RESULTS: In total, 30 patients had 31 significant complications. Nine of them were persistent nonunions, six from acute fractures and three from nonunions. Fracture gap was associated with a significantly higher risk of nonunion. The risk of operative comminution was significantly higher in retrograde nailing, and operative comminution resulted in a significantly higher risk of nonunion. Seven of the nine nonunions underwent revisional nailing and achieved eventual union. Removal of the protruded screws was performed in two cases. Other complications included shoulder impairment, elbow impairment, angular malunion, and post-nailing radial nerve palsy. CONCLUSION: Many complications of humeral locked nailing can be prevented by improving the implant design or surgical techniques. The patients with persistent nonunion can be reliably treated by revisional nailing and bone grafting.     

Plating of humeral shaft fractures--has the pendulum swung back?

We reviewed 49 patients following plate osteosynthesis of humeral shaft fractures. There were no complications as a result of surgery. Union occurred in 47 patients (96%) at a mean of 9 weeks. Two patients required secondary procedures to achieve union. All patients had full range of motion in the elbow and shoulder joints following union. In the light of the popularisation of intramedullary nailing techniques in the last decade, with recognised complications of iatrogenic radial nerve injury, inadequate rotational stabilisation, non-union and shoulder impingement, we advocate plating of humeral shaft fractures as the surgical treatment of choice.     

Intraoperative interfragmentary radial nerve compression in a medially plated humeral shaft fracture: a case report

Persistent secondary radial nerve palsy following open reduction and plating of humeral shaft fractures is rare, as the nerve is usually identified and protected throughout surgery. However, it is very difficult to identify and protect the radial nerve during medial and posteromedial approaches and closed intramedullary nailing, thus increasing the risk of damaging it. This case of interfragmentary radial nerve compression at the fracture site occurred during posteromedial plating of a laterally displaced and angulated segmental fracture of the middle and distal thirds of the humeral shaft. Exploration and nerve grafting was later required to regain function. It is important that the radial nerve be identified and protected in fixation of humeral shaft fractures with high-risk fracture configurations.     

Locked nailing of spiral humeral fractures with or without radial nerve entrapment

The experience of locked nailing of spiral humeral fractures and the perioperative conditions of the radial nerve are reported. The nerve is at risk of entrapment after such a fracture, and severe injury may occur during closed nailing. Among 162 humeral fractures treated by locked nailing, there were 21 spiral fractures: 18 acute fractures, and three delayed unions. The distribution of the fractures was two at the middle and 19 at the distal (1/3). Twelve patients had preoperative radial nerve palsy. All fractures excluding one middle fracture were retrograde nailed, and all patients had radial nerve exploration. Thirteen fractures were locked statically, seven were locked distally and had cerclage wiring, and one was locked distally only. Fisher's exact tests showed that the risk of radial nerve entrapment significantly increased in fractures with varus angulation or resulting from high-energy trauma. All the patients achieved fracture union and regained satisfactory joint functions. The author suggests that in external rotational spiral humeral fractures, radial nerve exploration should be done if nerve entrapment is highly suspected, irrespective of the fracture location or nerve palsy. Locked nailing with transfixing screws or cerclage wire could be a reliable treatment method for these fractures.     

钢板前置固定治疗肱骨中下段骨折

目的探讨钢板前置固定治疗肱骨中下段骨折的疗效，以及预防医源性桡神经损伤的可能性。方法1998年3月-2002年12月，采用此手术方法治疗肱骨中下段骨折49例．男38例，女11例。年龄18～63岁，平均35岁。新鲜骨折27例，陈旧性骨折12例，骨折不愈合10例。按AO分型：A型19例；B1型14例，B2型9例，B3型5例；C1型2例。闭合骨折37例；开放骨折12例，其中GustiloⅠ型8例，Ⅱ型4例。合并桡神经损伤4例。手术经前方入路，将钢板置于肱骨前方固定。合并桡神经损伤者，行桡神经探查。结果术后有48例获6～48个月随访，平均28．7个月。骨愈合时间3～9个月，平均4．7个月。手术取除钢板37例。49例行82次(4例合并桡神经损伤除外)手术，均未发生医源性桡神经损伤。结论经前方入路，将钢板置于肱骨前方固定既不影响骨折愈合，又能避免医源性桡神经损伤。     

闭合复位带锁髓内钉适宜治疗合并桡神经损伤的肱骨干骨折吗?

目的探讨肱骨干骨折合并的桡神经损伤是否会因为带锁髓内钉置入时的闭合复位操作而导致神经损伤的加重。方法2002年1月～2005年1月手术治疗的353例肱骨干骨折患者中,63例术前合并桡神经损伤。对此63例患者的体检、手术记录、X线片及治疗结果进行回顾性分析。11例行闭合复位带锁髓内钉固定；52例行切开复位内固定术及桡神经探查术,应用PEMS 3．1版本的卡方检验对11例行闭合复位带锁髓内钉固定术的患者与19例可以采用带锁髓内钉固定但行切开复位内固定术及桡神经探查术的患者桡神经恢复情况进行统计学分析。结果52例行切开复位内固定术及桡神经探查术的患者中,9例(17．3%)桡神经被骨折端嵌压,其余43例均为桡神经挫伤。63例患者中,除2例外,桡神经损伤均于术后2～12周(平均8周)自行恢复。所有患者术后3～4个月获骨性愈合。闭合复位带锁髓内钉术与切开复位内固定及神经探查术对肱骨干骨折合并桡神经损伤患者的影响差异无显著性意义(P=0．3931)。结论闭合复位带锁髓内钉固定治疗合并桡神经损伤的肱骨干骨折患者是适宜的。     

改良上臂前外侧人路治疗肱骨中下段骨折

目的研究改良上臂前外侧人路钢板内固定治疗肱骨中下段骨折的临床疗效。方法自2006年10月至2012年03月采用改良上臂前外侧入路钢板内固定治疗肱骨中下段骨折172例,其中男117例,女55例;年龄17～65岁,平均38．3岁。新鲜骨折157例,陈旧性骨折15例;闭合性骨折146例,开放性骨折26例。结果本组病例随访1～6年（平均3．9年）,根据HSS肘关节和Neer肩关节评分标准评定疗效,优139例,良26例,差7例,优良率95．9％。本组病例切口均一期愈合,未出现医源性桡神经损伤、内固定失败、骨折不愈合、骨化性肌炎等并发症。结论改良上臂前外侧人路钢板内固定治疗肱骨中下段骨折,不需常规游离暴露长段桡神经,钢板与桡神经有软组织相隔,避免医源性桡神经损伤,钢板放置与骨面贴合,避免钢板扭转塑形,复位满意,固定牢靠,术后并发症少,恢复快,疗效确切。     

Lateral Subcutaneous Locking Compression Plate and Small Incision Reduction for Distal‐third Diaphyseal Humerus Fractures

Objective

Iatrogenic radial nerve injury is a great challenge for orthopaedic surgeons who deal with distal‐third diaphyseal humerus fractures. Conventional open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) remains the gold standard, but complications such as nonunion and iatrogenic radial nerve injury still occur. We fixed the fractures with a lateral locking compression plate (LCP) subcutaneously after small incision reduction to protect the radial nerve. This study reports the clinical and radiographic outcomes of our modified method.

Methods

Thirty‐eight patients with distal‐third diaphyseal humerus fractures were treated with lateral subcutaneous LCP and small incision reduction at our department between September 2013 and August 2016. There were 33 males and 5 females, with an average age of 30.3 years (range, 17 to 49 years). All the cases were types A or B (AO/OTA classification, type A, 24 cases; type B, 14 cases). Among them, 6 cases were combined with preoperative radial nerve palsy. All patients were diagnosed with closed humeral fractures after X‐ray examination, and had typical upper limb pain, swelling, and movement disorders. The operations were performed by a single surgeons’ team. Union time, range of motion (ROM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder rating scale, and Mayo Elbow Performance Index (MEPI) scores were assessed to evaluate the postoperative results.

Results

All patients were followed up for an average of 11.4 months (range, 3 to 36 months). The average operation time was 75.5 min (range, 60 to 150 min) and average intraoperative radiation exposure was 10.5 s (range, 8 to 18 s). Bony union was achieved in all cases after an average of 16.2 weeks (range, 12 to 25 weeks). No complications such as infection or screw and plate fracture occurred, and no iatrogenic radial nerve injury was observed. According to the UCLA shoulder rating scale, the average score was 33.7 (range, 31 to 35), with 33 excellent (86.8%) and 5 good cases (13.2%). They were all excellent according to their MEPI scores (ranging, 94 to 100, with an average of 97.4). The average operation time for secondary removal of the plate was 15.2 min (range, 10 to 20 min), and no complications such as infection or secondary radial nerve injury occurred.

Conclusions

Lateral subcutaneous LCP and small incision reduction may reduce the risk of iatrogenic radial nerve injury significantly in the treatment of distal‐third diaphyseal humerus fractures. It also leads to solid fixation, good postoperative function, and convenient removal of the plate without injuring the radial nerve.     

Unilateral external fixator in the treatment of lower third humeral shaft fractures

Lowerthirdhumeralshaftfracturesareoftenmanifestedbyoblique,spiralorcomminutedfractureswithahighincidenceofcomplicatingradialnerveinjury.Thispartofhumerusisirregularanatomicallyandneartheelbowjoint.Soitisdifficult toselectproperinternalfixationinstrumentswhile exploringradialnervethroughanterolateralapproach,whichaddsdifficultyinthetreatmentofthiskindof fractures.Inrecent6yearsweusedunilateralexternal fixatorstotreatsuchkindoffracturesinourdepartment andsatisfactoryresultswereachieved.METHOD…     

带锁髓内钉治疗新鲜四肢长骨干骨折1224例疗效分析

目的总结带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干、股骨干、股骨髁上、胫骨干和转子间骨折的疗效。方法自1996年10月至2004年6月间使用带锁髓内钉治疗的有完整资料的新鲜四肢骨折1224例,男778例,女446例;平均年龄39岁(16￣92岁)。骨折位于肱骨干92例,股骨转子间210例,股骨干488例,股骨髁上92例,胫骨342例。闭合骨折按AO分型:A型642例;B型364例;C型218例。开放骨折15例(GustiloⅠ型8例,GustiloⅡ型7例)。受伤至手术时间平均为8d(3h￣33d)。闭合复位1203例,切开复位23例;扩髓409例,非扩髓815例。结果平均随访时间为24个月(6￣70个月)。1204例骨折愈合,愈合率为98.2%,平均愈合时间为5个月(3￣12个月)。骨折不愈合22例,其中肱骨4例,股骨8例,股骨髁上4例,胫骨6例,总不愈合率为1.8%。术后无急性感染发生,3例发生晚期深部感染,总感染率为0.2%。术中16例发生严重骨折劈裂,4例为肱骨逆行髓内钉固定,4例Gamma钉固定,9例为股骨逆行髓内钉固定,占1.3%。6例发生医原性神经损伤,占0.4%。股骨髓内钉主钉断裂1例,锁钉断裂9例(0.6%)。晚期髓内钉末端骨折3例,占0.2%。53例主诉髓内钉尾端部位不适,占4.3%。结论闭合复位带锁髓内钉治疗骨干骨折在骨折愈合率、感染率、出血量、功能恢复情况和早期活动方面均较满意,是治疗骨干骨折较好的方法,但     

Posteromedial approach to the distal humerus for fracture fixation

The authors report their experience with the posteromedial surgical approach of the humeral shaft for internal fixation of fractures by plating. Sixteen patients were treated for humeral shaft fractures (14 for recent fractures and two for nonunion) below the mid-diaphysis, all without injury of the radial nerve. Patients were operated in the prone position. Plate and screw fixation on the medial side was used in all cases. Fourteen fractures healed without delay, and two after revision with bone grafting. There were no surgical complications. The posteromedial approach allows the surgeon to avoid dissection of the radial nerve, and is an interesting alternative to lateral approaches especially in cases of re-operation or nonunion. Preoperative lesion of the radial nerve is however a relative contraindication to selecting this posteromedial approach, as it does not give access to the radial nerve.     

TriGen肱骨钉治疗肱骨干骨折的临床应用

目的探讨TriGen肱骨钉治疗肱骨干骨折的疗效。方法采用顺行TriGen肱骨钉治疗新鲜闭合肱骨干骨折患者24例。结果患者均获随访,时间4～18个月,骨折均愈合。肩关节功能按Neer评分标准进行评价:优20例,良3例,可1例。优良率为95.8%(23/24)。无桡神经损伤、切口感染及骨不连发生。结论TriGen肱骨钉治疗肱骨干骨折,能提供足够的稳定性,可早期功能锻炼,近期临床疗效满意,尤其适合粉碎性或骨质较差的肱骨干骨折。     

Five years' clinical experience with the unreamed humeral nail in the treatment of humeral shaft fractures

With the development of interlocking nail systems especially designed for the upper arm, standards for the operative treatment of humeral shaft fractures have appeared to change. The trumpet-like shape of the medullary cavity does not allow stable splinting with a nail alone, and therefore the bone--nail complex is commonly stabilized with interlocking bolts. Between June 1996 and June 2001, 51 fractures of the humeral shaft were treated operatively at the BG Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen with the unreamed humeral nail (UHN; Synthes). All nails were inserted by the retrograde technique. Ninety-five percent of the patients showed excellent or good shoulder function at follow-up examinations. For elbow function, 91.4% of the patients showed excellent or good results. Three out of four patients with poor elbow function had suffered from an additional injury to the brachial plexus; one patient developed heterotopic ossification. Intraoperative complications were: one iatrogenic lesion of the radial nerve, two intraoperative shaft fractures, one split at the insertion point, and one supracondylar fracture. As implants we used 7.5 mm nails in 36 cases and 6.7 mm nails in 15 cases. Among the 47 patients undergoing follow-up examinations, we found two cases of non-union. All patients were pain-free. Thirty-seven patients were very satisfied, six satisfied and four dissatisfied with the therapy. Decisive criteria for the use of a new implant are a high safety standard and simple reproducibility; these appear to be fulfilled by retrograde nailing of humeral fractures with the UHN. Interlocking nailing with the UHN enriches the range of therapeutic options for humeral shaft fractures.