大鼠脂肪干细胞体外诱导为光感受器细胞和视网膜色素上皮细胞

目的 探讨大鼠的脂肪干细胞（ADSCs）体外诱导为光感受器细胞和视网膜色素上皮（RPE）细胞的方法。方法 经贴壁筛选法连续传代纯化细胞,流式细胞仪检测CD45、CD90、CD49d、CD106鉴定ADSCs。用EGF、激活素A、牛磺酸、视黄酸和视网膜细胞提取液单独诱导ADSCs;用EGF＋牛磺酸、EGF＋视黄酸、牛磺酸＋视黄酸、EGF＋牛磺酸＋视黄酸联合诱导,免疫荧光法和流式细胞仪检测细胞的视紫红质、CK和S-100的表达。结果 原代ADSCs,CD45阳性率是1.6%,CD90是71.3%,CD49d是7.8%,CD106是3.5%。从传1代至传5代,CD45阳性率是0.8%~9.3%,CD90是84.7%~94.8%,CD49d是16.8%~31.0%,CD106是3.5%。各代ADSCs中,CD49d的阳性率均高于CD106。ADSCs的视紫红质的诱导效应是17.5%～46.0%,CK的诱导效应是19.7%～79.3%,S-100的诱导效应是27.3%～50.7%。结论ADSCs具有向光感受器细胞和RPE细胞分化的潜能。     

同型半胱氨酸诱导基因在正常和畸形人胚心脏中的表达

目的 研究同型半胱氨酸诱导基因(HCY-2)在发育不同时期的正常人胚和畸形人胚心脏中的表达,揭示HCY-2表达蛋白在人胚心肌细胞发育和分化中的作用。方法 取正常和先天性畸形人胚心脏,采用免疫组织化学及图像分析技术对心脏内HCY-2表达变化进行定量测定分析。结果 HCY-2在人胚心脏发育整个时期均表达,其表达部位主要在心肌纤维内;先天性畸形人胚心脏中的HCY-2表达增强。结论 HCY-2表达蛋白通过影响心肌细胞的增殖而影响人胚心脏发育过程,其表达异常与先天性畸形的发生密切相关。     

人羊膜上皮细胞的诱导分化

目的:建立体外培养及标记人羊膜上皮细胞(HAECs)的方法并应用原子力显微镜(AFM)从细胞形貌变化上探讨人羊膜上皮细胞向角膜上皮细胞转分化的可视性研究。方法:取足月产人羊膜,采用酶消化法获得HAECs进行原代和传代培养,对培养的细胞进行形态学观察和鉴定;HAECs与兔角膜基质细胞共培养2周,采用CK3+12免疫荧光细胞化学染色鉴定诱导后的细胞;应用AFM分别对共培养前后的人羊膜上皮细胞的表面超微结构进行观察,并与人角膜上皮细胞(HCECs)对比,分析细胞形貌的变化。结果:HAECs体外培养呈铺路石样外观,核/质比率小,连接成片。细胞形态为多角形,角蛋白keratin表达阳性,不表达CK3+12;免疫荧光显示共培养2周的HAECs表达CK3+12;AFM观察,共培养2周后HAECs细胞核中央由山谷样外观转变成类似HCECs的山峰样外观。结论:HAECs可成功进行原代和传代培养,在兔角膜基质细胞诱导培养条件下可向角膜上皮细胞转分化。     

早期人胚胎视网膜色素上皮细胞的体外培养及生物学特性

目的探索早期人胚视网膜色素上皮(RPE)细胞体外培养以获得高纯度的RPE细胞的方法,并进一步研究其生物学特性。方法取意外流产4h以内人胚(6～10周)眼球,通过混合酶消化法获取RPE细胞。用F12培养液体外培养并作细胞形态学、S-100和Keratin免疫组织化学鉴定;通过Trizol一步法提取总RNA,逆转录聚合酶反应(RT-PCR)分析体外培养RPE细胞酪氨酸酶基因的表达。结果用F12培养液可获得纯度高、活性好的人胚RPE细胞;体外培养的RPE细胞不表达酪氨酸酶基因。结论早期人胚RPE细胞具有在体RPE细胞的部分特征;体外培养的RPE细胞未检测到酪氨酸酶RNA表达,故随着细胞分裂增殖,色素颗粒逐渐减少,提示体内外RPE细胞在功能上存在某些差异。     

持续性和波动性高糖培养对人视网膜色素上皮细胞炎性因子表达的影响

目的:观察波动性和持续性高糖对人视网膜色素上皮细胞(HRPE)炎性因子表达的影响。方法:取常规培养对数期HRPE(2×10~5/ml)接种于24孔板,无血清DMEM培养至细胞同步于G_0/G_1期,加入条件培养液继续培养,并据此分组:(1)低浓度葡萄糖(5.5mmol/L)培养对照组(N组);(2)不同渗透压对照培养组(P组),包括25mmol/L渗透压对照组(P_1组,即用5.5mmol/L葡萄糖和19.5mmol/L甘露醇培养)和33mmol/L渗透压对照组(P_2组,即用5.5mmol/L葡萄糖和27.5mmol/L甘露醇培养);(3)持续性高浓度葡萄糖培养组(H组),包括25mmol/L持续高糖培养(H_1组)和33mmol/L持续高糖培养(H_2组)。(4)波动性高浓度葡萄糖培养(F组),包括25/5.5mmol/L葡萄糖交替培养(F_1组,即高糖3h,低糖2h,轮替交换,日间交换3次,25mmol/L葡萄糖过夜)和33/5.5mmol/L葡萄糖交替培养(F_2组,即高糖3h,低糖2h,轮替交换,日间交换3次,33mmol/L葡萄糖过夜)。各组均培养72h,并于培养24h、48h、72h检测分析HRPE培养上清液中细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量变化。结果:组内比较,同组HRPE条件培养24h、48h、72h,其上清液ICAM-1、TNF-α表达量差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。组间比较,P组ICAM-1和TNF-α水平与N组无明显差异(P0.05),H组和F组均高于N组(P0.01),F组较H组升高更显著(P0.01),P_1和P_2、H_1和H_2、F_1和F_2各两亚组间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:波动性高浓度葡萄糖刺激对HRPE的炎性损伤较持续性高糖更为明显,对糖尿病视网膜危害更大。     

小环肽C*HSDGIC*对中波紫外线诱导的视网膜色素人上皮细胞凋亡的影响

摘要目的:探讨垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽(PACAP)的衍生物小环肽C^*HSDGIC^*(CHC)对中波紫外线(UVB)诱导的人视网膜色素上皮(RPE)细胞凋亡的影响。方法:Westernblotting检测人RPE细胞PACAP1型受体(PAC1受体)表达;RPE细胞接受0.2J/cm²UVB照射,随后实验组给予含不同浓度CHC的无血清培养基培养,对照组给予无血清培养基培养;CCK-8法检测CHC对RPE细胞活性的影响;流式细胞术Annexin-V/PI双染检测RPE细胞凋亡情况,JC-1染色检测线粒体膜电位。结果:Westernblotting显示RPE细胞表达PAC1受体,CCK-8法显示CHC促细胞活性的最佳浓度为100μmol/L,细胞活性比对照组增加(34.23±3.39)%(P<0.05),抗凋亡最佳浓度也为100μmol/L,细胞活性比对照组增加(20.10±1.48)%(P<0.05)。流式细胞仪分析显示,100μmol/LCHC能使UVB照射后凋亡细胞比例下降(5.63±1.49)%,线粒体去极化细胞比例下降(5.2±0.5)%(P<0.05)。结论:人RPE细胞存在PAC1受体,小环肽C^*HSDGIC^*对人RPE细胞有促进活性和拮抗凋亡的作用。     

非集落样、分散的人诱导多能干细胞可分化为球型可移植的功能性视网膜色素上皮细胞

目的从人诱导多能干细胞（hiPSC）分化而来的视网膜色素上皮（RPE）细胞在治疗视网膜退行性疾病方面有很大的前景。本研究将探讨非集落样、分散的hiPSC分化为功能性RPE细胞（hiPSC-RPE细胞）的可能性,并提供一种基于细胞球的可选移植方法。方法通过RT-PCR、免疫荧光和流式细胞术分析鉴定hiPSC-RPE。通过荧光素渗漏实验、跨上皮电阻测定、原子力显微镜观察、光感受器外节段吞噬实验、冰冻切片、死/活细胞染色、衰老相关β-半乳糖苷酶（SA-β-Gal）染色和免疫组化实验评估hiPSC-RPE的体内和体外功能。结果hiPSC-RPE细胞阳性表达RPE细胞的生物标志物但不表达iPSC的生物标志物,例如CRALBP（97.4%）、EMMPRIN（93.8%）、Oct4（2.1%）和Sox2（2.0%）。hiPSC-RPE细胞表现出与RPE细胞一样的特性,包括屏障功能、吞噬活性和极性膜。hiPSC-RPE成球处理后细胞阳性表达nestin,并且SA-β-Gal染色减少（P<0.01）。hiPSC-RPE细胞球在脱细胞基质角膜上培养能形成单层。在碘酸钠诱导的RPE退化的青紫蓝兔视网膜下腔移植1个月,hiPSC-RPE细胞球能存活下来,并维持部分片状结构生长。结论非集落样、分散的hiPSC能有效分化为功能性RPE细胞,而且移植后的hiPSC-RPE细胞球能在RPE退化的青紫蓝兔视网膜下腔维持部分片状结构生长。本研究可能为未来治疗RPE退行性疾病提供一种可选的细胞球移植方法。     

洋葱总黄酮减轻过氧化氢诱导的视网膜色素上皮细胞氧化损伤

目的：探讨洋葱总黄酮(FO)对过氧化氢(H₂O₂)诱导的视网膜色素上皮细胞氧化损伤的影响。方法：将视网膜色素上皮ARPE-19细胞分成对照(control)组、H₂O₂组、低浓度FO(FO-L)+H₂O₂组、中浓度FO(FO-M)+H₂O₂组和高浓度FO(FO-H)+H₂O₂组。MTT法检测细胞活力,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。DCFH-DA荧光探针法检测细胞中活性氧簇(ROS)的水平,WST法检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,TBA法检测丙二醛(MDA)的含量,JC-1法检测细胞线粒体膜电位,Westernblot检测胞质中细胞色素C(Cyt-C)及细胞中cleavedcaspase-3和cleavedcaspase-9的蛋白水平。结果：H₂O₂降低ARPE-19细胞活力,升高细胞凋亡率和ROS水平,降低SOD活性,升高MDA含量,降低线粒体膜电位,升高胞质中CytC蛋白水平及细胞中cleavedcaspase-3和cleavedcaspase-9蛋白水平(P<0.05)。与H₂O₂组比较,FO-L+H₂O₂、FO-M+H₂O₂和FO-H+H₂O₂组的细胞活力逐渐升高,凋亡率逐渐降低,细胞中ROS水平逐渐降低,SOD活性逐渐升高,MDA含量逐渐降低,线粒体膜电位逐渐升高,胞质中CytC蛋白水平及细胞中cleavedcaspase-3和cleavedcaspase-9蛋白水平逐渐降低(P<0.05)。结论：洋葱总黄酮减轻H₂O₂诱导的视网膜色素上皮细胞氧化损伤。     

三七总皂苷对马兜铃酸I诱导的人肾小管上皮细胞转分化的影响

目的：探讨三七总皂苷（total saponins of panax notoginseng, PNS）对马兜铃酸I（aristolochic acid I,AAI）诱导的人肾小管上皮细胞株HK-2转分化的影响。方法：应用倒置相差显微镜观察HK-2细胞形态学变化；免疫组织化学方法检测α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-smooth muscle actin, α-SMA）的表达；ELISA法测定培养细胞上清液中转化生长因子-β1（transforming growth factor-β1, TGF-β1）的含量。结果：AA I诱导组HK-2细胞从原有典型的上皮细胞形态转变为长梭形肌成纤维细胞形态；胞浆内大量表达α-SMA，其积分光密度值增加（P<0.05）；细胞培养上清液中TGF-β1含量均增加，且呈时间依赖性（P<0.05）。不同剂量PNS治疗可减轻AA I诱导的细胞形态学改变，不同程度的抑制α-SMA的表达和TGF-β1的分泌，且呈剂量依赖性（P<0.05）。PNS对照组HK-2细胞形态学、α-SMA表达和TGF-β1分泌与空白对照组比较均无明显变化。结论：AA I可通过促进TGF-β1的分泌诱导肾小管上皮细胞转分化，促进细胞外基质α-SMA的合成；PNS可抑制AA I诱导的肾小管上皮细胞转分化作用，减少α-SMA的表达，该作用可能是通过抑制TGF-β1表达实现的。     

Reprogramming of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells under the Effect of bFGF In Vitro

Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine - We studied the effect of bFGF on human retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro In ARPE-19 cells, enhanced expression of KLF4 mRNA and reduced...     

Stem Cell Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium: The Role of Pigmentation as Maturation Marker and Gene Expression Profile Comparison with Human Endogenous Retinal Pigment Epithelium.

In age-related macular degeneration (AMD) the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) deteriorates, leading to photoreceptor decay and severe vision loss. New therapeutic strategies aim at RPE replacement by transplantation of pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived RPE. Several protocols to generate RPE have been developed where appearance of pigmentation is commonly used as indicator of RPE differentiation and maturation. It is, however, unclear how different pigmentation stages reflect developmental stages and functionality of PSC-derived RPE cells. We generated human embryonic stem cell-derived RPE (hESC-RPE) cells and investigated their gene expression profiles at early pigmentation (EP) and late pigmentation (LP) stages. In addition, we compared the hESC-RPE samples with human endogenous RPE. We used a common reference design microarray (44 K). Our analysis showed that maturing hESC-RPE, upon acquiring pigmentation, expresses markers specific for human RPE. Interestingly, our analysis revealed that EP and LP hESC-RPE do not differ much in gene expression. Our data further showed that pigmented hESC-RPE has a significant lower expression than human endogenous RPE in the visual cycle and oxidative stress pathways. In contrast, we observed a significantly higher expression of pathways related to the process adhesion-to-polarity model that is typical of developing epithelial cells. We conclude that, in vitro, the first appearance of pigmentation hallmarks differentiated RPE. However, further increase in pigmentation does not result in much significant gene expression changes and does not add important RPE functionalities. Consequently, our results suggest that the time span for obtaining differentiated hESC-RPE cells, that are suitable for transplantation, may be greatly reduced.     

Gene Expression Profiles and Retinal Potential of Stem/Progenitor Cells Derived from Human Iris and Ciliary Pigment Epithelium

The aim of our study was to isolate and characterize the properties of neurospheres and differentiated cellular progeny derived from iris and ciliary pigment epithelial (IPE and CPE) cells of human cadaveric eyes. In this study we investigated the gene expression profiles of the stem/progenitor cells and the differentiated progeny derived from IPE and CPE cells, as the changes underlying differentiation of the stem/progenitor derived from the IPE and CPE cells from human cadaveric eye are essentially unknown. The IPE and CPE cells from human cadaver eyes were cultured in the presence of mitogens to generate neurospheres (NS) and the growth characteristics were evaluated. The Neurospheres (NS) were plated under conditions inducing differentiation and their potential was analyzed by RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, calcium imaging studies and microarray studies to measure the changes involved in the process of differentiation. The IPE and CPE cells can generate NS containing progenitor cells in the presence of mitogens and were capable of producing different retinal cell types as demonstrated by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. The cluster analyses of the differentially expressed genes show the dynamic changes that occur during the course of IPE and CPE neurospheres differentiating into retinal progeny. The study gives clues towards the changes that occur during differentiation from NS into retinal progeny. In the present study we have demonstrated the expansion and maintenance of SCs from IPE and CPE of cadaveric eyes. These cells maintain their self-renewal properties and the ability to differentiate along retinal cell lineages and hence could be a practical source of donor cells for ex-vivo stem cell therapy during retinal degeneration.     

Expression of Multipotent and Retinal Markers in Pigment Epithelium of Adult Human in Vitro

Immunoperoxidase and molecular genetic analysis showed that retinal pigment epithelial cells from adult human eye undergo morphogenetic changes in vitro. They lose expression of tissue-specific protein RPE65 and start to express stem cell markers: Oct4 (POU5F1), Nanog, Prox1, Musashi 1, and Pax6, which indicates their differentiation. Expression of Musashi 1 and Pax6 attest to neural differentiation, which is also confirmed by the expression of βIII-tubulin, a neuroblast marker, and markers of differentiated neuronal cells, tyrosine hydroxylase and neurofilament proteins. These findings attest to the capacity of retinal pigment epithelium from adult human eye to transdifferentiation into neural lineage cells, which makes them an interesting object for cell therapy in neurodegeneration.     

Morphogenesis of the Spleen During the Human Embryonic Period

We aimed to observe morphological changes in the spleen from the emergence of the primordium to the end of the embryonic period using histological serial sections of 228 samples. Between Carnegie stages (CSs) 14 and 17, the spleen was usually recognized as a bulge in the dorsal mesogastrium (DM), and after CS 20, the spleen became apparent. Intrasplenic folds were observed later. A high‐density area was first recognized in 6 of the 58 cases at CS 16 and in all cases examined after CS 18. The spleen was recognized neither as a bulge nor as a high‐density area at CS 13. The mesothelium was pseudostratified until CS 16 and was replaced with high columnar cells and then with low columnar cells. The basement membrane was obvious after CS 17. The mesenchymal cells differentiated from cells in the DM, and sinus formation started at CS 20. Hematopoietic cells were detected after CS 18. The vessels were observed at CS 14 in the DM. Hilus formation was observed after CS 20. The parallel entries of the arteries and veins were observed at CS 23. The rate of increase in spleen length in relation to that of stomach length along the cranial‐caudal direction was 0.51 ± 0.11, which remained constant during CSs 19 and 23, indicating that their growths were similar. These data may help to better understand the development of normal human embryos and to detect abnormal embryos in the early stages of development. Anat Rec, 298:820–826, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Morphogenesis of Lateral Choroid Plexus During Human Embryonic Period

The morphological and histological changes of the choroid plexus (CP) during Carnegie stage (CS) 18 and CS23 were presented, based on magnetic resonance imaging data and histological serial section of human embryos from the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos. The primordium of the CP was initially detected as a small lump at CS19 that grew caudally, so that the CP became crescent shaped. It developed in all directions after CS21, as the dorsal and frontal growth also became prominent. The CP formed a number of undulating surfaces at CS20, irregular bulges at CS21, and then three large clusters with two deep fissures on the caudal surface at CS23. The mean volume of the CP was 0.282±0.141 mm³ at CS19; it reached 16.8±8.77 mm³ at CS23. Additionally, the histology was different depending on the regions of the CP at all stages after CS20. The epithelium and angioblasts in the center of the stroma were proliferated in the proximal region, whereas the epithelium was differentiated and lobulated in the distal region where the blood vascular system was organized. The histological differentiation was mapped on the CP reconstructed from histological serial sections. The data suggested the correlation between morphological information obtained from magnetic resonance data sets and distribution of the differentiation. With the help of morphological analysis and histological findings, we have been able to categorize each CP into specific stages. These findings will be useful in clinical evaluation of development during the embryonic period. Anat Rec, 296:692–700, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Defined Medium Conditions for the Induction and Expansion of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium

We demonstrate that a combination of Noggin, Dickkopf-1, Insulin Growth Factor 1 and basic Fibroblast Growth Factor, promotes the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. We describe an efficient one-step approach that allows the generation of RPE cells from both human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells within 40–60 days without the need for manual excision, floating aggregates or imbedded cysts. Compared to methods that rely on spontaneous differentiation, our protocol results in faster differentiation into RPE cells. This pro-retinal culture medium promotes the growth of functional RPE cells that exhibit key characteristics of the RPE including pigmentation, polygonal morphology, expression of mature RPE markers, electrophysiological membrane potential and the ability to phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments. This protocol can be adapted for feeder, feeder-free and serum-free conditions. This method thereby provides a rapid and simplified production of RPE cells for downstream applications such as disease modelling and drug screening.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In Vivo</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">in Vitro</Emphasis> Proliferative and Differentiation Activity of Human Embryonic Retinal Cells

Differentiation of human embryonic retinal cells (20–22 weeks’ gestation) was studied using morphological, immunohistochemical, and biomolecular approaches. The retina included several regions differing by the degree of cell differentiation. Mitoses were rarely found in the marginal zone. This zone contained low differentiated cells. The central retinal area consisted of typical layers with differentiated cells. Culturing was accompanied by the formation of aggregates and neurospheres, where mitoses and progenitor or differentiated cells expressing markers of photoreceptors, neurons, and glia were found.__________Translated from Kletochnye Tekhnologii v Biologii i Meditsine, No. 2, pp. 103–109, 2005