血栓调节蛋白在糖尿病微血管病变中的变化

目的探讨血浆血栓调节蛋白（ＴＭ）在糖尿病性肾病患者中的变化以了解其在微血管病变发病中的意义。方法检测５８例２型糖尿病患者血浆ＴＭ与内皮素（ＥＴ）的水平,并与３０例正常人进行比较。结果（１）糖尿病组血浆ＴＭ水平明显高于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．００１）,其中临床糖尿病肾病组血浆ＴＭ水平明显高于早期糖尿病肾病组（Ｐ＜０．００１）及尿白蛋白正常的糖尿病组（Ｐ＜０．０１）;（２）血浆ＴＭ水平与尿白蛋白排泄率、ＥＴ水平呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．５３９０和０．５６５０,Ｐ均＜０．００５）。结论血浆ＴＭ水平测定对２型糖尿病性肾病的早期诊断和病情分析有重要的临床价值。     

一氧化氮在糖尿产现性肾病中的变化及其临床意义

探讨一氧化氮在糖尿病性肾病中的变化规律及其与肾功能的关系。方法检测５４例糖尿病患者血清ＮＯ稳定代谢产物亚硝酸盐与血浆内皮素的水平，并与２０例正常人进行比较。结果正常白强白尿微量白蛋白尿糖病患者血清ＮＯ均显著高于正常２ 和大量白蛋白尿患者，ＮＯ与病程、和因清尿素氮。     

伊贝沙坦治疗早期糖尿病肾病的临床研究

63例早期糖尿病肾病患者,随机分为对照组和伊贝沙坦组。治疗12周,伊贝沙坦组HbA1c、尿白蛋白排泄率、尿β2微球蛋白、血清一氧化氮和血浆内皮素1水平均有明显下降,提示伊贝沙坦可延缓糖尿病患者肾功能损害。     

氯沙坦联合阿魏酸钠治疗早期糖尿病肾病的临床研究

目的探讨氯沙坦和阿魏酸钠对糖尿病肾病患者血内皮素、血管紧张素Ⅱ及尿内皮素水平影响和临床疗效。方法39例2型早期糖尿病肾病患者随机分为氯沙坦治疗组(19例)和氯沙坦 阿魏酸钠治疗组(20例),正常对照组7例。治疗前后检测两治疗组患者血内皮素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、尿内皮素、24h尿白蛋白定量。结果治疗4w后,氯沙坦治疗组血、尿内皮素水平比治疗前降低(P<0.01),血AngⅡ变化不大。氯沙坦 阿魏酸钠治疗组血内皮素、AngⅡ水平,尿内皮素水平比治疗前降低(P<0.01),治疗后两组各指标变化差异有显著意义(P<0.01)。结论氯沙坦 阿魏酸钠治疗糖尿病肾病能降低糖尿病肾病患者血尿内皮素水平、血AngⅡ水平,起到保护肾脏的作用。     

舒血宁治疗糖尿病肾病的观察与护理

目的:探讨舒血宁治疗糖尿病肾病的效果及护理方法。方法:测定40例糖尿病肾病患者治疗前及应用舒血宁治疗后血浆内皮素(ET)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、一氧化氮(NO)、肾上腺髓质素(ADM)水平及尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)变化。结果:糖尿病肾病组ET、AngⅡ、ADM水平明显高于对照组,ET、ADM明显高于糖尿病无肾病组(P均<0.01)。应用舒血宁治疗后糖尿病肾病患者血浆ET、AngⅡ、ADM水平明显降低,NO水平明显升高,UAER明显降低(P均<0.01)。结论:早期采用全面的护理干预,应用舒血宁可显著改善糖尿病肾病患者的病情。     

一氧化氮在糖尿病性肾病中的变化及其临床意义

目的探讨一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在糖尿病性肾病（ＤＮ）中的变化规律及其与肾功能的关系。方法检测５４例糖尿病（ＤＭ）患者血清ＮＯ稳定代谢产物亚硝酸盐（ＮＯ２）与血浆内皮素（内皮缩血管肽，ＥＴ）的水平，并与２０例正常人进行比较。结果正常白蛋白尿和微量白蛋白尿糖尿病患者血清ＮＯ均显著高于正常人和大量白蛋白尿患者（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＮＯ与病程、血清尿素氮、血肌酐、血浆ＥＴ水平呈负相关，与肾小球滤过率呈正相关。结论提示ＤＭ早期高ＮＯ生成与肾小球高滤过有关，晚期低下的ＮＯ水平可能促进ＤＮ发展；ＮＯ与ＥＴ之间可能存在互相制约、动态平衡的关系，平衡紊乱与ＤＮ的发生、发展有关     

2型糖尿病患者C-反应蛋白与尿微量白蛋白的关系研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者血清C-反应蛋白（CRP）浓度的变化,分析CRP与糖尿病肾病的关系。方法该院选取2013年1月—2014年1月收治的正常对照组40例和2型糖尿病患者130例,根据尿白蛋白排泄率将糖尿病患者分为正常白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组,测定血肌酐、CRP。结果 2型糖尿病患者CRP、血肌酐浓度明显高于正常对照组（P〈0.05）;24 h尿微量白蛋白阳性的2型糖尿病患者的CRP及血肌酐明显高于24 h尿微量白蛋白阴性的2型糖尿病患者（P〈0.01）,糖尿病患者的CRP与尿微量白蛋白呈显著正相关（P〈0.01）。结论糖尿病组的CRP水平与尿微量白蛋白呈显著正相关,表明糖尿病肾病可能与炎性反应过程有关。     

糖尿病患者尿内皮素排量变化及其临床意义

目的　为研究尿内皮素（ Ｕ Ｅ Ｔ） 与糖尿病肾损害的可能关系和作用。方法　以放免法直接检测５２ 例正常人、３０ 例糖尿病、２８ 例早期糖尿病肾病和２５ 例糖尿病肾病患者 Ｕ Ｅ Ｔ 排量。结果各疾病组 Ｕ Ｅ Ｔ 排量显著高于正常人组（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） 。糖尿病组尿白蛋白排泄率＜ ２０μｇ／ ｍｉｎ 时， Ｕ Ｅ Ｔ排量已显著增高。 Ｕ Ｅ Ｔ 与尿β２ 微球蛋白排量显著性正相关（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） ，与血浆内皮素水平、内生肌酐清除率无相关。结论　糖尿病患者 Ｕ Ｅ Ｔ 水平随糖尿病肾病的严重程度而明显增高。 Ｕ Ｅ Ｔ 排量增高可作为糖尿病早期肾损害的敏感指标。     

早期糖尿病肾病患者血浆内皮素、心钠素、血管紧张素Ⅱ的变化及意义

应用放免法测定了１７例正常白蛋白尿期及３１例微量白蛋白尿期的糖尿病患者血浆中内皮素、心钠素及血管紧张素Ⅱ的水平，结果显示三者在微量白蛋白尿组明显高于正常白蛋白尿组（Ｐ＜００１）。提示内皮素－１、心钠素及血管紧张素Ⅱ可能参与了糖尿病肾病的发生发展；在糖尿病肾病的早期可能存在多种血管活性物质浓度的改变。     

高血压患者血浆内皮素水平及开搏通对其影响

本文报道用放射免疫法测定２０例正常人及６０例原发性与肾性高血压患者血浆内皮素水平，结果显示所有患者血浆内皮素水平较正常人明显增高，伴有肾功能损害患者较无损害的高血压患者血浆内皮素水平升高有明显差异，内皮素与高血压升高程度无明显关系，与血肌酐水平呈中度相关。开搏通治疗后可使内皮素水平降低。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.