乳腺癌根治术后皮下积液16例诊治体会

目前乳腺癌多以根治术为主,辅以化学药物、放射治疗和激素治疗.根治术要求分离皮瓣上至锁骨,内侧至胸骨,外侧至背阔肌前缘,下至腹直肌前鞘.创面较大,皮肤缝合后皮下为一潜在腔隙,皮下积液是乳腺癌根治术后最常见的并发症,国内报道112例其发生率为11.11%[1],国外文献报道乳腺癌根治术后皮下积液率高达35%[2].从2004年3月-2007年11月本院乳腺癌病人行乳腺癌根治术后皮下积液16例,现报告如下.     

静脉留置针接注射器持续负压引流治疗乳腺癌术后皮下积液的疗效观察

目的探讨治疗乳腺癌术后皮下积液的新方法。方法将2007年1月—2011年12月我院乳腺癌术后拔除引流管后发生皮下积液的100例患者随机分为实验组和对照组各50例,实验组采用积液腔内置入静脉留置针接注射器持续负压引流的方法,对照组用注射器穿刺抽吸积液,然后用弹力绷带加压包扎。结果实验组第一次抽积液量较对照组多,但换药次数和治愈时间明显少于对照组,病人自觉不适的症状也明显少于对照组。结论应用静脉留置针接注射器持续负压引流的方法治疗乳腺癌术后皮下积液效果好,操作简单、病人痛苦小、经济实用。     

高负压引流系统在乳腺癌改良根治术中的应用

 目的 探索高负压引流系统在乳腺癌改良根治术中的应用。方法 选择2013-01至2015-12行乳腺癌改良根治术的64例(女性),随机分为观察组和对照组,每组32例。观察组应用伤口高负压引流系统及附件引流,外用康复新液换药;对照组将2条多侧孔橡胶引流管置于肋弓及腋窝处接普通负压吸引罐引流,常规换药。观察两组的切口引流情况、并发症情况、切口愈合情况及相关费用。结果 观察组24 h内平均引流量为(111.09±16.78)ml,多于对照组的(103.13±9.16)ml;观察组的总引流量为(215.78±44.55)ml,少于对照组的(236.72±35.61)ml,观察组与对照组引流情况相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组术后并发症少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组皮瓣坏死程度差异无统计学意义(Z＝-0.062,P＝0.951);观察组拆线时间、换药次数、切口愈合等级与对照组相比,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 采用康复新液配合高负压引流系统在乳腺癌改良根治术中的应用效果较好,并发症明显减少,病程缩短,未明显增加费用,是一种有效的乳腺癌术后引流方法。     

恶性胸腔积液引流管堵塞或引流不畅的影响因素

 目的 探讨恶性胸腔积液(malignant pleural effusion,MPE)置管引流堵管或引流不畅的相关因素。方法 选取2015-11至2017-12行MPE置管引流患者161例,统计患者性别、年龄、置管时间、胸腔积液状态、导管情况等信息,分析MPE置管引流堵管或引流不畅相关危险因素。结果 161例共发生32例引流管堵塞或引流不畅,不同性别、年龄、BMI、原发病、合并症、抗凝药物及靶向药物使用情况、胸腔注药患者间置管引流堵管或引流不畅发生率间无统计学差异(P>0.05),置管时间较长、管口上抬高出液面、积液内含纤维素膜及血块、血小板计数异常、胸水蛋白阳性患者,置管引流堵管或引流不畅发生率较高(P<0.05);Logistic回归分析表明,管口上抬高出液面(OR 2.578,95% CI 1.357~4.846)、积液内含纤维素膜及血块(OR 3.218,95% CI 1.651~10.056)、封管方法(OR 1.689,95% CI 1.427~4.297)为MPE置管引流堵管或引流不畅发生的重要危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 MPE置管引流发生引流管堵塞的主要危险因素包括管口上抬高出液面、积液内含纤维素膜及血块、封管方法,临床可参照上述危险因素采取干预措施。     

乳腺癌术后持续负压引流的护理

目前手术是治疗乳腺癌的主要手段,乳腺癌手术后常见如下并发症之一皮下积液是因皮瓣活动遗留空腔、皮下渗液引流不畅所致。应采用创面持续负压引流及皮瓣良好的固定来防止。正确应用引流也可以减少感染的发生和扩散,有利于切口愈合。60例乳腺癌患者术后放置了负压引流,疗效较好,现报告如下。1临床资料60例,36-72岁,平均45岁,均行手术治疗,根治术8例,扩大根治术10例,改良根治术42例,术后腋下及胸壁置直径0.6-0.7cm(对折宽为0.9-1cm)YL150/200B型分体硅胶管,接中心负压0.04-0.08Mpa,容量1000ml的负压引流袋引流。术后第一个24h引流量150-300…     

中药熏洗联合徒手淋巴引流对乳腺癌根治术后上肢水肿的影响

目的 对比分析中药熏洗联合徒手淋巴引流与单纯徒手淋巴引流对乳腺癌根治术后上肢水肿的治疗效果。方法 选取2017年9月至2019年9月南阳市第一人民医院蒲山医院收治的123例女性乳腺癌根治术后上肢水肿患者作为研究对象,并按照随机数表法将其随机分为观察组62例与对照组61例,观察组患者采用中药熏洗联合徒手淋巴引流治疗,对照组患者单纯采用徒手淋巴引流治疗,对比两组患者消肿效果、臂肩手障碍调查表（DASH）及欧洲癌症研究与治疗组织生活质量量表（EORTC QLQ-C30）评分改善情况。结果 治疗4周后,观察组患者消肿效果明显优于对照组（Z=-2.525,P=0.012）,DASH及EORTC QLQ-C30评分均明显低于对照组（t=10.020、7.911,P均＜0.001）。结论 与单纯应用徒手淋巴引流相比,中药熏洗联合徒手淋巴引流能够更好地促进乳腺癌根治术后上肢水肿的消退及上肢功能的恢复,提高患者生活质量,临床应用价值较高     

皮瓣铆钉缝合与腋窝成型加粗大引流管在乳腺癌改良根治术中的应用

目的：评价皮瓣铆钉缝合加粗大引流管持续负压吸引预防乳腺癌改良根治术后皮下积液与皮瓣坏死的效果。方法：乳腺癌改良根治术后应用皮瓣铆钉缝合加腋下置粗大引流管178例,观察皮下积液与皮瓣坏死的发生率,并与前期150例乳腺癌改良根治术后常规缝合加压包扎的皮下积液和皮瓣坏死的发生率相比较。结果：应用皮瓣铆钉缝合加粗大引流管负压吸引的178例患者皮下积液发生率2．81％,皮瓣坏死发生率6．17％;常规缝合的150例皮下积液发生率10．67％,皮瓣坏死发生率22．67％,两组的皮下积液和皮瓣坏死发生率差异显著（P〈0．01）。结论：皮瓣铆钉缝合加粗大引流管持续负压吸引可有效预防乳腺癌改良根治术后皮下积液和皮瓣坏死的发生。     

皮瓣多点缝合防治乳腺癌术后并发症的临床研究

目的探讨在乳腺癌改良根治术中加用腋窝及胸壁与皮瓣缝合减少皮下积液的临床效果。方法将96例行乳腺癌改良根治术患者随机分为两组,治疗组行腋窝、胸壁与皮瓣缝合,对照组采用传统缝合方法。对比观察两组术后每天的引流量、皮下积液发生率、皮瓣坏死率等指标。结果术后两组引流量、皮下积液发生率的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;术后两组皮瓣坏死率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论乳腺癌改良根治术中采用皮瓣多点缝合可明显减少术后引流量及皮下积液发生率。     

改良中心静脉导管穿刺留置引流心包积液31例

1998年5月～2005年11月,我们在超声引导下采用Seldinger技术,应用改良中心静脉导管装置对中等量和大量心包积液31例进行心包穿刺置管引流,疗效满意。现报告如下。     

乳腺癌术后放疗与全身系统治疗的顺序选择

乳腺癌术后辅助治疗的作用是毋庸置疑的,合理布局术后放疗与辅助系统治疗既可以降低局部区域复发率,又可以提高患者生存率。部分系统治疗与放疗的最佳时序已经证实,但仍有方案需要进一步明确。特别是新辅助化疗者术后巩固化疗与术后放疗同步治疗的安全性、HER-2阳性患者术后双靶治疗与术后放疗同步治疗的安全性、小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂同步放疗的安全性等有待于进一步明确。本文对乳腺癌术后放疗与术后辅助系统治疗的顺序选择相关文献进行了综述。     

Magnetic resonance imaging of breast vascularity in medial versus lateral breast cancer

Objective

Breasts with malignant tumors can demonstrate a general increased vascularity compared to the contralateral breast and a prominent blood vessel adjacent to the tumor on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The aim of the study was to further characterize these alterations in blood supply by location of the tumor within the breast using MRI.

Materials and methods

The study group included 105 patients who underwent breast MRI for suspicion of a malignancy over a 2-year period. Fifty-one had pathologically verified malignant tumors (study group), 11 had pathologically verified benign lesions (control), and 43 had negative scans (control). The malignant lesions were distinguished by location, medial or lateral, within the breast. Origin of the vascular supply and vessel diameter was recorded in a blinded manner. When available, MRI scans performed 2 years after treatment were reviewed as well.

Results

Of the 24 medial malignant tumors, 21 (87%) had a predominantly medial vascular supply and 3 (13%), a predominantly lateral supply; of the 23 lateral tumors, 11 (48%) had a predominantly medial vascular supply and 8 (35%), a predominantly lateral supply (p = 0.03). In 4 cases, no dominant vessel was noted. Maximum vessel diameter was 3.6 ± 1.1 mm in the patients with malignancy and 2.6 ± 0.8 mm in the controls (p < 0.0005). General increased vascularity was demonstrated in 91% of the medial tumor subgroup and 83% of the lateral tumor subgroup, as opposed to 36-37% in the control groups (p < 0.0005). Follow-up MRI, performed in 8 patients in the malignant-tumor group after treatment, revealed a considerable decrease in the prominent vessels, to a size close to that of the controls.

Conclusion

Breasts with malignant tumors are characterized by an altered general vascular supply, a prominent feeding vessel, and increased regional vascularity. Both the presence and location of the tumor affect the vascular supply. The vascular change apparently diminishes after treatment, although this finding requires further investigation in a larger sample.     

高频X线钼靶摄影对乳腺病变的诊断价值

目的探讨乳腺钼靶摄影在乳腺癌诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析经手术、病理证实,资料较完整的46例乳腺癌的钼靶X线表现。结果46例乳腺癌X线表现直接显示肿块35例,占76．09％;钙化24例,占52．17％;局限性致密及结构紊乱5例,占10．87％;大导管相6例,占13．04％;乳头内陷8例,占17．39％;异常血管7例,占15．23％。结论乳腺钼靶摄影在乳腺癌的诊断中具有很较高的应用价值。     

Plesiobrachytherapy for chest wall recurrences of breast cancer after mastectomy and radiotherapy for breast cancer

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to evaluate the results of high-dose-rate plesiobrachytherapy for local relapse after mastectomy and radiotherapy in terms of both local control and survival.MethodsWe reviewed retrospectively 43 patients who experienced a chest wall relapse of breast cancer after local excision (22 patients) or not (21 patients). Patients were treated with an individually designed mold with four to six fractions of 3–6 Gy high-dose-rate brachytherapy, two fractions per week. Mean total dose was 24 Gy.ResultsAfter surgical resection, the 3- and 5-year local control rates were 80% and 73%, respectively. For nonresectable patients, the overall response rate was 86%, and the 3-year infield local control and chest wall local control were 51% and 26%, respectively. The 5-year survival rate was 50.5% for the whole population, 62% after surgery, and 45.4% for irresectable patients. Acute Grade 2 or 3 toxicity occurred in 43% of the patients, resolving in a few days. Two patients had a local necrosis lasting 3 to 7 months. Late toxicity was observed in 5 patients.ConclusionsHigh-dose-rate plesiobrachytherapy is a simple outpatient technique to treat chest wall local relapse of breast cancer. As a reirradiation technique, its tolerance is acceptable. This technique may obtain long-term local control after incomplete surgery; in case of nonresectable disease, a high response rate was observed, which might improve the quality of life of these patients.     

乳腺癌59例临床病理特征与预后分析

目的分析59例乳腺癌患者临床病理因素的预后价值。方法收集自2000年1月~2008年1月本科收治的、经病理证实的59例乳腺癌患者的病史资料,分析年龄、肿瘤大小、腋窝淋巴结转移情况对乳腺癌预后的影响。结果患者的死亡率与肿瘤大小、腋窝淋巴结转移、年龄显著相关。结论肿瘤大小、腋窝淋巴结转移情况对乳腺癌是有价值的预后因素。     

三阴性与非三阴性乳腺癌的X线特征探讨

目的与非三阴性乳腺癌(non-TNBC)比较,探讨三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)的乳腺X线特征。方法根据ER、PR、HER2表达情况,将737个乳腺癌肿块分成TNBC组(n=112)和non-TNBC组(n=625),回顾性分析两组患者的X线图像及临床病理资料。结果 TNBC肿瘤组织学分级高,腋窝淋巴结转移率高于non-TNBC组(P0.05)。在钼靶X线中,TNBC主要表现肿块(69.7%),很少表现为肿块伴钙化(16.5%)、局限性非对称致密(4.6%)、单纯钙化(2.8%)和结构扭曲(6.4%);肿块形状多为圆形(30.9%)或椭圆形(38.3%),很少表现为不规则形(11.7%);肿块边缘多为清晰边缘(30.9%),毛刺肿块少见(19.1%)。non-TNBC通常表现为肿块伴钙化(43.5%),钙化多见(58.8%);肿块形态主要为分叶形(40.4%)和不规则形(28.9%),毛刺征多见(43.6%)。结论 TNBC有其独特的影像表现,更倾向于良性肿瘤的特点,了解其X线特征有助于提高TNBC的诊断水平。     

乳腺癌多基因检测及研究进展

2017年《中国肿瘤登记年报》显示,乳腺癌居我国女性恶性肿瘤发病率首位,每年新发病例约27.9万,并以每年2%左右的速度增长,可见乳腺癌已成为对我国女性健康威胁最大的恶性肿瘤。近年来,随着乳腺癌分子测序数据的不断丰富,基因检测技术在早期乳腺癌的预后判断和指导治疗方面具有重要的参考价值。目前,为了推动乳腺癌的综合治疗向“精准”与“个体化”进一步发展,人们对以Oncotype DX、MammaPrint、EndoPredict、Prosigna及Breast Cancer Index等为代表的多基因检测技术进行了广泛的研究。作者总结乳腺癌多基因检测技术的最新研究进展,为乳腺癌的诊治研究提供新的参考。     

Improved detection of breast cancer on FDG-PET cancer screening using breast positioning device

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the detection rate of breast cancer by positron emission tomography cancer screening using a breast positioning device. Methods Between January 2004 and January 2006, 1,498 healthy asymptomatic individuals underwent cancer screening by fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) at our institution; 660 of 1498 asymptomatic healthy women underwent breast PET imaging in the prone position using the breast positioning device to examine the mammary glands in addition to whole-body PET imaging. All subjects that showed abnormal ¹⁸F-FDG uptake in the mammary glands were referred for further examination or surgery at our institution or a local hospital. Our data were compared with the histopathological findings or findings of other imaging modalities in our institution and replies from the doctors at another hospital. Results Of the 660 participants, 7 (1.06%) were found to have breast cancers at a curable stage. All the seven cancers were detected by breast PET imaging, but only five of these were detected by whole-body PET imaging; the other two were detected by breast PET imaging using the breast positioning device. Conclusions In cancer screening, prone breast imaging using a positioning device may help to improve the detection rate of breast cancer. However, overall cancer including mammography and ultrasonography screening should be performed to investigate the false-negative cases and reduce false-positive cases. The effectiveness of prone breast PET imaging in cancer screening should be investigated using a much larger number of cases in the near future.     

深吸气屏气技术在左侧乳腺癌保乳术后放疗中的应用

目的 比较3种呼吸模式在左侧乳腺癌保乳术后全乳放疗中的剂量学差异,以探索能最大程度地减少靶区周围重要组织器官照射体积和剂量的呼吸模式。方法 前瞻性选取18例左侧早期乳腺癌保乳术后需行放疗的患者,采集自由呼吸（FB）、胸式深吸气屏气（T-DIBH）及腹式深吸气屏气（A-DIBH）3种呼吸模式下的CT图像,随后行适形放疗计划设计,比较3种呼吸模式下的剂量学参数,包括剂量-体积直方图、靶区平均剂量及靶区剂量均匀指数、危及器官平均剂量等。结果 3种呼吸模式下,计划靶区体积、计划靶区平均剂量及计划靶区剂量均匀指数等差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;FB、T-DIBH及A-DIBH3种模式下的危及器官受量在心脏D_mean分别为（3.21±1.02）、（1.74±0.51）及（1.31±0.41） Gy,差异有统计学意义（W=171,P<0.05）;冠状动脉左前降支（LAD）D_mean分别为（34.61±13.51）、（14.38±10.20）及（9.21±6.53） Gy,差异有统计学意义（W=171,P<0.05）;左侧肺D_mean分别为（8.31±2.75）、（7.46±1.96）及（6.89±1.79） Gy,差异有统计学意义（W=171,P<0.05）。结论 两种深吸气屏气技术（T-DIBH或A-DIBH）可显著降低心脏、LAD及左肺等危及器官的照射剂量,且不影响放疗靶区剂量;而A-DIBH比T-DIBH在降低各危及器官的照射剂量方面更具优势。     

基质金属蛋白酶-9在乳腺癌组织中的表达及生物学意义

目的研究基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）的表达及其与肿瘤临床病理参数之间的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学方法检测109例乳腺癌组织和60例乳腺良性肿瘤组织中的MMP-9的表达并对结果进行分析。结果①109例乳腺癌组织中MMP-9的表达率是40.4%（44/109）,明显高于良性乳腺肿瘤（0.0%）,两者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。②MMP-9的表达与病理分级以及临床分期密切相关,随肿瘤直径增大以及肿瘤分期的增加,MMP-9蛋白的阳性表达率也明显增加,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论MMP-9蛋白在乳腺癌组织中高表达与乳腺癌局部浸润及预后密切相关,可作为判断乳腺癌预后的重要指标。