慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期二氧化碳分压与D-二聚体的相关性研究

目的探讨COPD患者在急性加重期PaCO2和D-二聚体的相关性,为临床治疗提供科学依据和指导。方法选择2011年1月至2013年1月在鄂州市中心医院住院治疗的46例COPD急性加重期患者作为观察对象,设为观察组,测定治疗前后血浆D-二聚体、PaCO2水平;选择46例健康志愿者作为对照组,检测其血浆D-二聚体、PaCOz水平,比较两组血浆D-聚体、PaCO。水平。结果观察组治疗前D-二聚体、PaCO2水平分别为（353±220．8）μg／L、（64．7±16．2）mmHg,对照组D-二聚体、PaCO2水平分别为（73．6±21.1）μg／L、（40．3±4．5）mmHg,观察组均明显高于对照组,两组比较差异显著（P值均〈0．05）;观察组治疗后D-S聚体、PaCO2水平分别为（96．4±24．8）μg／L（46．3±7．4）mmHg,各项与对照组n二聚体（73．6±21．1）μg／L、PaCO。水平（40．3±4．5）mmHg差异无统计学意义（P值均〉0．05）。结论COPD急性加重期患者血浆D二聚体、PaCO2水平明显较健康人群高,因此在对COPD患者治疗过程中,要密切监测患者的血浆D-二聚体、PaCO2水平,以了解患者病情进展情况。     

肝硬化门静脉血栓患者血浆D-二聚体水平及其临床意义

目的探讨肝硬化门静脉血栓（PVT）患者血浆D-二聚体水平及其临床意义。方法在77例肝硬化患者中,PVT形成患者31例,无血栓形成患者46例,依据螺旋cT检查诊断PVT,采用乳胶凝集法检测血浆D-二聚体水平。结果血栓组和无血栓组患者血浆D-二聚体水平分别为1．2±0．5mg/l和0．6±0．4mg／l（P〈0．01）;血栓组伴中重度食管静脉曲张患者血浆D-二聚体水平（1-3±O．5m鲫）显著高于轻度食管静脉曲张患者（0．9±0．5mg/l,P〈0．05）;血栓形成伴消化道出血和死亡患者血浆D-二聚体水平显著高于无出血和生存患者（P〈0．01）。结论肝硬化患者血浆D-二聚体水平升高可能与PVT形成有关,并严重影响预后。     

降纤酶治疗急性脑梗死的疗效及对血浆纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体水平的影响

目的 观察降纤酶治疗急性脑梗死（ACI）的临床疗效及对血液微循环的影响。方法 将同期收治的68例ACI患者随机分为观察组37例和对照组31例,两组均予常规对症治疗,观察组在此基础上予降纤酶溶栓治疗。治疗6d后检测两组血浆纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体水平变化;治疗12周后根据神经功能缺损评分判定临床疗效。结果 治疗后观察组血浆纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体水平显著低于治疗前及对照组（P〈0．05）;观察组和对照组总有效率分别为89．2％、67．7％（P〈0．05）。结论 降纤酶溶栓治疗ACI临床疗效显著,能够明显降低患者血浆纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体水平,且简便易行。     

血浆D-二聚体在急性主动脉夹层诊断中的价值

目的探讨血浆D-二聚体在急性主动脉夹层诊断中的价值。方法回顾分析2005年1月至2011年10月在我院确诊的69例急性主动脉夹层患者（简称主动脉夹层组）、同期70例急性肺栓塞患者（肺栓塞组）和70例因胸痛住院的其他患者（胸痛组）的血浆D-二聚体等临床资料,比较D-二聚体在不同类型患者中的水平差异,分析D-二聚体水平与急性主动脉夹层预后的关系。结果所有急性主动脉夹层患者D-二聚体均超过500μg／L,敏感性100％;死亡患者血浆D-二聚体浓度高于存活患者（P〈0．05）。血浆D-二聚体浓度主动脉夹层组、肺栓塞组和胸痛组分别为（3479．2±2200．0）μg／L、（1560．7±940．0）μg／L和（179．8±167．0）txg／L,三组比较P〈0．01,每两组比较P〈0．05。结论急性主动脉夹层患者血浆D-二聚体明显升高,其平均浓度超过急性肺栓塞患者。D-二聚体阴性有助于排除急性主动脉夹层的诊断;D二聚体升高对判断预后有-定的指导价值。     

心房颤动患者抗凝治疗前后微栓子及血浆D-二聚体水平观察

目的：观察心房颤动患者华法林治疗前后微栓子检出率及血浆 D-二聚体水平。方法选择 CHADS2评分≥1分的持续性房颤患者40例,每例患者华法林抗凝治疗前后分别行微栓子监测和 D-二聚体水平检查,比较治疗前后结果差异。结果抗凝治疗前微栓子阳性12例、阴性28例,治疗后微栓子阳性5例、阴性35例,抗凝治疗后微栓子检出率显著降低（30．0％ vs．12．5％,χ2＝3．66,P ＜0．05）;D-二聚体水平抗凝治疗前为（273±81）μg／L,治疗后为（170±67）μg／L。治疗后血浆 D-二聚体水平显著降低（t ＝10．09,P ＜0．05）。结论微栓子与 D-二聚体水平均可以作为房颤患者栓塞风险的评估指标。     

低分子肝素对慢性肺心病患者血浆D-二聚体的影响

目的观察低分子肝素（LMWH）对肺心病患者血浆D-二聚体的影响。方法68例肺心病患者随机分为A．B两组。A组（治疗组）在常规治疗基础上加用LMVVH5000单位每日1次，皮下注射，10次为1个疗程。B组（对照组）给以常规治疗。结果A组血浆D-二聚体明显下降，治疗前后相比有显著差异（P（0、01），而B组血浆D-二聚体治疗前后相比无显著差异（P）0．05）。A、B两组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论LMVVH可使肺心病患者血浆D-二聚体明显降低，可改善血液高凝状态。     

糖尿病患者血浆D-二聚体检测及意义

目的探讨血浆D-二聚体水平与糖尿病并发症的相关性。方法采用免疫比浊法定量测定28例单纯2型糖尿病患者（观察1组）、38例糖尿病并发症患者（观察2组）及75例健康对照者（对照组）血浆D-二聚体水平。结果观察1、2组及对照组血浆D-二聚体水平分别为（148.04±113.81）、（238.47±216.66）、（120.55±70.39）μg/L,观察1组与观察2组比较,P〈0.05;观察2组与对照组比较,P〈0.01。结论血浆D-二聚体水平可反映糖尿病血管病变的严重程度,对早期糖尿病并发症诊断及其程度监控有一定价值。     

尿激酶治疗冠心病血浆D-二聚体的变化研究

应用ELISA双抗体夹心法，检测了31例冠心病患者血浆D-二聚体的含量。冠心病中急性心肌梗死（AMI）9例，不稳定型心绞痛（UAP）22例。结果：AMI及UAP患者血浆D-二聚体含量均高于对照组（P＜0．01），且AMI组高于UAP组（P＜0．05）。应用尿激酶治疗后，AMI组中血浆D-二聚体含量又再度升高（P＜0．01），以溶栓后6h升高最为显著。而UAP组1周内均无明显改变（P＞0．05）。提示：①AMI及UAP的交联纤维蛋白D-二聚体增多有血栓的形成和溶解；②AMI患者应用尿激酶溶栓治疗后，血浆D-二聚体再度升高，可为溶栓成功的指标之一，而小剂量尿激酶治疗UAP后，D-二聚体无明显变化。     

D-二聚体、C反应蛋白、血沉与老年社区获得性肺炎严重程度的关系

目的探讨血浆D-二聚体、C反应蛋白（CRP）和血沉水平与老年社区获得性肺炎（CAP）严重程度的关系。方法收集130例老年CAP患者的临床资料,按不同的病情严重程度评分标准对患者进行分组,分别测定患者血浆D-二聚体、CRP、血沉水平,分析其在不同分组间的差异。结果不同肺炎严重度指数（PSI）分级间、不同CURB-65分组间D-二聚体、CRP水平比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,重症肺炎组D-二聚体、CRP水平均显著高于非重症肺炎组（P〈0．01）。血沉水平在以上不同分组间比较差异均无统计学意义。血浆D-二聚体与CRP水平显著相关（r=0．368,P〈0．01）。结论血浆CRP、D-二聚体水平与CAP的严重程度有一定的相关性,可作为判断病情的指标。     

卵巢癌患者血浆D-二聚体水平变化及意义

目的 观察卵巢癌患者血浆D-二聚体水平变化,并探讨其临床意义.方法 采用免疫比浊法检测46例卵巢癌（癌症组）、50例卵巢良性肿瘤患者（良性组）及50例健康体检者（对照组）的空腹血浆D-二聚体.结果 癌症组血浆D-二聚体水平及阳性率分别为（2.13±1.58） μg/L、73.9％,良性组分别为（0.22±0.13）μg/L、26.0％,对照组分别为（0.17±0.05） μg/L、2.0％;三组间两两比较,P均＜0.05.随着卵巢癌分期的增加,血浆D-二聚体检测阳性率也呈逐渐上升（P均＜0.05）;随着术前血浆D-二聚体水平的升高,卵巢癌诊断的敏感性、特异性及准确性均逐渐上升（P均＜0.05）.结论 卵巢癌患者血浆D-二聚体水平升高,其水平检测有助卵巢肿瘤的良、恶性鉴别,可作为卵巢癌早期诊断、临床分期、预后判断指标之一.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.