消化内科住院医嘱超说明书用药情况调查分析

目的调查吉林大学第一医院消化内科住院医嘱超说明书用药情况,分析其超说明书用药产生的原因,判断其合理性,并提出相应的解决对策。 方法 随机抽取我院2013年3月至2014年2月消化内科的病例,每月20例,共240例,参照具体药品说明书,分析超说明书用药的情况。 结果 按病例医嘱统计,超说明书用药发生率为5.5%。超说明书用药类型主要包括超给药剂量（24.42%）、超给药频次（23.84%）、药品选择（11.05%）。超说明书用药构成比居前3位的药品依次为螺内酯片（9.29%）、注射用门冬氨酸钾镁（2.73%）、维生素K1注射液（2.73%）。结论 消化内科超说明书用药较为普遍,医疗过程中存在很大的风险,因此医院应重视超说明书用药,建立相应的管理制度与流程,保证患者的用药安全。     

某医院门诊超说明书用药情况调查与分析

目的 了解某医院门诊超说明书用药情况并进行处方分析,促进临床安全合理用药.方法 分层随机抽取某医院2014年9月至2015年2月每月门诊处方共3000张,以药品说明书为依据,对超说明书用药情况进行统计和分析.结果 统计出超说明书处方278张,占抽取处方总数的9.27％.其中排名前三位的超说明书用药类型是超适应证用药,占31.65％;超给药剂量,占28.78％;超给药频次,占16.55％.超说明书用药前三位的科室是皮肤科(26.62％)、消化科(19.06％)、妇产科(17.63％).结论 该院门诊超说明书用药比例较高,建议加强制度规范和采取防范措施减少超说明书用药的安全风险.     

门诊超说明书用药情况分析及管理对策

目的 分析门诊超说明书用药情况,为规范化管理超说明书用药提供参考,促进临床合理用药。方法 以药品说明书为依据,从适应证、适应人群、给药剂量、给药频次、溶媒、给药途径和禁忌证等方面对宁波市妇女儿童医院分院2014年8月门诊处方的超说明书用药情况进行统计与分析,并根据临床指南、专家共识、循证医学或文献等以判断其合理性,提出管理对策。结果 有1 866张处方出现超说明书用药,占总处方的18.69％。超说明书用药记录共有3 972条,占总用药记录的15.52%,其中“未提及儿童用药信息”是最常见的超说明书用药类型,占53.00%,其他依次是给药频次(17.55%)、给药剂量(10.70％)和超年龄用药(9.09％)等。结论 本院超说明书用药基本合理,但为了保障患者用药安全,应加强超说明书用药的规范化管理。     

抗肿瘤药及辅助药物超说明书用药调查与分析

目的 通过对我院肿瘤内科住院病人抗肿瘤药及其辅助药物超说明书用药情况进行调查,了解抗肿瘤药及其辅助药物超说明书用药情况,为规范临床合理用药提供依据.HT5"H方法 抽取我院2014年11月至2015年4月肿瘤内科中入院诊断为肿瘤疾病的住院病历,共303份病历.根据药品说明书,判断其用药医嘱是否超说明书,并进行分析评价.结果 抽取的303份病历中,含抗肿瘤药及其辅助药物用药医嘱数1069条.分别按处方和用药医嘱计,超说明书用药的病历有237份,占78.22％;超说明书用药的医嘱数有510条,占47.71％.超说明书用药的类型包括:超适应症(62.35％)、超用法用量(34.31％)、超疗程(2.16％)及超适应人群(1.18％)4种.抗肿瘤辅助治疗药超说明用药比例最大,为58.92％.超说明书用药医嘱次序排在前列的药品有:兰索拉唑、消癌平、芪珍胶囊、异甘草酸镁.结论 我院肿瘤内科超说明书用药现象较为普遍,超说明书用药应出示相关循证医学证据,以保证良好的医疗行为规范.     

某儿童医院临床超药品说明书用药的现状分析

目的:分析医院临床超说明书用药的现状,为促进儿童合理用药提供参考.方法:抽取医院2019 年1 月-12 月患儿处方(医嘱)520 份(其中门急诊处方400 份和住院医嘱120 份),统计超说明书用药处方(医嘱)中患儿的年龄分布和用药类型、常见药品等情况,分析超说明书用药的产生原因.结果:520 份处方(医嘱)中,超说明书用药处方(医嘱)有137 张,其中门急诊处方67 张(占48.91％)和住院处方70 张(占51.09％);超说明书用药原因类型TOP 3 分别为未提及儿童用药信息(48.30％)、超年龄用药(47.55％)和超给药途径用药(1.89％);超说明书用药在各年龄段的患儿中均有发生,发生率最高的为婴幼儿期和学龄前期;超说明书用药处方(医嘱)涉及药品7 类20 种,其中TOP 4 分别为抗组胺药(37.23％)、消化系统系统用药(22.63％)、呼吸系统用药(20.44％)、维生素及矿物质类(9.49％).结论:医院儿童超说明书用药现象较为普遍,以婴幼儿期和学龄前期患儿最为多见;超说明书用药所涉药物以抗组胺药、消化系统及呼吸系统用药为主;建议医院制定或定期更新相应的管理制度,规范处方超说明书用药要求,以确保患儿用药安全性和有效性.     

某儿童医院临床超药品说明书用药的现状分析

目的:分析医院临床超说明书用药的现状,为促进儿童合理用药提供参考.方法:抽取医院2019 年1 月-12 月患儿处方(医嘱)520 份(其中门急诊处方400 份和住院医嘱120 份),统计超说明书用药处方(医嘱)中患儿的年龄分布和用药类型、常见药品等情况,分析超说明书用药的产生原因.结果:520 份处方(医嘱)中,超说明书用药处方(医嘱)有137 张,其中门急诊处方67 张(占48.91％)和住院处方70 张(占51.09％);超说明书用药原因类型TOP 3 分别为未提及儿童用药信息(48.30％)、超年龄用药(47.55％)和超给药途径用药(1.89％);超说明书用药在各年龄段的患儿中均有发生,发生率最高的为婴幼儿期和学龄前期;超说明书用药处方(医嘱)涉及药品7 类20 种,其中TOP 4 分别为抗组胺药(37.23％)、消化系统系统用药(22.63％)、呼吸系统用药(20.44％)、维生素及矿物质类(9.49％).结论:医院儿童超说明书用药现象较为普遍,以婴幼儿期和学龄前期患儿最为多见;超说明书用药所涉药物以抗组胺药、消化系统及呼吸系统用药为主;建议医院制定或定期更新相应的管理制度,规范处方超说明书用药要求,以确保患儿用药安全性和有效性.     

某儿童医院临床超药品说明书用药的现状分析

目的:分析医院临床超说明书用药的现状,为促进儿童合理用药提供参考.方法:抽取医院2019 年1 月-12 月患儿处方(医嘱)520 份(其中门急诊处方400 份和住院医嘱120 份),统计超说明书用药处方(医嘱)中患儿的年龄分布和用药类型、常见药品等情况,分析超说明书用药的产生原因.结果:520 份处方(医嘱)中,超说明书用药处方(医嘱)有137 张,其中门急诊处方67 张(占48.91％)和住院处方70 张(占51.09％);超说明书用药原因类型TOP 3 分别为未提及儿童用药信息(48.30％)、超年龄用药(47.55％)和超给药途径用药(1.89％);超说明书用药在各年龄段的患儿中均有发生,发生率最高的为婴幼儿期和学龄前期;超说明书用药处方(医嘱)涉及药品7 类20 种,其中TOP 4 分别为抗组胺药(37.23％)、消化系统系统用药(22.63％)、呼吸系统用药(20.44％)、维生素及矿物质类(9.49％).结论:医院儿童超说明书用药现象较为普遍,以婴幼儿期和学龄前期患儿最为多见;超说明书用药所涉药物以抗组胺药、消化系统及呼吸系统用药为主;建议医院制定或定期更新相应的管理制度,规范处方超说明书用药要求,以确保患儿用药安全性和有效性.     

门诊静脉药物超说明书用药现象调查分析

目的:分析我院门诊静脉药物超说明书用药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据.方法:采用回顾性分析法,随机抽取我院2015年6~12月门诊处方1367张,根据药品说明书及相关文献,分析超说明书用药情况.结果:超说明书用药处方192张,主要为超剂量(44.3%)、超溶媒(36.5%)、超适用人群(14.0%)、超给药途径(5.2%).超说明书用药比例高达96.6%,合理用药仅占3.4%.结论:门诊静脉药物超说明书用药情况普遍存在,应该加以重视并规范管理,确保临床用药安全.     

120例住院儿童青少年精神疾病患者用药医嘱分析

目的:探究分析儿童青少年精神疾病患者精神药物超说明书使用情况.方法:采用回顾性调查方法,选取2015年1月1日～12月31日我院收治的住院儿童青少年精神疾病患者120例,收集所有患者的住院病历,分析用药医嘱2300条,对儿童青少年精神疾病患者精神药物超说明书使用情况进行观察比较.结果:患者用药医嘱构成率分别为抗焦虑药(13.04％)、抗抑郁药(11.00％)、心境稳定剂(15.00％)以及抗精神病药(60.96％);超说明书用药发生率的前三位药品分别是奥氮平、阿立哌唑、帕利哌酮缓释片.通过分析发现,抗精神病药的超说明书用药发生率(68.19％)高于抗焦虑药(26.33％)、抗抑郁药(5.53％)、心境稳定剂(16.81％),差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).儿童、青少年的超说明书用药医嘱发生率分别为(78.88％)、(84.58％),两者具有较高的发生率,差异没有统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:儿童青少年精神疾病患者精神药物超说明书用药在临床上较为常见,临床上应提高重视并采取有效措施合理用药.     

我院辅助用药使用情况及其超说明书用药医嘱审核与干预

目的 通过建立科学标准的辅助用药医嘱点评、用药审核与干预方法 ,规范辅助用药的超说明书用药行为,提高合理用药水平.方法对比分析我院2015年(干预前)和2016年(干预后)辅助用药使用情况和专项点评中存在的主要问题.每月通过用药督查、行政干预等方式对辅助用药超说明书用药加以干预,评价该类药物的使用情况和经干预后的改进效果.结果 我院辅助用药存在超适应症给药、超剂量给药、超疗程给药等超说明书用药行为,干预后辅助用药超说明书用药情况得到改善.结论 目前尚缺少客观和系统的辅助用药应用评价依据,应逐步规范辅助用药超说明书用药行为,规避用药风险.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.