HPLC测定虫草培养基中腺苷和虫草素的含量

目的测定虫草培养基中腺苷和虫草素的含量。方法采用HPLC法,色谱柱为W aters Nova-Pak C18柱(300 mm×3.9 mm,4μm);流动相为水-甲醇-醋酸(185:14:1);流速1.0 m l.m in-1,检测波长260 nm。结果腺苷的线性范围为2.5~50.0μg.m l-1(r=0.9999),回收率为104.5%,RSD=1.32%;虫草素的线性范围为6.5~130.0μg.m l-1(r=0.9999),回收率为106.1%,RSD=1.46%。结论该方法灵敏、快速、准确,适用于虫草培养基中腺苷和虫草素的检测。     

皖产古尼虫草中核苷和碱基成分的HPLC分析

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定皖产古尼虫草中核苷和碱基成分(尿嘧啶、虫草素、腺苷、腺嘌呤、尿苷、次黄嘌呤、肌苷和鸟苷)的含量,并比较其与天然冬虫夏草核苷和碱基成分的异同。方法:采用Zorbax SB-Aq(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以水-乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为0.8 mL.min-1,检测波长260 nm,柱温20℃。结果:尿嘧啶、虫草素、腺苷、腺嘌呤、尿苷、次黄嘌呤、肌苷和鸟苷进样浓度分别在0.38～191.08,0.37～188.48,0.37～189.72,0.37～190.92,0.37～188.55,0.50～168.55,0.37～190.36,0.24～125.00μg.mL-1范围内线性关系良好,R2为0.9998～0.9999;加样回收率分别为102.1%,102.1%,95.3%,96.2%,96.9%,94.1%,108.7%,101.8%,RSD未超过2.8%。皖产古尼虫草和冬虫夏草均含有核苷和碱基成分,其中:皖产古尼虫草含有较高的尿嘧啶、尿苷、腺苷,而冬虫夏草中肌苷含量较高;二者的次黄嘌呤、鸟苷、腺嘌呤的含量相近;在该检测限下,两者均未测得虫草素。结论:初步认...     

冬虫夏草和虫草菌丝体中腺苷成分的比较

目的 比较冬虫夏草与虫草菌丝体(以下简称菌丝体)中腺苷成分,为菌丝体在临床治疗中替代冬虫夏草提供实验依据.方法 采用薄层色谱法对腺苷进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法(色谱柱为Hypersil ODS2 C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相为0.01 mmol·L-1磷酸二氢钾水溶液∶甲醇=17:3;流...     

北虫草中6种核苷类成分的含量测定与质量控制

目的建立同时测定北虫草中尿苷、肌苷、鸟苷、腺苷、虫草素和N6-(2-羟乙基)腺苷含量的定量分析方法,建立北虫草中尿苷、腺苷、虫草素的定性分析方法,对北虫草进行质量控制研究。方法采用高效液相色谱法对北虫草中6种核苷类成分进行定量分析,Shiseido CAPCELL PAK MG C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以甲醇-水为流动相,梯度洗脱,检测波长260 nm,流速1.0 m L·min~(-1),柱温25℃。采用薄层色谱法对北虫草中3种核苷类成分进行定性分析,硅胶SGF_(254)薄层板,乙酸乙酯–丙酮–氨水体积分数为2.5∶6∶1.5作为展开剂,置于波长254 nm的紫外光灯下检视。结果尿苷、肌苷、鸟苷、腺苷、虫草素和N6-(2-羟乙基)腺苷的定量测定分别为1.223~156.66、3.914~125.25、1.959~125.38、1.223~156.66、1.225~156.75和3.906~125.00μg·m L~(-1),呈良好的线性关系,r≥0.999 6;平均加样回收率分别为98.31%、101.12%、100.72%、99.96%、100.29%和100.40%,RSD均小于3.0%,在20批北虫草样品的平均含量分别为0.043%、0.097%、0.022%、0.082%、0.986%和0.175%,不同来源北虫草样品中核苷类的含量差别较大。北虫草薄层色谱中尿苷、腺苷、虫草素的分离度良好,特征性强,可以用于北虫草的定性鉴别。结论以核苷类成分作为指标性成分所建立的定性定量分析方法简便,专属性强,重复性好,可实现对北虫草进行质量控制的目的。     

虫草花与冬虫夏草腺苷成份的比较研究

目的 比较研究虫草花与冬虫夏草腺苷成份的含量.方法 采用高效液相色谱法测定腺苷的含量,色谱柱为岛津Shim-pack VP-ODS柱(200mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为磷酸盐缓冲剂(pH=6.5)-甲醇(17:3);流速为1ml/min;检测波长为260nm.结果 腺苷的线性范围为0.078 35-0.399 88μg,呈现较好的线性关系,平均加样回收率为96.22%,RSD为0.21%(n=5).结论 虫草花的活性成份腺苷含量明显高于冬虫夏草腺苷含量,具有与冬虫夏草相似的滋补功效.     

HPLC测定凉山虫草中的腺苷

目的 测定凉山虫草中腺苷的含量.方法 采用HPLC法,Diamonsil C_(18)色谱柱为(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.5)-甲醇(80:20)为流动相,流速0.6 mL·min~(-1),柱温30℃;检测波长260 nm.结果 腺苷1～40μg·mL~(-1)与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9994);平均回收率为101.89%,RSD=3.11%(n=9).测定了10批样品中腺苷的含量,含量范围为0.0367～0.0590 mg·g~(-1).结论 所建方法准确、快速、简便,适用于凉山虫草中腺苷的测定.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定人工蛹虫草子实体中核苷类成分的含量

目的:建立高效液相测定人工培养蛹虫草子实体中核苷类成分含量的方法。方法:采用KNAUER Eurospher-100 C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),以乙腈-50mmol.L-1磷酸二氢钾(7∶93)为流动相,检测波长为260nm。结果:测定3批人工培育蛹虫草中核苷类成分的含量,腺苷、腺嘌呤、虫草素的平均含量分别为0.14%,0.0095%,0.42%。结论:本方法能同时测定人工蛹虫草中多种核苷类成分的含量,具有较高的灵敏度,操作简单,可用于人工蛹虫草的质量评价。     

HPLC法测定欢快虫草口服液中腺苷的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定欢快虫草口服液中腺苷的含量.方法:采用Hypersil ODS2 C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以0.01 mol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液(pH=6.5)-甲醇(90:10)为流动相;流速为1.0 ml· min-1,检测波长为260 nm,柱温30℃.结果:腺苷进样浓度在0.21 ～ 106.00 μg· ml-1范围内,与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为100.25％(RSD=0.32％,n=6).结论:本方法准确、简便、重复性良好、灵敏度高,可用于欢快虫草口服液中腺苷的质量控制.     

HPLC法测定虫草被孢菌胶囊中腺苷的含量

目的 建立虫草被孢菌胶囊中腺苷含量测定方法.方法 采用高效液相色谱法测定虫草被胞菌胶囊中腺苷的含量.采用Hypersil C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相:磷酸二氢钾溶液(0.05 mol·L-1)-甲醇(85∶15)为流动相,流速1.0 mL· min-1,检测波长为260hm.结果 腺苷在1.011～ 50.55μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好,线性方程为:A=60901C-2347.7,r=1;平均回收率为100.49％(n=6,RSD=1.1％).结论 本法操作简便,不受杂质干扰,精密度好,结果准确可靠,可用于虫草被孢菌胶囊的质量控制.     

梯度洗脱RP-HPLC法同时测定蛹虫草子实体中腺苷和虫草素的含量

目的建立蛹虫草子实体中腺苷和虫草素的含量测定方法。方法样品用水超声提取,以梯度洗脱RP-HPLC法同时测定该两种成分。色谱条件为:Luna C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),以乙腈-水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为260nm;流速为1mL.min-1;进样量为20μL。结果腺苷和虫草素之间能够达到很好的分离,供试品中其它杂质峰对两个主峰测定无干扰。腺苷的线性范围为10.76~107.60μg.mL-1,r=0.9997(n=6);平均回收率为99.16%,RSD=1.6%(n=5)。虫草素的线性范围为11.08~110.80μg.mL-1,r=0.9998(n=6);平均回收率为99.54%,RSD=1.3%(n=5)。腺苷对照品溶液和蛹虫草子实体供试品溶液在24h内基本稳定。结论本法简单快速,一次提取进样的可同时测定蛹虫草子实体中两种有效成分的含量,分析结果准确可靠,可作为蛹虫草子实体质量控制的分析方法。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.