安子合剂对抗磷脂抗体阳性流产小鼠TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路的影响

目的:研究安子合剂对抗磷脂抗体(APA)阳性流产小鼠Toll样受体4(TLR4)/髓样分化因子88(My D88)/核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路的影响,探讨其抗APA阳性流产作用机制。方法:将BALB/c小鼠(♀)随机分为空白对照组、模型组、阿司匹林组(阳性对照,0.019 5 g/kg)和安子合剂低、中、高剂量组(37.7、75.4、150.8 g/kg,以生药计),每组10只。除空白对照组外,其余各组小鼠均以人β2-糖蛋白Ⅰ为诱导剂建立APA阳性流产模型。从妊娠第1天起,各给药组小鼠ig相应药物,空白对照组和模型组小鼠ig等体积生理盐水,每天1次,连续9 d。分别采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应法和免疫组化法测定胎盘组织TLR4、髓样分化蛋白2(MD2)、My D88、NF-κB m RNA及其蛋白表达水平。结果:与空白对照组比较,模型组小鼠胎盘组织TLR4、MD2、My D88、NF-κB m RNA及其蛋白表达水平均显著升高(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,阿司匹林组和安子合剂低、中剂量组小鼠胎盘组织TLR4、MD2、My D88 m RNA及其蛋白表达水平,安子合剂高剂量组小鼠胎盘组织TLR4蛋白表达水平,以及各给药组小鼠胎盘组织NF-κB蛋白表达水平均显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);安子合剂低剂量组小鼠胎盘组织TLR4、MD2 m RNA表达水平和MD2、My D88蛋白表达水平较阿司匹林组更低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:安子合剂可抑制APA阳性流产小鼠TLR4/My D88/NF-κB信号通路转导,这可能是其抗APA阳性流产的作用机制之一。     

藻酸双酯钠对急性肺损伤模型小鼠的保护作用研究

目的:研究藻酸双酯钠(PSS)对急性肺损伤模型小鼠的保护作用。方法:将小鼠随机分为对照组、PSS(10mg/kg)组、模型(脂多糖10mg/kg)组、治疗(脂多糖10mg/kg+PSS10mg/kg)组,每组10只。尾静脉注射相应药物8h后,处死,光镜下观察肺组织形态学变化,测定肺组织湿干质量比值(W/D)和肺组织中细胞间黏附因子1(ICAM-1)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的浓度,免疫组化法测定肺组织中核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)p65的活性。结果:对照组和PSS组小鼠肺组织结构完整,无肺组织病理损伤变化。与对照组比较,模型组和治疗组小鼠肺组织有明显病理学损伤,肺水肿严重,肺组织中ICAM-1、TNF-α浓度和NF-κBp65活性明显增加(P<0.05),PSS组小鼠上述指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与模型组比较,治疗组小鼠上述指标均明显改善(P<0.05)。结论:PSS能明显改善脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤,其机制可能与抑制NF-κBp65活性有关。     

豆蔻明对TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB/iNOS信号通路的调节作用

目的探讨豆蔻明(cardamonin,CDN)对RAW264.7小鼠巨噬细胞Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)/My D88/NF-κB/i NOS信号通路的调节作用。方法利用脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)处理RAW264.7细胞建立炎性细胞模型并分组:正常对照组(Vehicle组)、模型组(LPS组)和药物处理组(LPS+CDN组);CCK-8方法检测细胞活力,Griess法检测细胞培养上清一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)含量,RT-PCR检测诱导型NO合成酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,i NOS)、环氧化酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemotactic protein 1,MCP-1)、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-ɑ、白介素(interleukin,IL)-1β和IL-6的mRNA表达,Western blot检测i NOS、TLR4、髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,My D88)、核因子-κB(nuclear factorκB,NF-κB)phosphorylated(p)-p65、inhibitorκBα(IκBα)和p-IκBα的蛋白表达。结果1~50μmol·L~(-1)豆蔻明对RAW264.7细胞没有毒性,但可以剂量依赖性抑制LPS诱导的NO分泌和i NOS、COX-2、MCP-1、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6的mRNA表达,25μmol·L-1豆蔻明可下调LPS诱导的i NOS、TLR4、My D88、p-NF-κB p65和p-IκBα蛋白表达及抑制IκBα降解。结论豆蔻明通过抑制TLR4/My D88/NF-κB/i NOS信号通路从而抑制NO的产生。     

黄芩苷经TLR2/NF-κB途径减轻类风湿关节炎大鼠滑膜炎

目的评价不同剂量黄芩苷对SD大鼠类风湿关节炎的疗效,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法制备SD大鼠类风湿关节炎模型,测量后足的肿胀度;通过不同剂量黄芩苷溶液灌胃治疗后,观察膝关节滑膜HE染色切片病理变化;实时荧光定量PCR测定膝关节滑膜组织TLR2及MyD88mRNA表达;Westernblot测定滑膜组织TLR2、MyD88及NF-κBp65蛋白表达。结果黄芩苷30、60mg·kg~(-1)均能明显减弱滑膜组织中成纤维细胞的增殖及炎性损伤程度,明显降低滑膜组织TLR2及MyD88mRNA表达(P<0.01),明显减弱TLR2、MyD88及NF-κBp65蛋白表达(P<0.05)。结论黄芩苷具有良好的抗类风湿关节滑膜炎作用,其可能是通过抑制TLR2-NF-κB信号通路的活化来实现的。     

栀子苷对缺氧/复氧小胶质细胞TLR4通路的影响

目的研究缺氧/复氧对原代培养的小胶质细胞TLR4受体及其通路中MyD88、NF-κBp65、p-ERK1/2、p-IκBα和p38的影响和不同浓度栀子苷的干预作用,以揭示栀子苷治疗脑缺血的分子生物学机制。方法原代培养小胶质细胞,采用缺氧/复氧的方式制备模型,用栀子苷125、250和500μmol.L-1 3个浓度梯度进行干预,用逆转录聚合酶链反应检测小胶质细胞TLR4 mRNA的表达,Western blot检测TLR4、p-IκBα、p38、p-ERK1/2蛋白,免疫荧光双染观察MyD88和NF-κB;结果缺氧/复氧激活了TLR4通路,并通过MyD88依赖途径激活了下游蛋白MyD88、NF-κBp65、p-ERK1/2、p-IκBα和p38;栀子苷250和500μmol.L-1组抑制了通路蛋白的活性;结论缺氧/复氧使TLR4通路蛋白磷酸化激活。栀子苷通过对TLR4通路蛋白的抑制发挥抗炎效应,促进脑缺血的恢复。     

红景天苷对小鼠帕金森模型的保护作用及机制

目的:研究红景天苷对百草枯(paraquat,PQ)所诱导的帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)小鼠模型的神经保护作用及其机制.方法:采用雄性ICR小鼠腹腔注射百草枯制成PD小鼠模型,给予红景天苷治疗28 d后,观察各组PD小鼠行为学改变情况,用HPLC-EC法测定纹状体中DA和DOPAC含量;用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定小鼠脑中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的含量;用蛋白免疫印记法(Western blot)检测脑中Rho、ROCKⅡ和NF-κBp65的蛋白表达.结果:经过红景天苷的治疗后,PD小鼠均有不同程度的神经行为学改善,显著减少PD小鼠的旋转圈数,自主活动增加.明显增加脑内纹状体中DA和DOPAC含量,明显降低百草枯引起的脑内IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量.Rho,ROCKⅡ和NF-κB p65蛋白含量较模型组减少.结论:红景天苷对百草枯所诱导的PD小鼠的神经行为学、神经炎症反应有改善作用,可能通过Rho/ROCKⅡ通路调节NF-κB来抑制神经炎症,从而能够缓解帕金森病的进展.     

基于TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路研究黄连素对小鼠巨噬细胞极化的干预作用

目的:基于Toll样受体4(TLR4)/髓样分化因子88(MyD88)/核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路研究黄连素对小鼠巨噬细胞极化的影响。方法:以小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7为对象,以阿托伐他汀钙为阳性对照,经脂多糖(LPS)诱导以复制炎症细胞模型,采用酶联免疫吸附测定法检测低、中、高剂量黄连素(5、10、20μmol/L)作用24 h后细胞培养液中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、NF-κB含量,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应法检测细胞中TLR4、MyD88 mRNA的表达水平,采用Western blotting法检测细胞中TLR4、MyD88、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、CD206蛋白的表达水平。结果:与空白对照组比较,LPS诱导组细胞培养液中TNF-α、IL-6、NF-κB含量,细胞中TLR4、MyD88 mRNA的相对表达量以及TLR4、MyD88、iNOS蛋白相对表达量均显著升高(P<0.05)。与LPS诱导组比较,阿托伐他汀钙组和黄连素中、高剂量组TNF-α、IL-6含量,TRL4、MyD88 mRNA及其蛋白的相对表达量以及各给药组NF-κB含量和i NOS蛋白的相对表达量均显著降低,且黄连素高剂量组NF-κB含量显著低于阿托伐他汀钙组(P<0.05);阿托伐他汀钙组和黄连素高剂量组CD206蛋白的相对表达量均显著升高,且黄连素高剂量组CD206蛋白的相对表达量显著高于阿托伐他汀钙组(P<0.05)。结论:不同剂量的黄连素均可不同程度地干预小鼠巨噬细胞极化,其机制可能与调控TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路有关。     

雷公藤多苷片对溃疡性结肠炎小鼠结肠黏膜TLR4和NF-κB表达的影响

目的 观察雷公藤多苷片对右旋葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulphate sodium,DSS)诱导的小鼠溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)模型结肠黏膜LPS/TLR4信号通路表达的影响,探讨其治疗UC的可能作用机制。方法 BALB/c小鼠随机分为6组：模型对照组,雷公藤多苷低、中、高剂量组、阴性对照组和正常对照组。采用葡聚糖硫酸钠复制UC小鼠模型,雷公藤多苷片混悬液灌胃给药21?d后,采用RT-PCR法检测TLR4 mRNA和蛋白的表达;采用Western Blot法测定NF-κB p65磷酸化水平;结肠组织冰冻切片进行免疫荧光双重染色,激光共聚焦显微镜观察NF-κB表达及分布。结果 雷公藤多苷各组较模型对照组TLR4表达水平显著降低(P<0.01),中、高剂量组、阴性对照组与正常对照组比较,差异无统计学意义。与模型对照组比较,低剂量组NF-κB p65磷酸化水平略有下降,中、高剂量组下降明显,但差异均无统计学意义。结论 雷公藤多苷片能够通过抑制LPS/TLR4信号通路的表达,抑制UC小鼠的炎症反应,对UC发病起到一定的保护作用。     

柴芩承气汤通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB p65通路减轻小鼠重症急性胰腺炎并发肝损伤

目的基于TLR4/NF-κB p65信号通路探讨柴芩承气汤(chaiqinchengqi decoction,CQCQD)对小鼠重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)并发肝损伤的保护机制。方法昆明小鼠36只,随机分为3组(n=12),即对照组(Control),重症急性胰腺炎模型组(SAP)和柴芩承气汤治疗组(SAP+CQCQD)。腹腔注射20%L-精氨酸(3.3 g·kg-1,2次,间隔1 h)建立SAP模型,治疗组给予柴芩承气汤灌胃(19 g·kg-1·d-1)。造模后72 h观察胰腺、肝脏组织病理变化,检测血清内毒素含量,肝组织TLR4、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达,及肝内炎性因子水平。结果与Control组相比,SAP组胰腺和肝脏可见明显的病理损伤,血清内毒素含量增多,肝组织TLR4、p-NF-κB p65表达增加,IL-6、TNF-α、MIP-1αmRNA水平升高。与SAP组相比,柴芩承气汤组胰腺和肝脏组织病理损伤减轻,血清内毒素含量降低,肝组织TLR4、p-NF-κB p65表达和IL-6、TNF-α、MIP-1α mRNA水平减少。 结论 柴芩承气汤可能通过抑制肝组织TLR4/NF-κB p65通路活化,降低促炎因子水平,从而减轻小鼠SAP并发肝损伤。     

健脾清化中药复方对大鼠慢性萎缩性胃炎TLR4-MyD88依赖途径蛋白表达及TNF-α的影响

目的观察健脾清化中药复方对慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)大鼠TLR4及下游My D88依赖途径相关蛋白表达及炎性因子TNF-α的影响,探讨健脾清化中药复方治疗CAG的分子机制。方法将53只Wistar大鼠随机分为空白组8只和CAG造模组45只,以"氨水+去氧胆酸钠+乙醇"法复制CAG大鼠模型。确认造模成功后,将造模组余下40只CAG大鼠随机分为模型组、维酶素组、中药低、中、高剂量组,各8只。各组给予相应药物灌胃,连续30 d。HE染色观察病理组织学改变,Western blot法检测TLR4、My D88、NF-κB、COX-2的蛋白表达量,ELISA法检测血清中TNF-α含量。结果模型组大鼠TLR4、My D88、NF-κB、COX-2蛋白表达水平明显增高(P<0.01),血清TNF-α含量明显增高(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,健脾清化中药复方低、中、高剂量组胃黏膜病变明显改善,TLR4、My D88、NF-κB、COX-2蛋白表达水平均明显下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),血清TNF-α含量降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论健脾清化中药复方可有效改善CAG大鼠胃黏膜组织病理改变,其治疗机制可能与降低组织中TLR4-My D88依赖途径中相关蛋白表达,以及抑制炎症因子的表达有关。     

alpha-glucosidase (CHO) (Genzyme)

Genzyme General is developing recombinant human alpha-glucosidase, produced in mammalian cell culture, as a potential treatment for Pompe disease. By July 2004, enrollment was completed in two clinical trials and an observational study in adults. Genzyme was planning to file for regulatory approval in Europe during 2004, followed by filings in the US and Japan in mid-2005.     

(S)-oxybutynin (Sepracor)

Sepracor is developing (S)-oxybutynin, a single-isomer version of Alza's Ditropan (racemic oxybutynin), a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, as a potential treatment for urinary incontinence.     

Allosteric interaction of zinc with recombinant alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2) and alpha(1)beta(2) GABA(A) receptors

In a recent study we have provided evidence that inhibition of native GABA(A) receptors by zinc depends primarily on the allosteric modulation of receptor gating. Both the kinetics and the sensitivity of the GABA(A) receptor to zinc depend on subunit composition, especially on the presence of the gamma(2) subunit. To analyze the mechanism of action of zinc its effects have been tested on recombinant alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2) and alpha(1)beta(2) receptors expressed in HEK 293 cells. The currents produced by ultrafast application of GABA have been measured to assess the impact of zinc ions on GABA(A) receptor gating with resolution corresponding to the time scale of synaptic currents. While, as expected, zinc markedly reduced the peak amplitude of alpha(1)beta(2)-mediated currents, its effect on kinetics was significantly different from that observed for alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2). In particular, unlike alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2), zinc did not affect the onset of alpha(1)beta(2)-mediated responses. Moreover, zinc increased the extent of desensitisation of alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2) receptors and reduced desensitisation of alpha(1)beta(2) ones. Quantitative analysis suggests that zinc exerts an allosteric modulation on both alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2) and alpha(1)beta(2) receptors. Zinc effects on alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2) were qualitatively similar to those reported for native receptors.     

Di(isononyl) phthalate (DINP) and di(isodecyl) phthalate (DIDP) are not mutagenic

Recently there have been reports of liver and kidney tumors in rodents following long-term exposure to di(isononyl) phthalate (DINP). Mechanistic studies suggested that the liver tumors were a consequence of peroxisomal proliferation, whereas the kidney tumors (found only in male rats) were associated with induction of alpha(2u)-globulin. Because both peroxisomal proliferation and alpha(2u)-globulin are considered to be non-genotoxic carcinogenic processes, it seemed appropriate to investigate the genotoxic potential of DINP. Additional studies were also conducted on di(isodecyl) phthalate (DIDP), a structurally related substance that also induces peroxisomal proliferation, although it has not been tested in a carcinogenicity bioassay. The DINP was tested in Salmonella, in vitro cytogenetics and mouse micronucleus assays, whereas DIDP was evaluated in a mouse micronucleus test. All of these tests produced negative results, i.e. neither phthalate was mutagenic in any of the test systems. These data are consistent with results of other published and unpublished genotoxicity tests and provide support for the hypothesis that the liver and kidney tumors induced by DINP were the result of non-genotoxic processes.     

Developmental toxicity of di-(C(7)-C(9) alkyl) phthalate and di-(C(9)-C(11) alkyl) phthalate in the rat

Two phthalate esters, di-(C(7)-C(9) alkyl) phthalate (D79P) and di-(C(9)-C(11) alkyl) phthalate (D911P), have been assessed for their potential to cause developmental toxicity in the rat. Groups of 22 timed-mated Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg D79P or D911P daily by oral gavage (5 ml/kg) between gestation days (GD) 1 and 19. Control animals received the vehicle (olive oil) alone. On GD20, the animals were sacrificed and the fetuses examined. Treatment resulted in no signs of maternal toxicity, as assessed by adjusted maternal bodyweight gain throughout gestation and clinical examinations, and no effects upon litter size, fetal survival or bodyweight. Pups of the high dose D79P and intermediate and high dose D911P groups showed increased incidences of supernumerary lumbar ribs. There was a significant increase in dilated renal pelves in pups of the low dose D79P and high dose D911P groups, but only for D911P was there a significant trend. Consequently, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for maternal toxicity for both D79P and D911P is 1000 mg/kg/day. The NOAEL values for developmental toxicity are 500 mg/kg/day D79P and 250 mg/kg/day D911P.     

4（R）—（6—氨基—9H—嘌呤—9—基）—2（R）—（羟甲基）四氢呋喃—3（R）—醇的合成

为寻找抗HIV化合物,我们以D－核糖为原料,经甲基化、硅烷基化、还原裂解反应制得重要中间体1－脱氧核糖（5）,再通过形成环状亚砜化合物,与NaN3发生反应后,经过还原、缩合、环合、氨化、脱保护基反应制得异脱氧腺嘌呤核苷（1）,各步反应收率均超过70％。其抗HIV活性测定尚在进行中。     

1,2-环己二胺柠檬酸铂(Ⅱ)及异柠檬酸铂(Ⅱ)的合成和抗癌活性

报道了1,2-环己二胺异柠檬酸铂(Ⅱ)及1,2-环己二胺柠檬酸铂(Ⅱ)的合成及鉴定方法。抗癌试验表明前者在40及80mg/kg 剂量下对小鼠 L1210、P388及S180均有明显的抑瘤作用,且有部分动物可治愈;后者对 L1210也有明显的抑瘤作用,但较前者为弱。     

Two-generation reproduction toxicity studies of di-(C(7)-C(9) alkyl) phthalate and di-(C(9)-C(11) alkyl) phthalate in the rat

Di-(C(7)-C(9) alkyl) phthalate (D79P) and di-(C(9)-C(11) alkyl) phthalate (D911P), based on high-normality linear oxo-alcohols, have been assessed for their impact upon reproductive performance in Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were continuously exposed to either D79P or D911P at dietary levels of 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, or 1.0% over two generations. Selected F(0) offspring (F(1) generation) were exposed to the same dietary concentration of D79P or D911P as the respective F(0) animals, and were mated to produce F(1) offspring. Both D79P and D911P markedly reduced body weight gain in F(0) and F(1) adult males at the highest dose, but females were affected to a lesser extent. There was no impairment of fertility, fecundity, or development in either generation, but body weights of offspring in the 1.0% D79P and 1.0% D911P groups were slightly and transiently reduced over the weaning period. Although decreases in the weight of several organs were accounted for by depressed body weight, ovary weights were reduced in both generations exposed to 1.0% D79P, and epididymidal weights were slightly reduced in adults of both generations exposed to 1.0% D911P. However, ovarian function-assessed by the oestrus cycle and mating behaviour-and epididymidal sperm concentration, motility, and morphology were unaffected by either substance. Treatment resulted in liver changes, particularly in males, characterised by increased liver weight in young animals, histopathologic changes and reduced organ weight in mature animals, and an increase in palmitoyl CoA oxidase activity. In conclusion, neither D79P nor D911P impaired reproductive function in rats when administered in the diet at levels that induce systemic toxicity, and the NOAEL for effects on reproduction in the rat is 0.5% for both D79P and D911P.     

4（R）—（6—氨基—9—嘌呤基）—2（R）—（羟甲基）四氢呋喃—3（R）—醇的合成

为寻找抗免疫缺陷病毒化合物,以D－核糖为原料,经甲基化、硅烷基化、还原裂解反应制得重要中间体1－脱氧核糖（5）,再通过形成环状亚砜化合物,与NaN3发生反应后,经过还原、缩合、环合、氨化、脱保护基反应制得异脱氧腺嘌呤核苷（1）,各步反应收率均超过70％。