华法林药物基因组学的研究推动其个体化医疗的进程

药物基因组学可以帮助人们更好地认识药物与机体之间的相互作用。华法林是临床上广泛使用的香豆素类口服抗凝血药,其狭窄的抗凝治疗指数范围和抗凝不当所致的并发症一直困扰着临床医师,如何合理使用已经成为一个难题。近年来,随着药物基因组学的快速发展,研究发现药动学和药效学多个相关基因的多态性造成了个体差异,影响了华法林的使用剂量。本文综述了药物基因组学研究在华法林用药中的国内外最新进展,为华法林个体化医疗提供参考依据。     

华法林抗凝个体化治疗研究进展

华法林是临床使用最多的口服抗凝药,其治疗窗窄,剂量个体差异大,容易发生出血或栓塞的风险,如何准确地调整华法林剂量一直是其抗凝治疗的关键及研究热点。多种因素均会影响华法林剂量,尤其是遗传因素（主要是CYP2C9、VKORC1及CYP4F2基因）。近十年来,基于药物基因组学的剂量预测模型和药代动力学药效学的快速发展,为华法林个体化治疗提供了新的契机。该文结合国内外各种华法林稳定剂量预测模型研究,总结影响华法林剂量相关因素的最新研究进展,旨在为华法林个体化治疗提供参考和指导依据。     

华法林的药物基因组学及其合理应用

华法林为香豆素类抗凝血药,广泛用于防治血栓栓塞性疾病。华法林治疗窗窄,剂量个体差异大,临床应用中易出现出血合并症。近年研究表明,华法林个体剂量差异与影响华法林代谢和作用的多个基因多态性如CYP2C9、VKORC等有关。本文回顾华法林的药物基因组学研究进展,为临床合理应用华法林提供参考。     

华法林药物基因组学研究及临床应用进展

华法林是临床上常用于治疗血栓性疾病的一种香豆素类口服抗凝药,具有抗凝和溶栓的双重作用.华法林血浆药物浓度和疗效存在明显的个体差异和种族差异,如何在临床安全、合理使用华法林长期以来是许多研究者关注的重点和难点.文中从药物基因组学角度阐述导致华法林维持剂量个体间差异的原因,综述CYP2C9和VKORC1等基因的遗传变异对华法林药物反应差异的影响,并介绍国内外基于药物基因组学研究结果结合临床数据构建华法林维持剂量模型的最新临床应用进展,为个体化治疗提供了新的视角.     

华法林的基因组学研究进展

华法林是临床上广泛使用的香豆素类口服抗凝血药，其狭窄的抗凝治疗指数范围和抗凝不当所致的并发症一直困扰着临床医生，如何合理使用已经成为一个难题。近年来随着分子生物学的快速发展，研究发现药动学和药效学多个相关基因的多态性造成了个体差异，影响了华法林的使用剂量。本文综述了药物基因组学研究在华法林使用中的国内外最新进展，为华法林个体化使用提供参考依据。     

基因分型指导肺栓塞患者的华法林个体化药物治疗

目的探讨如何利用基因检测的结果指导华法林的个体化给药。方法参与2例初次使用华法林的肺栓塞患者治疗,通过基因分型计算华法林使用剂量。结果通过基因检测,指导华法林个体化给药,优化给药方案。结论临床药师利用药物基因检测的工具,指导华法林个体化给药,实现药物个体化治疗的目标。     

1例华法林慢代谢基因型急性肺栓塞患者个体化治疗分析

目的 :探讨基因检测技术在华法林个体化治疗中的作用。方法:回顾性分析1例华法林慢代谢基因型肺栓塞患者依据基因检测结果及IWPC模型计算软件调整给药剂量的案例。结果:通过对该患者基因型检测结果的分析,临床药师协助临床医生调整华法林给药剂量,规避了用药风险。结论:利用基因检测技术及数据分析模型,能指导临床调整药物治疗剂量,保障患者用药安全有效。     

CYP2C9和VKORC1基因检测指导华法林给药的有效性和安全性的Meta分析(英文)

目的综合评价CYP2C9和VKORC1基因检测指导华法林给药的有效性和安全性。方法采用Meta分析方法,制定原始文献的纳入标准、排除标准及检索策略,检索Pubmed、Embase、Cochrane图书馆、中国期刊全文数据库、维普数据库和万方数据库,采用Revman 5.2软件对满足纳入标准的RCTs研究进行Meta分析。主要观察指标为国际标准化比率(INR)治疗窗内时间、出血发生率,次要观察指标为INR大于4发生率和华法林剂量调整次数。结果共检索出973篇文献,符合纳入标准的8篇随机对照研究,共计2 347例患者。Meta分析结果显示CYP2C9和VKORC1基因导向的华法林给药模式可以显著降低出血事件发生率[RR=0.83,95%CI(0.70,0.98),P=0.03],减少华法林剂量调整次数[MD=-0.55,95%CI(-0.93,-0.16),P=0.005]。尽管在INR治疗窗内时间[MD=2.16,95%CI(-2.36,6.68),P=0.35]、INR大于4发生率[RR=0.90,95%CI(0.71,1.15),P=0.40]两个方面,CYP2C9和VKORC1基因导向的华法林给药模式与传统给药模式无显著差异,但是基因导向的华法林给药模式仍有增加INR治疗窗内时间,减少INR大于4发生率的趋势。结论 CYP2C9和VKORC1基因检测指导华法林给药可以提高华法林给药的安全性和有效性。     

基因多态性与华法林剂量需求关系的研究进展

华法林是最常应用的口服抗凝药之一.近年来关于华法林个体化用药的最大的研究进展是基于基因多态性的给药模型,以及大规模的随机对照临床试验用于评价给药模型的有效性和安全性.本文综述了与华法林剂量需求相关的药效学及药代动力学基因多态性;同时,介绍了基于基因多态性的华法林给药模型的最新进展,为临床华法林个体化用药提供参考.     

1例抗菌药物与华法林相互作用的病例分析

目的:通过临床药师参与1例感染性心内膜炎抗感染治疗期间华法林剂量调整的药学实践,探讨其在临床治疗中发挥的作用。方法:临床药师依靠药学知识尤其是药动学优势,抗菌药物治疗期间与医师一起共同参与药物治疗监测及制定华法林给药剂量方案。结果:经过反复调整华法林剂量,最终达到满意抗凝目标值。结论:临床药师参与临床治疗实践,有利于提高药物治疗水平。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.