高效液相色谱法测定大鼠血浆中伊立替康及其活性代谢产物SN-38的含量

目的:建立同时测定大鼠血浆中伊立替康(CPT-11)及其活性代谢产物7-乙基-10-羟基喜树碱(SN-38)浓度的高效液相色谱法。方法:以10-羟基喜树碱作为内标,先用7%高氯酸酸化血浆,再用7%高氯酸-乙腈(50∶50)沉淀蛋白。采用Hypersil C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)进行分离;以0.05 mol·L-1的磷酸氢二钠-甲醇-三乙胺(50∶50∶0.025,磷酸调pH 3.0)为流动相;荧光检测波长:激发波长380 nm,发射波长550 nm。结果:大鼠血浆中CPT-11和SN-38线性范围分别是20～5000 ng·mL-1(r=0.9997)和2～500 ng·mL-1(r=0.9999)。两组分最低检出限分别为15 ng·mL-1和1.7 ng·mL-1。2组分平均相对回收率分别是98.7%和99.9%;平均绝对回收率分别87.2%和94.7%。2组分日内、日间精密度均小于12%。结论:本方法快速、简便、准确,灵敏度高,可用于CPT-11及其活性代谢产物SN-38药代动力学的研究。     

伊立替康及其主要活性代谢产物在人血浆和唾液中的药物浓度及药动学

目的:测定伊立替康(CPT-11)及其主要活性代谢物SN-38和SN-38G在人血浆和唾液中的浓度,研究伊立替康及其主要活性代谢物在2种体液中药动学参数的差异。方法:6例采用Folfiri两周方案治疗的晚期结肠癌患者,给药剂量180 mg.m-2,测定血浆和唾液中药物浓度,计算药动学参数。样品先经甲醇-乙腈(50∶50)沉淀蛋白,用盐酸酸化使内酯环开环,再定量。采用Waters Platform ZMD4000液相色谱仪,Xterra RP18柱,波长为370 nm,检测波长为470 nm和534 nm。喜树碱作内标。结果:血浆和唾液CPT-11及其活性代谢物,酸性提取物在此条件下的稳定性较好。3种待测物线性范围皆为1～1 000 ng.mL-1,检测限都是1 ng.mL-1。RSD为3.1%～11.7%,测定回收率为93.2%～109.8%,中位提取回收率为91%。CPT-11在2种体液中AUC相近,药动学参数相近;SN-38唾液中的AUC约为血浆的42%;SN-38G在唾液中未检出。结论:建立的方法可用于测定CPT-11,SN-38和SN-38G在人血浆和唾液中的药物浓度,可满足临床进行CPT-11及其主要活性代谢物人体药代动力学研究。在血浆样品不易得时,可采集唾液样品,两者药动学参数具有一定的相关性。     

伊立替康及其主要活性代谢物血药浓度和药代动力学测定

目的 测定抗癌药物伊立替康(CPT-11)及其主要活性代谢物SN-38,SN-38G的血药浓度和药代动力学指标.方法 样品先经甲醇-乙腈(50 ∶ 50体积比)沉淀蛋白,并用盐酸酸化使内酯环开环.用高效液相色谱仪定量:以喜树碱作内标;Xterra RP18柱,激发波长370 nm,检测波长为470 nm和534 nm.结果 血浆CPT-11及其活性代谢物、酸性提取物在此条件下的稳定性较好.三种待测物线性范围皆为1～1000 ng/ml,检测限都是1 ng/ml.相对标准差为3.1％～11.7％的血浆.测定回收率为93.2％～109.8％.中位提取回收率为91％.结论 所建立的方法可用于测定CPT-11,SN38和SN38-G在人血浆中的药物浓度,可满足临床进行CPT-11人体药代动力学研究.     

HPLC法测定血浆中伊立替康及其代谢产物SN-38、SN-38G浓度及方法学研究

目的：建立同时测定晚期结直肠癌患者血浆中伊立替康（CPT-11）及其活性代谢产物7-乙基-10-羟基喜树碱（SN-38）和非活性代谢产物的SN-38葡萄糖醛酸化（SN-38G）的浓度测定方法,并进行方法学验证。方法：以Kromacil C₁₈为色谱柱,甲醇-水（含5 mmol·L^-1 KH₂PO₃,pH=3.0）=55∶45为流动相,激发波长λ_ex=385 nm、发射波长λ_em=535 nm。结果：CPT-11在20~5000 ng·mL^-1范围内线性良好,SN-38在2~500 ng·mL^-1范围内线性良好,r值均为0.999。CPT-11和SN-38的提取回收率分别为53.26%~59.86%和66.83%~71.30%。CPT-11低、中、高三种浓度的日间和日内精密度均小于6.32%;SN-38低、中、高三种浓度的日间和日内精密度均小于7.02%。血浆样品反复冻融3次、室温放置8 h、进样器中放置24 h及长期冻融,稳定性均良好,样品浓度均未见显著改变。结论：使用高效液相色谱-荧光定量检测法简便、准确、灵敏,适用于晚期结直肠癌患者血浆中伊立替康及其代谢产物SN-38、SN-38G的血药浓度测定。     

HPLC-荧光法测定人血浆中伊立替康及其活性代谢产物的浓度

目的:建立同时测定人血浆中伊立替康(CPT-11)及其活性代谢产物7-乙基-10-羟基喜树碱(SN-38)浓度的方法。方法:血浆样品经乙腈沉淀蛋白及盐酸酸化后,以喜树碱为内标,采用高效液相色谱-荧光法测定。色谱柱为Waters Luna C_(18),流动相为0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钠溶液-乙腈(70∶30,V/V,用磷酸调节pH至4.0),流速为1 mL/min,激发波长为380 nm,发射波长为480 nm(CPT-11)、535 nm(SN-38),柱温为25℃,进样量为20μL。结果:CPT-11和SN-38血药浓度分别在200~1 000、5~45 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好(r分别为0.999 4、0.999 2,n=5),定量下限分别为200、5 ng/mL;日内、日间RSD为1.68%~5.57%;CPT-11和SN-38的相对回收率分别为90.12%~106.93%(RSD<8%,n=5)、92.07%~102.56%(RSD<6%,n=5),提取回收率分别为72.23%~86.56%(RSD<6%,n=5)、71.98%~83.44%(RSD<7%,n=5)。采用该方法测得5例结肠癌患者体内CPT-11和SN-38的血药浓度分别为431.13~617.19、13.97~31.89 ng/mL(静脉滴注结束后1 h),398.14~584.43、11.61~29.94 ng/mL(静脉滴注结束后2 h)。结论:该方法样品处理简单、快速,且灵敏度高、重复性好,适用于临床常规监测CPT-11及其代谢物SN-38的血药浓度及药动学研究。     

人血浆中伊立替康及其活性代谢物7-乙基-10羟基喜树碱浓度高效液相色谱-荧光测定方法的建立

目的:建立人血浆中伊立替康(CPT-11)及其代谢物7-乙基-10羟基喜树碱(SN-38)的浓度测定方法并进行方法学考证。方法:用Luna 5u CN100A(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm)色谱柱,乙腈与醋酸铵缓冲溶液(50 mmol.L-1,pH4)为流动相梯度洗脱,CPT-11的检测波长为Ex/Em=368 nm/432 nm,SN-38的检测波长为Ex/Em=368 nm/535 nm。结果:CPT-11保留时间为(9.3±0.3)min,SN-38保留时间为(4.8±0.3)min。空白样品在CPT-11、SN-38及内标喜树碱出峰位置均无干扰。CPT-11在46.9～6 000.0nmol.L-1的范围内线性良好,SN-38在2.0～250.0nmol.L-1的范围内线性良好,r值均为0.998。低浓度点RSD均在20%内,其余浓度点的RSD均在15%内,准确度均在85%～115%之间。血浆样品长期冻存稳定性良好,反复冻融3次及提取后室温放置24 h条件下,样品浓度均无显著变化。结论:使用高效液相色谱-荧光检测方法简便,准确,灵敏,适用于伊立替康及其活性代谢物SN-38的血药浓度检测。     

HPLC法测定盐酸伊立替康注射液的含量和有关物质

目的：建立盐酸伊立替康注射液含量及有关物质测定的方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Hypersile Luna（2）C18,流动相为水溶液（含0.02mol/L磷酸二氢钠和0.008mol/L辛烷磺酸钠）-乙腈-甲醇（59∶17∶24,V/V/V）,流速为1.5ml/min,检测波长为255nm,柱温为40℃。结果：盐酸伊立替康检测质量浓度线性范围为98.5～985.0μg/m（lr=0.99997）,检测限为1.2ng;高、中、低3种浓度水平的平均回收率分别为99.4%、99.8%、99.6%（n=3）,RSD分别为0.12%、0.10%、0.15%（n=3）。结论：建立的方法准确,适用于盐酸伊立替康制剂的质量控制。     

抗肿瘤新药伊立替康的合成研究

本文报道了抗肿瘤新药伊立替康的合成工艺,以喜树碱为原料合成了关键中间体7-乙基-10-羟基喜树碱（5）,再以苄胺为原料经7步反应合成哌啶基哌啶甲酰氯（7）,最后将两部分连接,制得伊立替康,总收率为21.7%。     

HPLC-FLD测定大鼠血浆中的10-羟基喜树碱方法学研究

目的 建立一种简单、准确的测定大鼠血浆中10-羟基喜树碱含量的高效液相色谱-荧光检测法(HPLC-FLD).方法 用1%冰醋酸-甲醇溶液处理血浆样品,采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器,以喜树碱为内标.色谱柱:Phenomenex Luna C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相:以5%乙腈为流动相A,乙腈为流动相B,流速为1.2 mL·min-1,荧光检测器激发波长和发射波长分别为Ex=380 nm,Em=515 nm.采用室温梯度洗脱,进样体积为50μL.结果 本试验采用两条分段函数,大鼠血浆中10-羟基喜树碱在1.25~20 ng·mL-1及20~320 ng·mL-1范围内线性良好,线回归系数分别为0.9998和0.9995.方法 准确度为98.9%~103.8%,10-羟基喜树碱高、中、低3个浓度的提取回收率均大于80%.日内精密度RSD<4.2%,日间精密度RSD<4.8%.结论 该方法 操作简便,灵敏度高,精密度和准确度好,适用于大鼠血浆中10-羟基喜树碱含量的测定.     

伊立替康治疗23例晚期结、直肠癌患者的护理体会

伊立替康（喜树碱-11，irinotecan，CPT-11，商品名艾力）为喜树碱水溶液衍生物，是新型的DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅰ（TOPOⅠ）选择性抑制剂，拓扑异构酶Ⅰ是DNA复制延续的关键酶，伊立替康及其活性代谢物SN-38与拓扑异构酶Ⅰ和DNA形成的复合物牢固结合，阻止拓扑异构酶Ⅰ修复DNA缺口，造成DNA不可逆断裂，引起细胞死亡。伊立替康的主要毒性反应包括迟发性腹泻、中性粒细胞减少。其它常见不良反应还包括乙碱胆碱能综合征、胃肠道反应、脱发等。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.