伊曲康唑注射液研究

本文介绍了伊曲康唑注射液的制备和质量控制,对制得的伊曲康唑注射液的含量和稳定性等级作了研究,结果证明所用制备方法制出的样品质量可控。     

伊曲康唑注射液研究

本文介绍了伊曲康唑注射液的制备和质量控制，对制得的伊曲康唑注射液的含量和稳定性等级作了研究，结果证明所用制备方法制出的样品质量可控。     

伊曲康唑注射液的药理作用及其在系统性真菌感染的应用

伊曲康唑是三唑类广谱抗真菌药,其胶囊剂的生物利用度低,血药浓度不稳定,限制了它在较严重的系统性真菌感染中的应用.用羟丙基-β-环糊精与伊曲康唑进行包合,可大大提高伊曲康唑的水溶性和生物利用度,用此包合物制备的伊曲康唑注射液可用于严重的系统性真菌感染的治疗.现对伊曲康唑注射液的药理作用及其在系统性真菌感染中的临床应用作一介绍.     

伊曲康唑脂质体体外抗真菌作用研究

目的:研究伊曲康唑脂质体体外抗深部真菌作用。方法:测定伊曲康唑脂质体对白色念珠菌、克柔念珠菌、光滑念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌、热带念珠菌等5种临床常用深部真菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC),采用平皿菌落计数法进行菌落计数,制备克柔念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌的菌落数-时间曲线,并与伊曲康唑注射液的结果进行比较。结果:与伊曲康唑注射液比较,伊曲康唑脂质体对5种深部真菌的MIC、MBC基本一致,对克柔念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌的菌落数-时间曲线基本一致。结论:伊曲康唑脂质体与伊曲康唑注射液对5种深部真菌具有相似的体外抗真菌作用。     

伊曲康唑-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物颗粒的制备与质量控制

目的制备伊曲康唑-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物颗粒，并对其进行质量控制。方法采用加热搅拌法，在酸性条件下将伊曲康唑制备成羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物，采用制备颗粒一般方法制备伊曲康唑-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物颗粒。采用紫外分光光度法对其进行质量控制。 结果伊曲康唑-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物颗粒制备工艺简单，增加伊曲康唑的溶出度，质量控制方法简单易行。结论该制备工艺简便，增加了伊曲康唑的溶出度。     

伊曲康唑注射液无菌检查法的方法学研究

目的建立伊曲康唑注射液的无菌检查方法。方法按2005年版《中国药典（二部）》附录XIH方法对伊曲康唑注射液进行无菌检查。结果样品管无菌生长，6株阳性对照菌生长良好。结论采用方法验证试验进行伊曲康唑注射液的无菌检查，可行。     

临床药师参与治疗1例马尔尼菲青霉菌肺部感染

1例63岁中老年男性因“咳嗽、发热伴淋巴结肿大1月余”入院,根据淋巴结穿刺的病理结果确诊为马尔尼菲青霉菌肺部感染。患者病情严重,感染累及心脏,全身炎症反应强烈。确诊后立即给予伊曲康唑注射液抗真菌治疗,但在治疗的第19天,医生将伊曲康唑注射液改为伊曲康唑胶囊序贯治疗,临床药师考虑到患者此时的病情尚不稳定且伊曲康唑口服胶囊的生物利用度低,其血药浓度达不到有效抗菌浓度,建议继续使用伊曲康唑注射液控制病情,待患者病情稳定后可考虑给予生物利用度较高的伊曲康唑口服溶液序贯治疗。临床医生采纳临床药师的意见,继续给予伊曲康唑注射液治疗,1周后患者病情相对稳定,予以出院。3周后患者门诊随访,病情进一步好转,且无药物不良反应发生。     

伊曲康唑纳米晶体的制备与表征

目的：制备伊曲康唑纳米晶体并进行药剂学性质表征。方法：采用湿法介质研磨结合冷冻干燥工艺制备伊曲康唑纳米晶体;采用马尔文激光粒度测定仪测定伊曲康唑纳米晶体的粒径和多分散系数（PDI）;采用扫描电镜观察伊曲康唑粒子的形态;采用差示扫描量热法、红外光谱法、X-射线粉末衍射法研究伊曲康唑纳米化前后晶型和化学结构变化情况;采用浆法比较伊曲康唑纳米化前后及市售胶囊在pH 1.2、pH 4.0、pH 6.8的溶液以及水等4种溶出介质中的溶出行为。结果：制备的伊曲康唑纳米晶体平均粒径为317 nm,PDI值0.29;纳米化前后伊曲康唑晶型和化学结构没有发生明显改变;在pH 1.2、pH 4.0、pH 6.8的溶液以及水等4种溶出介质中,药物溶出速率快慢顺序为伊曲康唑纳米晶体> 市售伊曲康唑胶囊> 物理混合物及伊曲康唑原料药。结论：采用湿法介质研磨结合冷冻干燥工艺,可以制备平均粒径小且较为均匀的伊曲康唑纳米晶体;纳米化后伊曲康唑仍为结晶态;制成纳米晶体可以明显改善伊曲康唑的溶出性能,利于改善药物的口服吸收。     

伊曲康唑注射液治疗侵袭性真菌感染临床分析

<正>伊曲康唑是一种广谱的三唑类抗真菌药,本研究对应用伊曲康唑注射液治疗恶性血液病伴发真菌感染的患者进行了观察,现将结果报告如下。     

伊曲康唑包合物注射液的制备及理化性质考察

目的制备伊曲康唑注射液并考察其理化性质。方法以羟丙基β环糊精(HP βCD)为增溶剂,采用溶液 搅拌法制备伊曲康唑包合物注射液,采用HPLC法测定伊曲康唑的含量。结果HP βCD对药物具有较好的增溶作用,伊曲康唑注射液的pH值、渗透压、澄明度等性质均符合要求。结论伊曲康唑包合物注射液符合《中华人民共和国药典》注射剂质量标准     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.