Blood pressure evolution in young patients with acute ischemic stroke: a new model for understanding the natural course of spontaneous hypertension?

Background: Approximately 80% of patients suffering an acute ischemic stroke develop transient hypertension. The physiopathological mechanism remains unclear. Due to the lack of vascular risk factors, young adults could be a useful model for understanding blood pressure (BP) evolution in this setting.

Methods: Patients between 18 and 55 years old admitted with an acute ischemic stroke were included. BP was evaluated during the following 48 h. Hypertension was defined as: systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90 mmHg. Patients were divided into two groups: RF group included those who had a previous vascular risk factor and/or other medical condition known to affect the autonomic function; noRF group included patients without any of the previously stated conditions.

Results: Thirty-nine patients were included: mean age: 44.26 years old, 21 were males (53.8%). Mean SBP and DBP at admission were 139.77 ± 5.35 mmHg (range: 90–243) and 84.44 ± 3.02 mmHg (range: 60–128), respectively; 43.58% patients were hypertensive at admission. SBP decreased significantly during the first 48 h (p = 0.044) for the entire population. RF group has higher SBP (p = 0.009) and DBP (p = 0.011) at admission than the noRF group.

Conclusion: Most patients were normotensive at admission and BP fell spontaneously despite BP at admission. Young patients without medical conditions that could alter the autonomic system function could be a useful model for understanding acute hypertension in ischemic stroke.     

Blood pressure in acute stroke. The Copenhagen Stroke Study

This study examines blood pressure (BP) and independent factors related to BP in the acute phase of stroke. The study is part of the community-based Copenhagen Stroke Study. In a multivariate regression model we analyzed the impact of clinical and medical factors on admission BP. BP declined with increasing time from stroke onset with a total of 8/4 mm Hg. Independent factors related to diastolic BP were ischemic heart disease (-3.9 mm Hg), male gender (2.2 mm Hg), known hypertension prior to stroke (8.6 mm Hg), and primary hemorrhage (9.7 mm Hg). Independent factors related to systolic BP were age (3.6 mm Hg/10-year increase), atrial fibrillation (-7.2 mm Hg), ischemic heart disease (-6.0 mm Hg), intracerebral hemorrhage (13.3 mm Hg), and known hypertension prior to stroke (16.3 mm Hg). No independent relations were seen between BP and diabetes, claudication, previous stroke, smoking, daily alcohol consumption, initial stroke severity and lesion size. The increase in BP in the acute phase of stroke is a uniform response to the ischemic event per se. BP is not related to stroke severity. Several factors are independently related to the BP level in acute stroke. The clinical significance of this is yet to be tested, but these factors may contribute to the seemingly complex relation between BP and outcome.     

Effect of Postural Hypotension on Recurrent Stroke: Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3) Study

Background: Orthostatic hypotension (OH) has been independently associated with increased risk of stroke and other cardiovascular events. We sought to investigate the relationship between OH at follow-up and recurrent stroke risk in SPS3 (Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes) trial patient cohort. This is a retrospective cohort analysis. Methods: We included all SPS3 trial participants with blood pressure measurements in both sitting and standing position per protocol at baseline, with at least 1 follow-up visit to establish the relationship between OH at follow-up and recurrent stroke risk (primary outcome). Secondary outcomes included major vascular events, myocardial infarction, all-cause mortality, and, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke subtypes. Participants were classified as having OH at baseline and at each follow-up visit based on a systolic BP decline ≥20 mm Hg or a diastolic BP decline ≥10 mm Hg on position change from sitting to standing. We used Cox proportional hazards regression modeling to compare the risk of outcomes among those with and without OH. Results: A total of 2275 patients were included with a mean follow up time 3.2 years (standard deviation = 1.6 years). 39% (881/2275) had OH at some point during their follow-up. Of these, 41% (366/881) had orthostatic symptoms accompanying the BP drop. In a fully adjusted model, those with OH had a 1.8 times higher risk of recurrent stroke than those without OH (95% confidence interval: 1.1-3.0). The risk of ischemic stroke, major vascular events, and all-cause mortality was similarly elevated among the OH group. Conclusion: OH was associated with increased recurrent stroke risk, vascular events, and all-cause death in this large cohort of lacunar stroke patients. Whether minimizing OH in the management of poststroke hypertension in patients with lacunar stroke reduces recurrent stroke risk deserves further study.     

Salivary cortisol, a biological marker of stress, is positively associated with 24-hour systolic blood pressure in patients with acute ischaemic stroke

BACKGROUND/AIM: The cause of elevated blood pressure (BP) in acute stroke is unknown. Stress is often suggested as a main contributing factor. We aimed to investigate the relationship between BP and stress in patients with acute stroke. METHODS: 58 patients with clinical symptoms of stroke were recruited prospectively after exclusion of haemorrhage by CT scan within 14 h and 15 min (mean) after symptom onset (range 2 h and 45 min-23 h and 40 min). The mean age of the patients was 66 years (range 39-86 years), and the mean National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score was 7 (range 1-26). BP and pulse rate were recorded by non-invasive automatic monitoring hourly for 24 h. Stress was evaluated by testing the level of salivary cortisol. Four samples of saliva were obtained at inclusion, on the evening of the inclusion day (20.00-22.00 h), on the morning of the next day (7.00-9.00 h) and on the afternoon of the inclusion day/next day (15.00-17.00 h) within 24 h after inclusion in the study. Logarithmic transformation was done for cortisol levels. RESULTS: The 24-hour mean cortisol level (geometric mean 13.6 nmol/l) was related to 24-hour mean systolic BP [SBP; r = 0.36, p = 0.01, multivariate p = 0.02], mean night-time (22.00-6.00 h) SBP (r = 0.43, p = 0.001, multivariate p < 0.005) and mean night-time diastolic BP (r = 0.31, p = 0.02, multivariate p = 0.02). Cortisol levels at inclusion (r = 0.31, p = 0.02, multivariate p = 0.05 for 24-hour SBP) and in the evening were also statistically significantly related to the above BP variables. The morning cortisol (r = 0.28, p = 0.04, multivariate p = 0.04) was related to night-time SBP. CONCLUSIONS: Salivary cortisol was positively correlated with 24-hour SBP and night-time BP, suggesting that stress is a contributing factor for high BP in acute stroke.     

基线血压水平与急性缺血性脑卒中早期降压治疗3个月结局的关系

目的 探讨基线血压水平与急性缺血性脑卒中早期降压治疗3 m结局关系.方法 收集2009年8月-2013年5月发病48 h内住院且经影像学确诊合并高血压的急性期缺血性脑卒中患者828例,根据入组时收缩压(Systolic Blood Pressure,SBP)水平分为140 ～ 160 mmHg组(n=276)、160～...     

Which parameters of beat-to-beat blood pressure and variability best predict early outcome after acute ischemic stroke?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In hypertensive populations, increasing blood pressure (BP) levels and BP variability (BPV) are associated with a greater incidence of target organ damage. After stroke, elevated 24-hour BP levels predict a poor outcome, although it is uncertain whether shorter-length BP recordings assessing mean BP levels and BPV have a similar predictive role. The objectives of this study were to compare the different measures of beat-to-beat BP and BPV on outcome after acute ischemic stroke and assess whether these parameters were affected by stroke subtype. METHODS: Ninety-two consecutive admissions with a CT-confirmed diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke were recruited, of whom 54 had cortical infarction, 29 subcortical, and 9 posterior circulation infarction. Casual and two 5-minute recordings of beat-to-beat BP (Finapres, Ohmeda) were made under standardized conditions within 72 hours of ictus, with mean BP levels taken as the average of this 10-minute recording and BPV as the standard deviation. Outcome was assessed at 30 days as dead/dependent or independent (Rankin 相似文献   

Blood pressure as an independent prognostic factor in acute ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Blood pressure is elevated in most patients during acute ischemic stroke, but the prognostic significance of this is unclear as the current data yield conflicting results. METHODS: Admission blood pressure from the 1281 patients in the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) was analyzed for prognostic significance as well as the risk of hemorrhagic transformation. We also examined weighted-average blood pressure over seven days, and the impact of a 30% change in blood pressure in 24 hours. Patients with severe hypertension were excluded from the TOAST trial. RESULTS: Increasing systolic blood pressure (SBP) on admission, but not diastolic (DBP) or mean arterial pressure (MAP) was predictive of poor outcome, but this effect was not significant after adjustment for other know prognostic factors. Increasing weighted-average SBP and MAP over seven days were predictive for poor outcome, but a 30% change in blood pressure over 24 hours was not. CONCLUSIONS: Admission blood pressure is not an independent prognostic factor in acute ischemic stroke, but the weighted-average of SBP and MAP over seven days probably does have predictive value with higher values having a worse prognosis. A prospective trial of blood pressure control during acute stroke is needed.     

非心源性脑梗死患者急性期血压变异与早期神经功能恶化的相关性研究

目的探讨非心源性脑梗死患者急性期24 h血压变异和早期神经功能恶化的关系。方法采用病例对照研究方法连续登记急性非心源性脑梗死患者,收集一般临床资料,连续血压监测并计算24 h血压变异的各参数,按照入院7 d内有无发生脑梗死早期神经功能恶化进行分组比较,建立Logistic回归模型分析24 h血压和血压变异参数与早期神经功能恶化的关系。结果 221例入组患者中59例(26.7%)出现早期神经功能恶化。出现早期神经功能恶化组24 h平均收缩压和收缩压变异系数显著高于未发生组[(145.8±18.2)mm Hg vs.(139.9±20.3)mm Hg;9.0(7.3~11.2)vs.8.4(6.9~10.2)],差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素校正后,24 h平均收缩压水平和收缩压变异系数增大是发生早期神经功能恶化的独立危险因素(每10 mm Hg 24 h平均收缩压OR=1.285,95%CI(1.059~1.559);收缩压变异系数OR=1.206,95%CI(1.050~1.384))。结论入院后24 h收缩压变异增大是急性非心源性脑梗死7 d内发生早期神经功能恶化的危险因素。     

Tissue Doppler index, E/E', and ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction

BACKGROUND: Although several risk factors for stroke have been reported in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), the relation of LV diastolic dysfunction to stroke is still uncertain in these patients. We evaluated the relationship between tissue Doppler-derived index, E/E', as well as other clinical and echocardiographic parameters and ischemic stroke by this cross-sectional study. METHODS: Three hundred thirty patients with persistent AF who had preserved LV ejection fraction were included from 6 centers. Clinical data were obtained and standard transthoracic echocardiography was performed. Patients without a history of ischemic stroke (n=280) were compared with patients with this complication (n=50). Potential determinants of ischemic stroke were identified by logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: In univariate analyses, age, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and symptomatic heart failure, plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level, early mitral inflow velocity (E), diastolic mitral annular velocity (E'), and E/E' ratio were significantly correlated to ischemic stroke. Multivariate regression analyses identified two significant variables that were independently associated with ischemic stroke: hypertension (odds ratio=6.03, p=0.008), and E/E' (odds ratio=1.21, p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: These findings may have clinical implications that LV diastolic dysfunction, reflected by E/E', is a significant determinant of ischemic stroke in AF. A larger prospective data is needed to confirm the value of E/E' in risk stratification for ischemic stroke in this population.     

Markers of a hypercoagulable state following acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The nature of hematologic disorders in different stroke subtypes remains uncertain. The purpose of this study was to clarify the differences in the coagulation and fibrinolytic activities among ischemic stroke subtypes. METHODS: We performed sequential measurements of hematologic parameters in 21 patients with acute cardioembolic stroke, 10 patients with atherothrombotic stroke, 23 patients with lacunar stroke, and 20 age-matched controls. RESULTS: A marked elevation of plasma concentrations of the thrombin-antithrombin III complex and crosslinked D-dimer was observed only in cardioembolic stroke within 48 hours of onset (p less than 0.01), persisting for one month with a gradual decline. In atherothrombotic stroke, however, the level of crosslinked D-dimer was not elevated at the onset, but increased seven days after onset (p less than 0.01). No significant changes in these marker levels were observed in lacunar stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the nature of altered coagulation and fibrinolysis are different in various subtypes of ischemic stroke, and that an assessment of these hematologic parameters may be useful for the early classification of these subtypes.     

缺血性卒中伴高血压患者的24h动态血压与脑微出血的关系

目的探讨缺血性卒中伴高血压患者的24 h动态血压与脑微出血的相关性。方法对连续缺血性卒中伴高血压患者进行脑核磁磁敏感加权成像检查,明确是否存在脑微出血,在入院24 h内测量患者动态血压,并收集患者一般情况、缺血性脑血管病危险因素、实验室指标。用Logistic回归分析CMBs与动态血压指标的关系。结果 186例缺血性卒中伴高血压患者纳入研究,单因素回归分析显示年龄、糖尿病、24 h平均收缩压、日间平均收缩压、夜间平均收缩压与脑微出血相关。多因素回归分析显示24 h平均收缩压与脑微出血相关。结论在缺血性卒中伴高血压患者人群中,24 h平均收缩压是脑微出血的重要影响因素。     

Higher ambulatory blood pressure relates to enlarged Virchow-Robin spaces in first-ever lacunar stroke patients

Enlarged Virchow-Robin spaces (EVRS) are considered to be a sign of cerebral small vessel disease. Hypertension is an important risk factor for cerebral small vessel disease, whereas ambulatory blood pressure (BP) is the strongest predictor of hypertension-related brain damage. However, the association between ambulatory BP levels and EVRS has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the association between ambulatory BP levels and EVRS. In 143 first-ever lacunar stroke patients, we performed 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring after the acute stroke phase. On brain MRI we counted EVRS in the basal ganglia and the centrum semiovale. We graded the number of EVRS at each level into a three-category severity scale. We assessed the association between BP levels and EVRS by ordinal regression analysis. After adjusting for age, sex, extensive white matter lesions, and asymptomatic lacunar infarcts, higher day systolic (OR 1.21; 95 % CI 1.00–1.46 per 10 mmHg), day diastolic (1.18; 95 % CI 1.02–1.37 per 5 mmHg) and 24-h diastolic (OR 1.18; 95 % CI 1.01–1.37 per 5 mmHg) ambulatory BP levels were associated with EVRS at the basal ganglia level. No relation was found between ambulatory BP levels and EVRS in the centrum semiovale. Higher day ambulatory BP levels are associated with EVRS in the basal ganglia. This association was independent of the presence of extensive white matter lesions and asymptomatic lacunar infarcts. Our results imply that basal ganglia EVRS should be regarded as a separate manifestation of BP-related brain damage.     

Procoagulant stress reactivity and recovery in apparently healthy men with systolic and diastolic hypertension

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether systemic systolic hypertension (SHT) and diastolic hypertension (DHT) are associated with an exaggerated response of factor VII clotting activity (FVII:C), factor VIII clotting activity (FVIII:C), fibrinogen, and d-dimer to acute psychosocial stress. METHODS: We performed the 15-min Trier Social Stress Test (i.e., combination of task preparation, job interview and mental arithmetic) in a sample of 42 middle-aged apparently healthy and unmedicated men with normal and elevated blood pressure (BP) (i.e. screening systolic and/or diastolic BP>or=130/85 mmHg). Blood samples for coagulation measures were obtained immediately pre and post stress and 20 min and 60 min thereafter. Repeated measures analyses of covariance controlled for age, body mass index, screening mean arterial BP, and resting level of coagulation factors. RESULTS: There was a stress-by-DHT interaction for changes across all time points in FVII:C (P=.027), FVIII:C (P=.018), and d-dimer (P=.011) explaining between 14% and 17% of the variance. Compared to subjects without DHT, diastolic hypertensives had higher FVII:C immediately post stress (P=.085, Cohen's d=.60) and at 20-min recovery (P=.19, d=.46), higher FVIII:C at 20- (P=.028, d=.78) and at 60-min (P=.035, d=.75) recovery, and higher D-dimer at 20-min recovery (P=.10, d=.58). A significant stress-by-SHT interaction for fibrinogen (P=.050) became nonsignificant when controlling for covariates. CONCLUSION: Diastolic hypertension exaggerated the acute procoagulant response to stress in middle-aged men. This effect was particularly observed during recovery of hypercoagulability from stress. The findings suggest a psychobiological mechanism linking stress with an increased atherothrombotic risk in hypertensive individuals.     

Noninvasive evaluation of hemispheric cerebral circulation and brain function in acute intracranial hypertension

Disturbance of the hemispheric cerebral circulation and brain dysfunction in acute intracranial hypertension were evaluated noninvasively by ultrasonic Doppler technique and multimodality evoked potentials consisting of auditory evoked brain-stem response (ABR), cortical somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) and visual evoked potential (VEP) in 36 patients with severe head injury and cerebrovascular disease. Glasgow coma scale score was less than 8 in all cases and the age ranged from 17 to 75 years (mean of 46 years). Intracranial pressure (ICP) was measured from the extradural space using Gaeltec transducer and systemic blood pressure was simultaneously recorded. Common carotid blood flow velocity (CBFV) was recorded on both sides and mean velocity (M), diastolic mean velocity (Md) and mean blood flow were calculated. The abnormalities on MEPs were graded into 4 categories. M and Md values on CBFV were significantly (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01) lowered on affected side (main lesion side) even when ICP was staying less than 20 mmHg comparing with control value obtained from the normal subjects (M: 19.48 +/- 3.52, Md: 15.98 +/- 2.01 cm/sec). With the increase of ICP more than 21 mmHg, CBFV on the contralateral side was also decreased and M as well as Md values were maintained at the lowered level during 21 to 60 mmHg of ICP. A significant rapid decrease of CBFV was observed at extreme intracranial hypertension more than 61 mmHg. Lowered CBFV was also noted when cerebral perfusion pressure was reduced less than 50 mmHg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Long-term outcome as function of blood pressure in acute ischemic stroke and effects of thrombolysis

BACKGROUND: While baseline blood pressure (BP) is a known predictor of 90-day residual deficit after acute ischemic stroke, the effect of thrombolysis on this relationship has not been described. To study the interaction and to find intervals of prognostic significance, the functional forms of this predictive relationship should be found and compared for recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA)- and placebo-treated patients of the first European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study. METHODS: We studied the 615 patients with acute ischemic hemispheric stroke randomized and treated in the first European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study. Endpoints were fatal outcome within and favorable outcome (no or negligible long-term handicap on the modified Rankin Scale scores 0 or 1) after 90 +/- 14 days. Functional relationships with baseline BP were estimated fully nonparametrically as moving averages of occurrences of either outcome among placebo- and rt-PA-treated patients, separately. Visual findings were corroborated by conventionally stratified logistic regression. RESULTS: For favorable outcome, an S-shaped functional relationship with baseline systolic BP (SBP) was found with an averaged incremental rate around 10% per 1 mm Hg increase in baseline SBP between 140 and 160 mm Hg, among rt-PA and placebo patients. Similar results were obtained for diastolic BP (DBP) between 80 and 90 mm Hg. Odds ratios in favor of rt-PA were 1.96 (95% CI: 1.02-3.78) and 2.87 (95% CI: 1.36-6.04) for SBP and DBP in these intervals, respectively. For mortality, visible markedly lower risks in the placebo group between 120 and 140 and between 160 and 180 mm Hg SBP were confirmed with adjusted OR of 2.47 (95% CI: 1.09-5.64) and 9.73 (95% CI: 2.02-46.82), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients benefited from rt-PA in terms of no or negligible handicap after 90 days, without excess risk of death, with baseline SBP between 140 and 160 mm Hg or baseline DBP between 80 and 90 mm Hg.     

急性缺血性脑卒中血管内治疗后 症状性颅内出血的预测因素

目的 探讨急性缺血性脑卒中血管内治疗后症状性颅内出血的预测因素。方法 选取2014年1月-2017年12月因急性缺血性脑卒中至本院就诊并进行血管内治疗的患者,记录其一般情况与凝血功能,观察其治疗效果与不良反应,采用Logistic回归分析颅内出血的影响因素。结果 血管内治疗颅内出血概率为16.09%。发生颅内出血的患者平均年龄(64.46±15.47)岁,饮酒率28.57%,高血压患病率71.43%,糖尿病患病率42.86%,溶栓前抗血小板聚集药使用率64.26%,溶栓前NIHSS评分(15.63±6.84)分,溶栓前血小板计数(182.05±52.49)×10⁹/L,溶栓前INR(1.09±0.16),溶栓前收缩压(145.79±12.40)mmHg,均高于未出血组; 进一步logistic回归分析显示年龄OR=1.75(0.82～2.08),饮酒OR=0.99(0.47～1.65),高血压病OR=4.29(3.74～5.63),溶栓前NIHSS评分OR=2.81(1.46～3.26),溶栓前收缩压OR=1.45(1.15～1.93)为血管内治疗后颅内出血的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 年龄、饮酒、高血压病、NIHSS评分溶栓前收缩压为血管内治疗颅内出血的危险因素。     

Effects of blood pressure lowering in the acute phase of total anterior circulation infarcts and other stroke subtypes

BACKGROUND: Lowering of blood pressure (BP) in the acute phase of stroke is reported both to worsen and to improve the outcome. To investigate whether heterogeneity exists between stroke subtypes in the response to BP lowering, we analysed data from the Intravenous Nimodipine West European Stroke Trial (INWEST). METHODS: INWEST enrolled acute ischaemic stroke patients within 24 h (n = 295) to the following groups: placebo (n = 100), 1 mg/h nimodipine (n = 101) or 2 mg/h nimodipine (n = 94). Patients were retrospectively classified as total anterior circulation infarct (TACI) (i.e. hemiparesis + hemianopia + dysphasia) and non-TACI (exclusion of any one of these). Main outcome measures were neurological (Orgogozo) and functional (Barthel) scores at day 21. RESULTS: 106 patients were labelled as TACI and 62 as non-TACI. No significant difference in BP was observed between the TACI and non-TACI subtypes at baseline, nor did the subtypes differ in BP course within the treatment groups. A higher proportion of non-TACI patients received postrandomisation antihypertensive agents in addition to the study drug compared with TACI patients (55% non-TACI vs. 26% TACI, p < 0.005). For TACI patients, there was no outcome difference between the placebo- and nimodipine-treated groups. For non-TACI patients, placebo had a significantly better neurological (p = 0.004) and functional (p = 0.04) outcome than the high-dose nimodipine group. In multivariate analysis for TACI patients, BP reduction and nimodipine treatment had no relation with outcome. Baseline stroke severity (p < 0.005) was the only significant predictor of the outcome at day 21. For non-TACI patients, diastolic BP (DBP) reduction (p = 0.03) and nimodipine treatment (p = 0.001) were related to neurological deterioration and nimodipine treatment (p = 0.01) to functional deterioration. Systolic BP reduction was associated with neurological (p < 0.005) and functional improvement (p = 0.01). Baseline stroke severity (p < 0.005) was related to both neurological and functional outcome. CONCLUSION: BP lowering and nimodipine treatment had no significant effect on outcome for TACI patients. For non-TACI patients, DBP lowering worsened the neurological outcome and high-dose nimodipine worsened both the neurological and functional outcome.     

Blood pressure, nimodipine, and outcome of ischemic stroke

OBJECTIVES: The reduction of blood pressure (BP) caused by nimodipine has been proposed as an explanation for the poor results in ischemic stroke trials. We evaluated further the relationships between BP, nimodipine, and outcome of ischemic stroke, and also searched for other possible explaining mechanisms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All 350 participants of an earlier placebo controlled trial on oral nimodipine were included in this study. Among other variables, the admission BP, and the change of BP during the first day were noted. The 3 week and 3 month functional outcome was assessed with a modified Rankin grading. RESULTS: The severity of stroke was the utmost important predictor of outcome. Visible cerebral infarction on computed tomography (CT) was associated with severe stroke and an early commencement (within 24 h of stroke onset) of nimodipine treatment. In the nimodipine arm, high initial systolic and diastolic BP measured < or =24 h of stroke onset were independent predictors of good functional outcome (Rankin grades 1 and 2), whereas BP change was not. The survivors in the nimodipine arm with mild to moderately severe stroke had higher initial BP than the deceased ones, in severe strokes the situation was the opposite. CONCLUSIONS: Stroke severity, visible cerebral infarcts on CT, and early commencement of nimodipine treatment were associated. Overall, high initial systolic and diastolic BP predicted a good functional outcome in patients on nimodipine. In severe strokes, the combination of nimodipine and high initial BP was associated with increased risk of death.     

三种不同病因缺血性脑卒中急性期血压与预后的关系

目的 探讨三种不同病因类型的缺血性脑卒中急性期血压与预后的关系.方法 以温州脑卒中登记库为基础,前瞻性连续登记2007年4月至2008年4月温州医学院附属第一医院从发病到入院时间小于48 h并被诊断为脑梗死的患者.采用Logistic多因素逐步回归法分析不同病因型脑梗死患者影响预后的因素.结果 各病因型入院血压和急性期平均血压与预后均呈U型关系.动脉粥样硬化型、心源性栓塞型和其他病因型入院时血压在150/95 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)左右,7 d内平均血压140/90 mm Hg时预后最佳;小动脉病变型以入院时血压在130/95 mm Hg左右,7 d内平均血压140/90 mm Hg时预后最佳.在动脉粥样硬化型缺血性脑卒中患者中,入院24 h内收缩压下降幅度大于20 mm Hg使3个月的死亡和残疾风险增加4.44倍(OR 4.44,95%CI 1.70～11.59,P=0.002);入院24 h内舒张压下降幅度大于10 mm Hg使3个月的死亡和残疾风险增加3.70倍(OR 3.70,95%CI 1.54～8.90,P=0.00).心源性脑栓塞患者中,入院24 h内收缩压下降幅度大于20 mm Hg(OR 7.98,95%CI 1.34～47.66,P=0.026)和舒张压下降幅度大于10 mm Hg(OR6.68,95%CI 1.55～28.79,P=0.01)均为3个月死亡和残疾的独立危险因素.结论 入院时各亚型组的血压与3个月病死和残疾率均呈U型关系,血压过高或过低患者预后均较差.对于动脉粥样硬化型患者和心源性栓塞患者,入院24 h内血压下降幅度过大为其3个月预后不良的独立危险因素.     

Does diabetes mellitus affect the course and prognosis of ischemic stroke?

Although diabetes is a well-known risk factor for ischemic stroke, its role in ischemic stroke outcome has not been clarified yet. Stroke subtypes according to the TOAST (Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) classification, history of hypertension, serum glucose levels, blood pressure and OCSP (Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project) clinical types of admission, the presence of infections and seizures in the acute phase of illness, duration of hospitalisation, early and in-hospital mortality in diabetics and non-diabetic stroke patients were studied. CT scans in both groups were analysed by the size, localisation and number of ischemic foci. Significant differences were found only as regards the history of hypertension, as well as glucose levels and blood pressure on admission. The incidence of arterial hypertension prior to ischemic stroke was higher in the diabetic group. These patients had significantly higher blood glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure level on admission than had the non-diabetic group. No differences were found between the two groups on any other analysed variables. Our observations suggest that diabetes has no effect on the course and outcome of ischemic stroke.