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??Clinical effective analysis of percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotrip by rigid choledochoscopy for 194 patients with intrahepatic stones JIANG Xiao-feng, ZHANG Da-wei, LU Hai-wu, et al. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260??China
Corresponding author:XUE Ping, E-mail:drxueping@medmail.com.cn
Abstract Objective To investigate the clinical application of percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy (PTCSL) for intrahepatic stones. Methods The clinical data of 194 patients with complicate intrahepatic stone performed PTCSL between February 1, 2008 and December 31, 2016 in Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University were analyzed retrospectively. The procedure was divided into two groups: one step procedure percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage and percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy were performed simultaneously; Two step procedure percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy was performed 3-5 days after percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage. Results All the patients were successfully performed by percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy. The one step procedure was performed in 28 patients ??14.4%????while two step procedure 166 patients??85.6%??. Operation time was??45.0±8.0??min. Saline solution used for rinse was??6000.0±500.0??mL. The stone clearance status??intrahepatic stones were all removed in 81 patients??41.8%??. Incomplete removal was achieved in 113 patients (58.2%), of which 109 patients of secondary bile duct branch without residual stones. Postoperative complications included 13 patients??6.7%?? with biliary tract infection and 5 patients ??2.6%?? with bleeding. Two patients developed into infection shock and one patient died of multiple organ failure. One hundred and sixty-tow patients (83.5%) were followed up, and the overall recurrence rate for hepatolithiasis in patients who underwent PTCS therapy was 29.6%??48/162??. Conclusion PTCSL is effective in the treatment of selected patients with intrahepatic bile duct stones. Combination of stiff and soft cholangioscopy can reduce the possibility of retaining stones after operation. Compared with one step procedure, two step procedure may result in fewer serious complications.     

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??A one-stage percutaneous tract dilation technique in percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) for patients with bile duct stones: A report of 35 cases LOU Jian-ying, CHEN Wei, WANG Ji, et al. Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
Corresponding author: LIANG Ting-bo, E-mail: liangtingbo@zju.edu.cn
Abstract Objective To evaluate the safety, efficiency, indications and procedure of percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS), using a one-stage percutaneous tract dilation technique, in patients with intrahepatic and/or common bile duct stones. Methods The medical records of 35 cases of intrahepatic and/or common bile duct stones treated by PTCS, using a one-stage tract dilation technique, from January, 2015 to April, 2017 in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine were studied retrospectively. All the patients were treated with lithotripsy and basket stone removal through PTCS using one-stage percutaneous tract dilation technique after percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage (PTCD). The perioperative morbitity, stone clearance rate, and stone recurrence rate were analyzed. Results The intrahepatic biliary duct and common bile duct were successfully accessed in all 35 cases using ultrasound-guided one-stage percutaneous tract dilation PTCS technique. The stones were completely removed (level A) in 65.7% (23/35) of the cases including 18 cases of intrahepatic stones and 5 cases of common bile duct stones. The stones were almost cleared (level B) in 22.9% (8/35) of intrahepatic stones cases. Stone clearance was achieved in 31 (88.6%) cases (level A and B). One case suffered PTCD site bleeding and one case had percutaneous transhepatic tract rupture during the secondary stone removal procedure. There were no other serious procedure-related complications such as life-threatened bleeding, bile leak and conversion to laparotomy. With follow-up of 1-28 months, 6 (26.1%) of 23 cases of level-A stones clearance had recurrent intrahepatic stones and cholangitis. Conclusion PTCS using one-stage dilation of the tract, is an effective, safe and alternative minimal invasive method forintrahepatic and/or common bile duct stones when surgery or peroral approach is not indicated.     

A study on postoperative bile duct stricture with intrahepatic stones

From January 1976 through December 1988 we encountered ninety nine cases of intrahepatic stones. Eight of them were complicated with postoperative bile duct strictures which were formed on cholangiojejunostomy in 5 cases, cholangioduodenostomy, hepatic hilum and common hepatic duct in 1 case, respectively. Six cases of them are anastomotic strictures. The stones were mainly composed of bilirubin calcium. We guessed that the bile duct stricture resulted from cholangiojejunostomy without Roux-en-Y in 1 case and anastomotic insufficiency in 5 cases. Intrahepatic stones were removed by percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS), and the treatment for the stricture was cholangiojejunostomy in 1 case and the dilatation by PTCS in 5 cases, including 3 endoprostheses by pig-tail silicone catheter and 2 internal-external biliary drainage. Two patients who did not undergo cholangioscopic dilatation died of sepsis due to cholangitis. Three of 5 patients who underwent endoscopic dilatation by PTCS could return to social life without recurrence of gallstones. In other two cases an endoprosthetic catheter was removed by PTCS because of dislodgement or obstruction of the catheter after confirming anastomotic strictures had improved. Authors recommended that PTCS should be applied for postoperative bile duct stricture complicated with intrahepatic stone.     

腹腔镜下胆道镜液电碎石术治疗肝内外胆管结石

目的:总结腹腔镜下胆道镜液电碎石术治疗肝内外胆管结石的手术方法、效果及安全性。方法:回顾分析2005年1月至2012年1月采用腹腔镜下胆道镜液电碎石术治疗23例难取性肝内外胆管结石患者的临床资料,观察结石取净率及并发症发生率。结果:23例术中均碎石成功,其中22例一次性取净结石,结石取净率95.7%;1例因结石数量较多,术后6周经T管窦道行胆道镜取石术。无胆道穿孔、大出血、胆漏、切口感染等并发症发生。术后3～4 d拔除腹腔引流管,5～7 d出院。术后4周常规行T管造影,夹管3 d后拔除T管。结论:腹腔镜下结合胆道镜液电碎石术可显著提高肝内外胆管结石的疗效,手术安全、可靠。     

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy

Since 1983, percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy has been performed in 50 patients for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy was used to evaluate the nature of obstructive jaundice in 15 patients and bile duct stones were removed in 35 patients, 27 of whom also had intrahepatic duct stones. The overall success rate for stone removal was 80 per cent. Complications were few with no mortality. Emergency surgery was necessary in two patients, one for subphrenic haematoma, the other for a bile leak. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy is an effective and safe method for management of biliary stones and is a useful procedure for establishing the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice.     

Percutaneous transhepatic small-caliber choledochoscopic lithotomy: a safe and effective technique for percutaneous transhepatic common bile duct exploration in high-risk elderly patients

Abstract. Purpose: Endoscopic bile duct clearance is now the treatment of first choice for bile duct stones, particularly in elderly or high-risk patients. The purpose of this study was to objectively assess the safety, efficiency, and ease of use of percutaneous transhepatic choledochoscopy, using a small-caliber choledochoscope with a facilitated insertion technique, in high-risk elderly patients with choledocholithiasis. Methods: Sixty-five consecutive patients with common bile duct stones scheduled for percutaneous transhepatic choledochoscopic lithotomy were studied prospectively. Choledochoscopy was carried out with a simplified introducer system, using a 2.8-mm choledochoscope with electrohydraulic lithotripsy. Results: The common bile duct was successfully accessed and the stones removed in all 65 patients. The average time for the entire procedure was 45 min. There were no serious procedure-related complications. Conclusions: Percutaneous transhepatic choledochoscopic lithotomy, using electrohydraulic lithotripsy, is an attractive alternative for patients with common bile duct stones when surgery or retrograde methods are not suitable. Received: February 27, 2001 / Accepted: May 11, 2001     

Biliary lithotripsy as an adjunct to laparoscopic common bile duct stone extraction

Summary We investigated various energy sources and delivery systems suitable for fragmentation of common duct calculi by a laparoscopic technique. We evaluated electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) using 1.9-Fr probe delivering 80 W and laser lithotripsy using a 200-m fiber delivering 30–70 mJ/pulse at 5–20 Hz. In vitro biliary stone fragmentation analysis suggested that the laser lithotripsy produced a more controllable fragmentation than EHL. Initial attempts to employ EHL techniques in animal models resulted in common bile duct injury or inadequate fragmentation of stones. In contrast, biliary lithotripsy was accomplished in pigs using the pulsed-dye laser at 10 Hz and 60 mJ/pulse. Histologic evaluation revealed no evidence of ductal injury related to laser stone fragmentation. Subsequently, laser common duct lithotripsy was used in two human subjects. One patient had a 1.8-cm impacted ampullary stone and one patient had a 3-cm intrahepatic stone. In both cases, the stones were removed laparoscopically after laser fragmentation. Our experience suggests that the laser lithotripsy may facilitate laparoscopic common duct stone extraction procedures.     

经口胆道子母镜碎石治疗胆管巨大嵌顿性结石21例

目的探讨经口胆道子母镜液电联合机械碎石治疗胆管巨大嵌顿性结石的可行性。方法常规经内镜逆行胰胆管取石（ERCP）治疗困难的胆管巨大嵌顿性结石患者21例,用子母镜液电先将结石击散,再用机械碎石网篮碎清除结石。结果21例患者子母镜取石治疗均获成功。18例肝外胆管结石中14例一次性取净结石,4例两次取净结石。3例左右肝管嵌顿结石病例,2例取净结石;1例合并右肝内胆管多发嵌顿结石,未能取净结石。术中短暂出血3例,术后胆管炎1例,术后胰腺炎2例,无穿孔、死亡等严重并发症。结论对常规ERCP治疗困难的胆管巨大嵌顿性结石,子母镜液电联合机械碎石是一种安全和有效的办法。     

腹腔镜胆道镜联合钬激光治疗肝内胆管结石115例体会

目的探讨腹腔镜胆道镜联合钬激光治疗肝内胆管结石的疗效及应用价值。方法应用腹腔镜、胆道镜、钬激光治疗肝内胆管结石115例,经胆总管取石。术后2—3个月经T管窦道再次胆道镜探查及取石。结果顺利完成手术106例,成功率92．2％,9例中转开腹（7．8％）。30例术后Ⅲ级胆管残留结石（26．1％）,8例Ⅱ级胆管残留结石（7．0％）,胆总管无残留结石。经T管窦道胆道镜探查97例,取石27例（27．8％）,其中单纯取石篮套取石19例（19．6％）,再次钬激光碎取石8例（8．2％）。多次镜下取石6例,1例镜下取石多达12次。再次手术3例（2．6％）。结论腹腔镜胆道镜联合钬激光治疗肝内胆管结石微创、高效,且安全实用。     

胆道镜下钬激光联合液电碎石治疗肝内外胆道难治性结石

目的 探讨经胆道镜用钬激光联合液电碎石治疗肝内外胆道结石的安全性及疗效.方法 对67例胆道术后肝内外胆管结石患者接受胆道镜下钬激光联合液电碎石治疗患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 经1～7次胆道镜下钬激光联合液电碎石治疗,65例患者残石全部取尽,碎石取石成功率达97.1%,未出现并发症.结论 通过钬激光联合液电碎石后再行胆道镜取石,可大大提高肝内外胆管残留结石的清除效果,是一种安全而有效的治疗方法 .     

Value of percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS)

Since July 1975, percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) has been performed in 533 cases, and since April 1977 we have developed percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) as a diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopical tool in 198 cases of malignant disease and 195 benign cases. After dilating the sinus tract of PTBD using a 15-Fr catheter about 2 weeks after PTBD, PTCS was carried out through the sinus tract. PTCS has diagnostic advantages: the lesion can be accurately diagnosed histologically and the extent of cancer in the biliary tract can be assessed by taking biopsy specimens before the operation. PTCS has been applied for cholangioscopic lithotripsy in 145 cases of gallstone disease. In 44 cases, the Nd-YAG laser and/or electrohydraulic shock wave has been used to break up the stones. The PTCS morbidity was 6% and mortality was 0.3%.     

肝内外胆管难取性残留结石经胆道镜钬激光碎石治疗

目的 探讨经胆道镜钬激光碎石治疗肝内、外胆管难取性残留结石的实用性及安全性。方法 观察18例胆道术后肝内、外胆管难取性残留结石患者接受胆道镜下钬激光碎石治疗的临床效果，并进行随访。结果 经1～4次胆道镜下钬激光碎石治疗，18例患者残石全部取尽，未出现近期并发症。16例获得随访，随访时间6月到1年，无结石复发和钬激光碎石相关的胆管狭窄出现。结论 经胆道镜钬激光碎石是治疗肝内、外胆管难取性残留结石的一种安全、有效的方法。     

219例肝内胆管结石的外科治疗

目的:总结并评价肝内胆管结石的外科手术治疗效果。方法:单纯胆道探查T管引流72例,肝叶(段)切除和胆肠内引流109例,胆总管切开并胆道镜钬激光碎石术取石 T管引流38例。结果:总治疗优良率83.8%,并发症率15.1%,死亡率0.5%,结石残石率14.1%。胆总管切开合并胆道镜碎石术应用者明显优于其他组。结论:充分利用先进的诊疗技术,选择合理的术式,保留Oddi括约肌功能,可有效提高治疗效果,降低并发症及残石率。     

Two approaches for electrohydraulic lithotripsy in the common bile duct

Electrohydraulic lithotripsy is a method used to break up a stone by electric discharge in the presence of liquid medium. After the effect of crushing gallstones was tested in vitro, efficacy and safety of this method were investigated with 11 mongrel dogs. When the electrode was in touch with or close to the bile duct wall, the discharge caused perforation or potentially serious mucosal injury. However, a stone held in a basket catheter combined with the lithotripsy probe was fragmented safely in the bile duct in all the animals. Bile duct manometry showed a transient fall, which was followed by a slight increase, of the pressure on crushing the stone. After these studies in animals, three patients with stones in the common bile duct were treated successfully with the device via the percutaneous transhepatic route (one patient) or through the duodenoscopic route (two patients). Two approaches are now available for electrohydraulic lithotripsy in the common bile duct.     

经皮经肝胆管引流术注药溶石联合体外冲击波碎石术治疗肝外胆管结石32例报告

目的探讨碎石、溶石联合治疗肝外胆管结石的疗效。方法对３２例肝外胆管结石行经皮经肝胆管引流术，碎石、溶石和冲洗治疗，直至结石消失。结果本组结石３２例全部消失。其中１次碎石３０例，２次碎石２例。注射辛酸甘油酯溶石，其中用药１次１９例，２次７例，３次６例。结论经皮经肝胆管引流术（ｐｅｒｃｕｔａｎｅｏｕｓｔｒａｎｓｈｅｐａｔｉｃｃｈｏｌａｎｇｉａｌｄｒａｉｎａｇｅ，ＰＴＣＤ）注药溶石联合体外冲击波碎石术（ｅｘｔｒａｃｏｒｐｏｒｅａｌｓｈｏｃｋｗａｖｅｌｉｔｈｏｔｒｉｐｓｙ，ＥＳＷＬ）治疗肝外胆管结石安全有效，适用于年老体弱、不能耐受手术者。     

胆道镜联合钬激光碎石治疗术后难取性肝内胆管结石

目的探讨胆道镜联合钬激光碎石治疗术后肝内胆管难取性结石的价值。方法2010年7月～2012年7月,采用纤维胆道镜下用钬激光碎石治疗术后肝内胆管难取性结石（嵌顿结石或结石〉1em）37例,功率0．8—1．2J／5～10Hz。结果37例行钬激光碎石1～12次,平均2．6次。1例因结石位于四级胆管,胆道镜无法进入,未完全取净,36例结石全部取净,成功率为97．3％（36／37）,碎石过程中无胆管壁灼伤、胆道穿孔。36例结石取净者术后随访3～25个月,平均12．3月,B超复查未发现结石复发。结论对于术后肝内胆管难取性结石,胆道镜下钬激光碎石是一种安全、有效的方法。     

数字化X线机透视下液电碎石仪治疗胆道残余结石的临床应用

目的 探讨应用数字化X线机透视下联合液电碎石仪治疗胆道残余结石的临床疗效.方法 对我院于2003年1月～2006年12月应用数字化X线机透视下联合液电碎石仪治疗肝内外胆管残余结石60例的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 1次取石成功57例,2次取石成功2例,未取净结石1例.击碎结石最大者为3.0cm×2.5cm×2.0cm.本组无胆管穿孔等严重并发症发生.结论 应用数字化X线机透视下联合液电碎石仪治疗胆道残余结石能提高术后胆管残余结石的清除率,减少操作时间,有较高的安全性,值得推广应用.     

Nonoperative removal of giant common bile duct calculi

Endoscopic sphincterotomy has allowed us to extract relatively large stones from the common bile duct as compared with other methods utilizing a T-tube tract or the percutaneous transhepatic route. Twenty-four patients with large stones over 20 mm in diameter were selected and reviewed from a series of 469 sphincterotomy patients. Eleven stones passed into the duodenum spontaneously, the maximal size of which was 30 by 43 mm. Passage occurred within 4 days after sphincterotomy in 27 percent, 5 to 7 days after the procedure in 55 percent, and 8 to 13 days after the procedure in 18 percent and was accompanied by cholangitis in 55 percent of the patients. The small diameter of the stone and common bile duct dilatation down to the distal end seemed to be the factors favoring stone delivery. Five stones were removed using ordinary basket catheters by duodenoscopy; however, the largest one required 28 attempts. More recently, four stones were efficiently extracted after destruction by electrohydraulic or mechanical lithotripsy. Failure of removal in five patients was mainly due to a lack of space around the stone for basket manipulation or occurrence of severe cholangitis. Further refinements in technique in this regard are needed.     

Electrohydraulic lithotripsy of intrahepatic stones during choledochoscopy

In two patients, electrohydraulic lithotripsy was used under direct vision during choledochoscopy to fragment intrahepatic calculi above bile duct strictures, which were difficult to remove by ordinary choledochoscopic methods. Choledochoscopy was performed after dilation of a percutaneous transhepatic tract in one patient and after intubation of the subcutaneous blind jejunal limb of a previous Roux-en-Y intrahepatic cholangiojejunostomy in the other. Both patients were treated without any complications. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy during choledochoscopy is a safe and effective method to fragment stones and facilitate their removal.     

防漏水支架用于术中纤维胆道镜诊治胆道结石(附78例报告)

目的：介绍防漏水支架结合术中胆道镜为对胆石症进行诊治的一种新方法.方法：自2003年1月至2005年3月,对78例胆石症病人术中应用自制的防漏水支架结合纤维胆道镜进行检查和治疗,并对有关资料进行分析.结果：在67例胆总管结石病例中,术中结石取净;单独或合并诊断肝内胆管结石19例,术后残留结石3例,胆道结石取石率96.15%（75/78）;无1例腹腔感染;3例病人肝内胆管结石合并赘生物形成,经内镜取标本,术后病理证实为胆管细胞癌.结论：防漏水支架在术中胆道镜中的应用安全可行,可以提高术中对胆道结石的诊疗速度,降低胆道结石的残留率以及早期诊断肝内胆管结石并发胆管细胞癌,为进一步提高内镜对肝内胆道疾病的诊治有效率提供了新方法.