慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者6分钟步行实验与最大摄氧量关系研究

目的比较慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者6分钟步行实验(6MWT)与最大摄氧量(VO2max)关系,进一步评价6分钟步行实验的客观性。方法 27例稳定期COPD(轻到极重度)患者进行心肺运动实验(CPET)测定、6MWT、静态肺功能测定,计算体重指数(BMI)。比较6MWT与VO2max相关性。结果VO2max/kg与6MWD呈正相关(r=0.821,P=0.000),得出与6MWD相关线性回归方程。结论 VO2max作为运动功能评定金标准,它与6MWT有较强相关性,进一步证实6MWT的可靠性。     

运动训练对低肺功能肺癌患者手术耐受性的影响

目的:探讨术前短期中高强度下肢运动训练对低肺功能肺癌患者肺切除手术耐受性的影响.方法:采用随机单盲设计,将61例可切除肺癌合并重度慢性阻塞性肺病患者,根据美国胸科医师协会肺切除术前评估指南分为可手术A组和不可手术B组;A组再随机分为A1亚组(训练亚组)和A2亚组(对照组).A1亚组和B组术前予每周5次、连续2周、强度达60％-80％峰值氧摄量VO2max的踏车运动训练,辅以胸腹联合缩唇呼吸训练.比较训练前后静态肺功能和运动心肺功能的变化;训练后重新评估B组手术风险;比较训练Al亚组和对照A2组肺切除术后并发症情况.结果:训练后,在A1亚组,心肺功能指标:肺一氧化碳弥散量DLCO(P=0.003)、VO2max(P＜0.001)、无氧阈AT(P=0.008)、氧脉VO2max/HR(P＜0.001)较训练前显著改善;在B组,心肺功能指标:用力肺活量FVC(P＜0.001)、分钟最大通气量MVV (P=0.001)、DL.CO (P＜0.001)、最大功率W(P=0.004)、VO2max (P＜0.001)、AT(P=0.002)、VO2max/HR (P=0.00l)、峰值通气量VEmax(P=0.015)、无氧阈时CO2通气当量VE/VCO2@AT (P=0.003)和运动后经皮血氧饱和度SPO2％(P=0.002)均较训练前显著改善;B组中59％(10/17)患者达手术标准;训练A1亚组较对照A2组,肺切除术后氧疗时间(P=0.04)、机械通气时间(P=0.036)和住院天数(P=0.025)均显著缩短.结论:术前短期中高强度下肢运动训练能有效、可行地提高低肺功能肺癌患者心肺功能适应性,有助于肺切除术后康复.     

运动心肺功能试验在慢性阻塞性肺疾病临床评价中的作用

目的 探讨运动心肺功能试验(CPET)在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)临床评价中的作用及与静态肺功能之间的关系.方法 对26例稳定期COPD患者、30例正常对照进行踏车下的负荷递增的运动心肺功能和静态肺功能检查.结果 COPD组最大耗氧量(VO2max)、无氧阈(AT)、最大通气量(Vemax)、通气储备(BR)均低于正常对照组(P<0.05);最大做功(Wmax)、氧脉搏在两组间无显著性差异(P0.05);COPD组VO2max、AT、Vemax、BR与第1秒用力呼气量(FEV1)及呼气峰值流量(PEF)呈正相关(P<0.05),与用力肺活量(FVC)及FEV1/FVC无相关(P0.05).结论 运动心肺功能参数与静态肺功能参数呈相关关系,运动心肺功能测定可用于COPD患者早期的临床评价.     

心肺功能运动试验和静态肺功能对评判COPD患者病情轻重程度的比较

【目的】比较心肺功能运动试验（CPET）和静态肺功能（PFT）对评判慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者病情轻重的相关性。【方法】98名处于稳定期的COPD患者分别进行PFT和CPET检查;以PFT中FEV,％（占预计值％）和CPET中最大公斤摄氧量（VO2max／kg）两种不同方法判断COPD患者病情轻重并作相关性分析,同时以VO2max／kg判断COPD病情重于以FEV1％判断的患者与余下的患者作比较。【结果】两者方法判断COPD患者病情轻重无相关关系;以VO2max／kg判断病情较重的患者其年龄、FEV1％、V02max／kg、无氧阈占最大摄氧量比值（AT／VO2max）、最大呼吸储备（BRmax）与其他患者比较差异均有显著性。【结论】①CPET和PFT判断COPD患者病情并无相关性,但CPET反映病情更全面。②CPET有助于发现COPD患者潜在的心功能问题。     

高血压患者运动耐量的研究

目的通过对高血压患者心肺功能的评定,探讨高血压患者运动耐量的变化。方法选择符合入选标准的患者70例,按有无高血压分为高血压组(n=40),非高血压组(n=30),进行心肺运动试验,测定并比较两组在达最大摄氧量(VO2max)和无氧阈(AT)时的摄氧量(VO2)、二氧化碳排出量(VCO2),计算相应的代谢当量(METs)、每千克体质量摄氧量(VO2/kg);记录并比较两组的心率、血压和运动时间,计算最大心率血压乘积(RPP max)。结果高血压组与非高血压组各项指标的比较:运动时间(5.9±1.6)min vs(7.2±1.5)min,VO2max/kg(21.7±4.4)ml.min-1.kg-1vs(24.8±4.2)ml.min-1.kg-1,METs max(6.2±1.3)vs(7.1±1.2),最大心率(HR max)(141.6±14.9)次/min vs(156.5±29.1)次/min,RPP max(25.1±4.6)×103vs(28.1±6.7)×103,VO2AT/kg(19.2±3.5)ml.min-1.kg-1vs(21.5±3.7)ml.min-1.kg-1,METs AT 5....     

长期服用茶碱对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者运动耐量的影响

目的：探讨长期口服茶碱对缓解期慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者运动心肺功能和症状的影响。方法：50例缓解期COPD患者随机分为2组,治疗组30例口服茶碱6—8mg/kg/d,对照组20例口服安慰剂均6个月,观察治疗前后肺功能、运动心肺功能与症状的变化。结果：治疗6个月后显示治疗组肺功能指标（FEV1/FVC、PEF及FVC）及运动心肺功能指标（Wmax、V02max/kg、VO2/HR、VEmax）均较治疗前改善（P〈0.05）;与对照组比较亦有改善（P〈0.05）。结论：长期口服茶碱可改善缓解期COPD患者运动心肺功能,能减少急性发作次数。     

培土生金穴位贴敷疗法在COPD稳定期肺脾气虚证患者肺康复中的应用

目的:通过观察COPD稳定期肺脾气虚证患者在接受常规治疗和护理的基础上配合培土生金穴位贴敷疗法的疗效,为该辅助疗法在治疗COPD稳定期肺脾气虚患者的推广提供依据。方法:将COPD肺脾气虚证患者分为观察组40例,对照组40例,观察组在对照组接受常规治疗和护理的基础上配合培土生金穴位贴敷,客观评价该疗法对COPD稳定期患者肺功能、动脉血氧饱和度、运动耐量(六分钟步行试验6MWT)等指标的影响,并探讨影响COPD患者运动耐量的因素。结果:1观察组与对照组性别、年龄、BMI差异无统计学意义;2 2组在干预治疗前FVC、FVC%、FEV1、FEV1%、FEV1/FVC、MVV、MVV%、Pa O2差值、6MWT差异无统计学意义(P0.05);3 2组在干预治疗后FEV1(P=0.0220.05)、FEV1/FVC(P=0.0020.05)、MVV(P=0.0220.05)以及动脉Pa O2差值(P=0.0020.05)、6MWT(P=0.0030.05)差异有统计学意义;4多重线性回归分析结果 6MWT=176.624+7.309×MVV%-9.508×Pa O2差值。结论:培土生金穴位贴敷疗法能够改善COPD稳定期肺脾气虚证患者肺功能、动脉血氧饱和度、运动耐量等情况;MVV%是影响COPD患者运动耐量的保护因素,而Pa O2差值是危险因素。     

摄氧效率斜率评价慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者心肺功能的价值

目的探讨摄氧效率斜率(OUES)评价慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者心肺功能的价值。方法对54 例肺功能Ⅱ~Ⅳ级的稳定期COPD患者进行运动心肺功能的评价,采用症状限制性Steep 分级平板运动方案,同时测定摄氧量(VO2)、二氧化碳排出量(VCO2)、峰值摄氧量(VO2peak)、每分通气量(VE)、呼吸气体交换率(RER)。采用对数曲线拟合的方法,分析递增负荷运动试验中VO2与VE之间的关系,建立回归方程VO2=algVE+b,计算摄氧效率斜率(OUES),即a。同时测定无氧阈(VAT)。结果OUES与VO2peak呈显著正相关(均P<0.001)。75% OUES、90% OUES、100% OUES三者均值无显著性差异(F=0.239, P=0.830)。结论OUES可以反映COPD患者运动心肺功能,75% OUES可以作为亚极量运动水平心肺功能的评价指标。     

心房颤动对微创二尖瓣术后患者静态肺功能及运动耐量的影响

目的:探究房颤对微创二尖瓣术后患者的静态肺功能及运动耐量水平的影响。方法:微创二尖瓣术后患者30例,按有无房颤分为两组,各15例,两组间基本情况保持均衡。所有患者在2013年1月1日至2014年9月30日期间进行静态肺功能及症状限制的极量心肺运动测试。肺功能由用力肺活量、第一秒用力呼气量、两者实测值分别占预计值的百分比,及1秒率表示;运动耐量用峰值时公斤摄氧量(peak VO2/kg),表示,通气效率用无氧阈时二氧化碳通气当量(VE/VCO2@AT)表示。结果:房颤组表现为轻度限制性肺通气障碍,而窦律组平均肺通气功能正常;房颤组运动耐量水平显著低于窦律组,两组peak VO2/kg分别为17.34±2.82 ml·kg-1·min-1、20.35±4.13 ml·kg-1·min-(1P=0.03);两组间VE/VCO2@AT也有显著性差异(34.48±4.16 vs 29.80±4.51,P0.01)。结论:二尖瓣术后合并房颤的患者,其肺容积及运动耐量明显低于窦律的患者,运动耐量下降的主要机制为心排血量减少。     

不同饮食习惯女大学生运动能力比较

目的:通过对女大学生的素食生活习惯研究,探讨女大学生的饮食内容与运动能力的关系。方法:2002级沈阳工业大学食素1年以上的女大学生36名(素食组)和非食素女大学生40名(非素食组)通过西德Jaeger公司生产的运动心肺功能仪(功率自行车)对运动期间心率、摄氧量、每博摄氧量(VO2/HR)、最大摄氧量(VO2max)、每博最大摄氧量(VO2max/HP)、最大运动负荷(WATTmax)、呼吸商等进行观察统计。结果:在达到无氧阈(呼吸商=1)时,两组间的摄氧量、VO2/HR和WATT差异有显著性(P<0.001),食素组各项指标均明显低于非食素组。在观察两组学生在达到VO2max时,食素学生和非食素学生在VO2max、呼吸商、VO2max/HR和WATTmax差异非常显著(P<0.01),食素女生的呼吸商明显高于非食素女生,而非食素女生的VO2max,VO2max/HR和WATTmax三项指标却明显高于食素女生。结论:在机体承受较强运动负荷的状况下,素食者的心肺功能各项指标低于非食素者,运动能力降低。     

Endovascular treatment for chronic pulmonary hypertension: a focus on angioplasty for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

Introduction: Percutaneous transluminal pulmonary angioplasty (PTPA) was introduced for the treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) in the late 20^th century, and first attempts in collective patients were made in 2001 with beneficial effects but a moderate amount of complications. It was refined around 2010, and has been recently established as an effective and safe treatment.

Areas covered: The indication was originally inoperable CTEPH with peripheral lesions, but has now widened to symptomatic or hypoxic patients. The lesion is typically a meshwork-like structure of organized thrombi and is sometimes not seen as a stenosis angiographically, necessitating other means of investigation such as measurement of distal pressure. The technique to treat lesions is the same as for coronary angioplasty except in several ways.

Expert commentary: The effects of PTPA are comparable to those of surgical endarterectomy, and the complications of reperfusion pulmonary edema and vascular injury are now controlled by several strategies and based on experience.     

肺转移瘤的外科治疗

目的 :探讨肺转移性肿瘤外科治疗的手术指征、手术方式、手术疗效。方法 :对 36例肺转移性肿瘤的相关临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 :对 36例肺转移性肿瘤行肺切除术 39次 ,随访 1年～ 15年 ,术后 1年、3年、5年、10年生存率分别为 77.8%、48.2 %、2 1.7%、7.7%。无手术死亡。结论 :对原发肿瘤已控制、肺转移瘤可以切除、无他处转移及肺功能可承受手术者作为手术指征     

Transthoracic Echocardiographic Evaluation of Pulmonary Valve Anomalies in Pediatric Patients

The pulmonary valve normally consists of 3 leaflets supported in a semilunar fashion within the sinuses of the pulmonary trunk. Pulmonary leaflet malformations, such as congenital single pulmonary cusp absence, bicuspid pulmonary valve, and quadricuspid pulmonary valve anomalies, as well as pulmonary valve commissural fusion, are seldom identified preoperatively on echocardiography. In this study, we report on 5 children with different types of pulmonary valve malformations diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography.     

成人经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形术的临床应用

目的：评价成人经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形术（ＰＢＰＶ）临床应用的疗效。方法：采用 ＰＢＰＶ对 ３７例成人先天性肺动脉瓣狭窄患者进行治疗。结果：ＰＢＰＶ后即刻肺动脉瓣跨瓣压差（△Ｐ）由术前８１±２６ｍｍＨｇ降至３６±１７ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．０１）,３２例随访１～９年,平均４．３±２．１年,△Ｐ进一步降为２５±７ｍｍＨｇ。术中及术后无严重并发症。结论：ＰＢＰＶ治疗成人肺动脉瓣狭窄安全、有效,即刻与中远期效果均良好。     

About mechanisms of prostaglandin E1 induced deterioration of pulmonary gas exchange in COPD patients

Summary. Prostaglandin E₁ (PGE₁) has been reported to attenuate COPD-related pulmonary hypertension and to slightly lower the arterial oxygen tension (PaO₂). In order to infer the involved mechanisms, the effects of intravenous infusion of PGE₁ on pulmonary haemodynamics, diffusing lung capacity for CO (DLCO), membrane diffusing capacity (Dm), pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc), physiological shunt (Q_ps/Q_t), arterial blood gases and other lung functional indices were evaluated in 20 COPD patients with pulmonary hypertension and, excluding right catheterization, in 14 control subjects. The examines were studied at baseline and during infusion of 20–30 ng kg^-1min PGE₁ or placebo. In control subjects PGE₁ only caused systemic arterial pressure decrease (-17.8%). In COPD patients, as expected, PGE₁ increased cardiac index (16-2%), but decreased systemic arterial pressure (-21.2%), pulmonary arterial pressure (-27.9%), pulmonary vascular resistance (-45.4%) and PaO₂ (-10.4%), worsening their hypoxaemia. However, the effect of PGE₁ on DLCO was an increase (11.9%), due to an increase in Vc (15.2%) and less markedly in Dm (4.9%). Physiological and anatomical shunts were increased with PGE₁ (20.2% and 14.8%) and the overall ventilation/perfusion ratio decreased from 0.89 to 0.79. Decrements in PaO₂ correlated with increments in Q_ps/Q_t (r= 0.86). In conclusion, in COPD patients studied, PGE₁ increased DLCO, which compensated for the deleterious effect of increased cardiac output on alveolar-capillary gas equilibration. Therefore, worsening of hypoxaemia during PGE₁ infusion was related with increased right-to-left shunt and deterioration of ventilation-perfusion relationship.,     

Flash Pulmonary Edema in Multiple Sclerosis

Background

Neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) occurs in the setting of an acute neurological insult and in the absence of a primary cardiopulmonary cause. No unifying theory on NPE pathogenesis exists. NPE triggered by a discrete neurological lesion is rare, but such cases offer valuable insight into NPE pathogenesis.

Objective

To describe an unusual and instructive case of NPE in multiple sclerosis.

Case Report

A young woman with multiple sclerosis presented to the Emergency Department in acute respiratory failure. She was cyanotic centrally, hypertensive, and tachycardic. The chest X-ray study suggested pulmonary edema. She required non-invasive mechanical ventilation for 12 h. Echocardiography revealed left ventricular hypokinesis. The asymmetrical pulmonary infiltrate raised the suspicion of pneumonia; she was given intravenous antibiotics. By 36 h, she had persistent dyspnea, paroxysmal tachycardia, nausea, and facial flushing; carcinoid syndrome was excluded. By 48 h, she had facial numbness and ataxia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a demyelinating lesion at the rostromedial medulla. Her symptoms promptly resolved with intravenous steroids, as did the perilesional edema on follow-up MRI.

Conclusion

Life-threatening pulmonary edema can complicate medullary demyelination. Lack of awareness of this diagnostic possibility and an asymmetrical pulmonary infiltrate culminated in diagnostic delay in this case. The case provides clinico-radiological evidence of the pathogenic link between medullary lesions and NPE. The pathogenesis is likely to rely on lesion involvement of the nucleus tractus solitarius or its immediate pathways. Non-uniform vasoconstriction of the pulmonary arterial bed might account for the other peculiarity of this case: the asymmetrical pulmonary infiltrate. Timely diagnosis of NPE is essential because the condition is best managed by nullifying the “neurogenic” trigger.     

Pathogenesis and clinical features of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis – Is it possible to distinguish CNPA and CCPA clinically?

BackgroundThe pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) including chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA), chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA), and simple aspergilloma (SA) has been poorly investigated. We examined all types of CPA cases with histopathological evidence to clarify the differences in pathogenesis and clinical features.MethodWe searched for cases diagnosed as pulmonary aspergillosis by histopathological examination in Nagasaki University Hospital between 1964 and September 2010. All available clinical information including radiological findings were collected and analyzed.ResultWe found 7, 5, 8, and 7 cases of proven CNPA, probable CNPA, CCPA, and SA, respectively. The radiograph of proven and probable CNPA was initially infiltrates or nodules that progress to form cavities with or without aspergilloma, whereas the radiograph of CCPA showed pre-existed cavities and peri-cavitary infiltrates with or without aspergilloma. The patients with proven and probable CNPA exhibited not only respiratory symptoms but also systemic symptoms and malnutrition. Aspergillus fumigatus was the most frequently isolated Aspergillus species (n = 14), however, Aspergillus niger was the predominant isolated species in proven CNPA cases (n = 4).ConclusionOur data indicate that the cases with chronic infiltration, progressive cavitation, and subsequent aspergilloma formation should be diagnosed as CNPA, and the cases with pre-existed cavities showing peri-cavitary infiltrates with or without aspergilloma would mean CCPA. However, it may be difficult to distinguish the two subtypes if a series of adequate radiography films are not available. We propose the term “chronic progressive pulmonary aspergillosis (CPPA)” for the clinical syndrome including both CNPA and CCPA.     

大剂量富露施对特发性肺间质纤维化患者肺功能的影响

目的探讨大剂量富露施对特发性肺间质纤维化患者肺功能的影响。方法将特发性肺间质纤维化患者随机分为两组,A组24例,每天口服强的松0·5mg/kg,4周后减半维持,同时口服富露施600mg/次,每天3次;B组24例,每天口服强的松0·5mg/kg,4周后减半维持。疗程均为3个月。观察临床表现、肺CT、血气、肺功能改变及症状缓解时间。结果A组患者的临床表现如气短、干咳、Velcro罗音经治疗后缓解率为66·7%,B组的缓解率为37·5%(P<0·05);A组缓解时间为(16·7±4·69)d,B组为(23·7±4·87)d(P<0·05);肺CT改善率在A组为62·5%,B组为29·2%(P<0·05)。A组患者治疗前后氧分压(PaO2)、百分肺活量(VC%)、一氧化碳弥散量(DLCO%)提高(P<0·05)。B组患者治疗前后PaO2、VC%、DLCO%有所提高,但与治疗前比较无显著性差异(P>0·05)。两组治疗后比较有显著性差异(P<0·05)。结论大剂量富露施能有效改善特发性肺间质纤维化患者的肺功能。     

造血干细胞移植后侵袭性肺曲霉病患者12例的肺功能改变

目的观察12例造血干细胞移植(HSCT)后并发侵袭性肺曲霉病(IPA)对患者肺功能参数及动脉血气的影响。方法 2007年2月~2009年10月本院接受HSCT后并发IPA患者12例,男8例,女4例,中位年龄34岁(26~67岁)。移植前后均行肺功能测试、动脉血气分析以及影像学检查。结果中位随访时间为132 d(97~432 d),无1例发生Ⅲ、Ⅳ度急性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)。2例在移植1年后发生慢性GVHD。12例均为病理确诊或临床诊断IPA者,移植前肺功能测定仅有弥散功能轻度减退。抗真菌治疗8周后肺功能测试发现所有患者均存在不同程度的阻塞性通气障碍,其中8例患者呈小气道病变[FEF50和FEF75分别为(55.9±3.4)%和(41.9±4.1)%],4例患者则出现混合性通气障碍,总弥散量(DLCO)也显著降低[(47.4±2.9)%预计值],动脉血氧分压(PaO2)仅为(68.7±4.1)mmHg,但弥散常数(DLCO/VA)尚正常,与移植前无显著差异(P0.05)。结论 HSCT后并发IPA可对患者的肺功能造成不同程度的损害,肺内多部位感染或反复发生IPA的患者可出现较严重的混合性通气障碍,弥散也显著减退。