费森尤斯消毒剂杀灭微生物效果观察

目的　了解费森尤斯消毒剂杀灭微生物效果。方法　用不锈钢载体法进行杀菌试验和HBSAg抗原性破坏试验。结果　消毒剂含 2 7 3 %柠檬酸 ,在 2 0± 2°C条件下 ,原液作用 2 0min仅能杀灭枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞 2 8 5 7%,作用 30min不能破坏HBsAg的抗原性 ;在 84± 2 °C条件下 ,原液作用 2min可 10 0 %杀灭枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞 ,作用 2 0min可破坏HBsAg的抗原性。 结论　消毒剂在 84± 2°C条件下杀灭微生物效果明显好于在 2 0± 2°C条件下 ,在使用消毒剂时 ,需严格控制温度     

1.1%强优戊二醛消毒灭菌剂杀灭芽胞及连续使用稳定性试验观察

目的探讨1.1%强优戊二醛消毒灭菌剂杀菌效果。方法定量载体杀菌试验。结果以其含戊二醛11 000mg/L原液对不锈钢片表面枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞作用2h,杀灭率为100%;戊二醛含量11000mg/L对医疗器械浸泡灭菌连续使用14d时,其消毒液作用180m in,对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭率各次均达100.00%。结论该灭菌剂杀灭枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞效果较好。     

氧化电位水杀微生物效果及影响因素的实验研究

目的 为研究氧化电位水对微生物的杀灭效果及其影响因素。方法 用悬液法检测氧化电位水原液对细菌繁殖体、细菌芽胞及HBsAg的杀灭效果,试验观察了温度、容器、紫外线对氧化电位水的ORP和有效氯影响。结果 氧化电位水的氧化还原电位为1152－1165mv,PH为2．21－2．27,有效氯为50．27－58．23mg/l。在19－21℃水溶条件下,悬液定量杀灭试验表明：氧化电位水原液作用30min、60min对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭率分别为99．93％、100．00％;对大肠杆菌8099作用0.25min、对金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC6538作用0.5min的杀灭率均达99.99%。作用0.5min可将含5％小牛血清的HBsAg抗原性破坏。温度、容器和紫外线对氧化电位水的ORP和有效氯有不同程度的影响。结论 使用方法适当氧化电位水原液对微生物有良好的杀灭效果,在消毒领域中有广泛的应用前景。     

复方醛基消毒剂对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞杀灭试验的观察

目的：研究复方醛基消毒剂杀菌效果。方法：采用载体定量杀菌试验等方法在实验室进行试验观察。结果：醛基含量14300mg／L，二癸基二甲基氯化铵含量20600mg／L的消毒液对载体上枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞作用4h，杀灭对数值〉3．00。对医疗器械模拟现场消毒试验表明，醛基含量14300mg／L，二癸基二甲基氯化铵含量20600mg／L的消毒液对染于医用止血钳上的枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞作用4h，杀灭对数值〉3．00；对医疗器械模拟现场灭菌试验表明，同样含量的消毒液作用染菌的医用止血钳5h，可达到灭菌效果。连续使用2周后，作用5h仍可达到灭菌要求。对不锈钢基本无腐蚀，对铝、铜有轻度腐蚀，对碳钢有中度腐蚀。结论：复方醛基消毒剂对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭效果较杆对余属腐忡忡拧小．     

高氧化电位水杀灭细菌芽胞的效果观察

目的用悬液定量杀菌试验 ,观察氧化电位水杀灭细菌芽胞的效果。方法采用悬液定量杀菌试验,用枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种第5～7代培养物,配制菌悬液。用氧化电位水原液与之作用一定时间。计数活菌数。计算杀灭细菌芽胞的杀灭率。结果氧化还原电位为1183、PH2.37～2.57、的氧化电位水在18～22℃条件下,1.5min杀灭细菌芽胞枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种可达99.9 %。结论氧化电位水原液杀灭细菌芽胞效果迅速、杀菌力强。     

灭菌灵杀灭微生物效果的实验观察

目的：了解灭菌灵的杀菌效果。方法：通过定量杀菌试验、有机物影响试验、对HBsAg抗原性破坏试验、对金属器械模拟现场灭菌试验，检测其对微生物的杀菌效果。结果：该消毒剂1～8％浓度对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌作用10～20min；其原液对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞作用5h，杀菌率均可达100％，25％小牛血清对其杀菌效果无影响，50％小牛血清有轻微影响。100％、75％、50％浓度的消毒液对HBsAg分别作用10、20、30min，可破坏其抗原性。该消毒剂原液对金属器械上的枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞作用5h，可达灭菌要求。结论：该消毒剂杀菌效果好，可用于医疗器械等的灭菌。     

二溴二甲基乙内酰脲的消毒杀菌作用

目的　探索二溴二甲基乙内酰脲对细菌繁殖体、枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的消毒杀菌作用及对HBsAg抗原性破坏作用。方法　中和剂选择试验、定量杀菌试验、HBsAg破坏试验。结果　以含有效溴4mg·L     

一种无磷洗衣粉的消毒效果研究

[目的]研究一种新型环保无磷洗衣粉对不同种类细菌的杀灭效果以及对乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）的破坏作用。[方法]采用载体定量杀灭实验的方法评价浓度为1.0%（w/v）、5.5%（w/v）和10.0%（w/v）的某品牌无磷洗衣粉溶液对大肠埃希氏菌（Escherichia coli）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）、枯草杆菌黑色变种（Bacillus subtilis var.neger）芽胞的杀灭效果及其对乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）的破坏效果。[结果]1.0%的无磷洗衣粉溶液作用10min,对大肠埃希氏菌的杀灭率为（99.90±0.01）%,达到消毒效果要求。10.0%的无磷洗衣粉溶液作用20min,对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭率为（99.92±0.01）%,达到消毒效果;作用40min,对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭率仅为（8.06±0.05）%;作用60min,不能破坏乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）。[结论]所检测环保无磷洗衣粉的杀菌效果随溶液中洗衣粉浓度的增高以及与微生物作用时间的延长而增强;对大肠杆菌的的杀灭作用明显强于对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭作用,而对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭效果及对乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）的破坏作用较差。     

AJSJ-360型杀菌柜对微生物杀灭效果观察

[目的]为观察AJSJ-360型杀菌柜对微生物杀灭效果.[方法]采用载体定量杀菌试验,观察该杀菌柜工作1个周期(预热10～30min、雾化2h、杀菌4h、干燥30min;)的杀菌效果.[结果]经过1个周期,作用约7h对柜内各试点处白色念珠菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞杀灭率为99.9%以上.对HBsAg可破坏HBsAg抗原性.[结论]该杀菌柜对细菌繁殖体、细菌芽胞、病毒和真菌具有很强的杀灭效果.     

两种清洗消毒方式对消化内镜消毒的效果

目的观察过氧乙酸对模拟内镜管腔和软式内镜现场的消毒效果。方法采用悬液定量杀菌试验、模拟现场消毒试验和现场消毒试验方法,研究过氧乙酸对细菌繁殖体和细菌芽孢的消毒效果,同时对消化内镜模拟现场和现场消毒效果进行观察。结果过氧乙酸消毒液原液含过氧乙酸2 000mg/L。以过氧乙酸浓度为2 000mg/L的消毒液作用0.5min,过氧乙酸浓度为50mg/L的消毒液作用1min,过氧乙酸浓度为25mg/L的消毒液作用3min,对悬液内铜绿假单胞菌作用2.5min,杀灭对数值均5.00。以过氧乙酸浓度为2 000 mg/L的消毒液作用1min,对悬液内枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭对数值4.00。以过氧乙酸浓度为2 000mg/L的消毒液,手工清洗蠕动泵消毒和内镜清洗机上运行一个消毒周期(总运行时间为15 min,含消毒程序5 min),对模拟管腔内铜绿假单胞菌杀灭对数值均5.00;对模拟管腔内枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞杀灭对数值均4.00。以过氧乙酸浓度为2 000 mg/L的消毒液消毒消化内镜,手工清洗的合格率为75.56%,内镜清洗机的合格率为100.00%。过氧乙酸消毒液对不锈钢片、铝片、铜片基本无腐蚀,对碳钢片有轻度腐蚀。结论该过氧乙酸消毒液可快速杀灭悬液内细菌繁殖体、细菌芽胞,并能快速杀灭模拟管腔内壁上的微生物。使用过氧乙酸消毒液清洗消毒机现场消毒试验消毒效果比手工清洗更可靠。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.