不同体位胸腔镜食管切除术的临床比较

目的比较采取侧卧位和俯卧位两种不同体位进行胸腔镜食管切除术的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2009年12月间复旦大学附属中山医院胸外科收治的88例胸腔镜食管切除术患者的临床资料,其中侧卧位下胸腔镜食管切除术52例（侧卧位组）,俯卧位下食管切除术36例（俯卧位组）。结果两组均无中转开胸病例。与侧卧位组相比...     

Hemodynamics during laparoscopy in the supine or prone position

During laparoscopy elevations in arterial pressure and a decrease in cardiac output have been reported. Laparoscopic surgery performed in the prone position may be advantageous for some surgical procedures, but the hemodynamic effects of pneumoperitoneum in this position have not been studied. We studied the effects of different levels of increased intraabdominal pressure on hemodynamics and oxygen transport in eight pigs in the prone and the supine position. Increases in intraabdominal pressure did not result in decreased cardiac output or in a reduction of oxygen transport and consumption in either position. These results suggest that laparoscopy in the prone position does not result in more severe hemodynamic depression than laparoscopy in the supine position.     

液体石蜡油涂抹预防腰椎后路手术病人压力性损伤的效果

目的 探讨液体石蜡油在预防腰椎后路手术病人俯卧位皮肤压力性损伤中的效果。方法 选取2017年1月至2019年3月在我院行腰椎后路手术的病人300例,采用随机数字表法分为常规组、石蜡油组和液体敷料组,每组各100例。常规组采取常规俯卧位护理措施;石蜡油组在常规俯卧位护理的基础上,将液体石蜡油均匀涂抹于病人的前额、颧弓、下颌、锁骨、双前胸、髂骨、大腿根部至膝关节等受压部位;液体敷料组在上述涂抹部位采用液体敷料进行干预。记录三组病人术后皮肤受压情况,采用美国国家压力性损伤顾问小组（National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, NPUAP）压力性损伤分期（2016年版）评估压力性损伤分期,比较三组病人的压力性损伤发生率。结果 术后石蜡油组和液体敷料组各有2例发生Ⅰ期压力性损伤,发生率均为2%。常规组有10例发生压力性损伤（Ⅰ期压力性损伤8例,Ⅱ期压力性损伤2例）,发生率为10%。石蜡油组和液体敷料组病人的压力性损伤发生率均显著低于常规组,组间比较差异有统计学意义（F=9.590,P＜0.05）。结论 液体石蜡油可以有效预防腰椎后路手术病人俯卧位皮肤压力性损伤的发生,是一种简单、安全、有效的方法,值得推荐。     

Cardio-respiratory changes with increased intra-bladder pressure in prone position during anesthesia

Twenty non-obese patients, 13–29 years of age, operated on for scoliosis were examined for cardio-respiratory changes that occur during positioning on bolsters, and the effect on the cardio-respiratory system of raised intra-abdominal pressure was evaluated. Hemodynamic and respiratory responses were measured when the position was changed from supine to prone and back to supine during anesthesia. We measured the intra-bladder pressure using a transurethral catheter (IBP) as an index of the intra-abdominal pressure. When the position was changed from supine to prone, the cardiac index (CI) decreased by 10–30% and the systemic vascular resistance index increased by 8–14%. IBP rose significantly (P 0.001), but it remained below 5mmHg. These changes continued to be mild until the patient was returned to the supine position. Pa_{O 2}, A-aD_{O 2}and Qs/Qt remained unchanged. CI decreased significantly (P 0.001) when IBP was increased to 10mmHg by abdominal compression, but was not affected when IBP was increased to only 5mmHg. It was concluded that mild abdominal compression in the prone position during anesthesia has little effect on the cardio-respiratory system in lean young subjects.(Hiraga Y and Hyodo M: Cardio-respiratory changes with increased intra-bladder pressure in prone position during anesthesia. J Anesth 6: 407–413, 1992)     

Robot-assisted intrathoracic procedure for dumbbell tumour in the prone position

A 24-year-old man presented with a dumbbell-shaped right posterior mediastinal mass. The patient was placed in the prone position following general anaesthesia and intubation. After laminectomy and dissection of the dorsal part of the tumour using a posterior approach were performed, the tumour was completely resected using a robotic approach in the thoracic cavity without repositioning. This is the first report of robotic resection for posterior mediastinal tumour in the prone position as well as a novel combined posterior approach and robotic resection for dumbbell tumours.     

俯卧位与侧卧位胸腔镜食管癌根治术的对照研究

目的对比俯卧位与侧卧位微创食管切除术(minimally invasive esophagectomy,MIE)的近期疗效,探讨俯卧位MIE的可行性、安全性。 方法回顾性分析2019年1月至2021年6月期间204例接受MIE治疗的食管癌患者资料,按手术体位分组并比较。 结果107例俯卧位MIE(A组)与97例侧卧位MIE(B组)相比,总手术时间与胸部操作时间更短[总手术时间210 min(190,240 min)比295 min(260,325 min)、胸部操作时间(91.7±22.0)min比(119.4±24.8)min(P<0.05)],术中出血量更少[(82.1±46.3)ml比(170.9±98.1)ml(P<0.05)],术后住院时间[(12.8±4.4)d比(16.0±9.6)d]、术后经口进食时间[(8.7±2.1)d比(13.8±9.2)d]、术后拔除胸腔引流管时间[(8.7±3.3)d比(12.5±8.7)d]均更短(P<0.05);并发症发生率更低[15.0%(16/107)比34.0%(33/97)(P<0.05)],淋巴结清扫数[(23.2±7.2)枚比(22.6±5.1)枚]和术后氧饱和度(97.9%±1.6%比97.4%±3.3%)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论相较侧卧位,俯卧位MIE手术视野显露更好、手术时间更短、术中出血量更少、术后并发症发生率更低、住院时间更短,安全、可靠,短期疗效满意。     

Beyond prone position in percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a comprehensive review

Context

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) is traditionally performed with the patient in the prone position.

Objective

To assess the efficacy and safety of the prone and supine positions, particularly in obese patients and in those with staghorn calculi.

Evidence acquisition

A Medline search was conducted for articles published during the last 10 yr related to PNL in the prone and supine positions.

Evidence synthesis

This search revealed 9 published studies for supine and 25 for prone PNL. None of the supine PNL studies reported visceral injuries, while transfusion rates were 0.0–9.4% and stone-free rates were 69.6–95.0%. One study of supine PNL evaluated a significant proportion of obese patients. Prone PNL studies in obese patients report transfusion rates of 3.2–8.8% and stone-free rates of 79.0–89.2%.In the only randomized study, excluding obese patients and staghorn calculi, operative time favors the supine position. A nonrandomized comparative study demonstrated similar complication rates with insignificant improvement in treatment success for supine PNL; however, when comparing series with similar proportions of staghorn calculi cases, there are slightly improved outcomes for prone PNL. Moreover, comparison of weighted means favors prone PNL.

Conclusions

For obese patients and staghorn calculi, prone PNL appears to be associated with decreased operative times with similar bleeding rates and slightly better stone-free rates than supine PNL.     

Two cases of bronchospasm during operation in a prone position

Key words  bronchospasm - prone position - aerosol via endotracheal tube     

俯卧位脊柱手术后失明的研究进展

背景 术后失明(postoperative visual loss,POVL)是俯卧位脊柱手术患者一种少见但严重的并发症,患者预后极差.该并发症近年来引起了麻醉科及其相关学科的广泛关注.目的 综述俯卧位脊柱手术POVL的研究进展.内容 阐述俯卧位脊柱手术POVL的临床概况、病因和预防处理措施.趋向 对POVL的病因进行深入了解有助于减少俯卧位脊柱手术后眼科并发症.     

Response to the prone position in spontaneously breathing patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure

OBJECTIVES: The prone position is used for intubated patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute lung injury (ALI). The physiological changes associated with the prone position in nonintubated patients may be even more favorable than in intubated patients. We examined the effect of the prone position on arterial blood gases and patient compliance in four awake, nonintubated patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure. DESIGN: We present four consecutive cases of hypoxemic respiratory failure, in which mechanical ventilation was indicated. An attempt was made to avoid assisted ventilation by placing patients in the prone position, while breathing spontaneously. The effect on the clinical condition and the changes in blood gases were registered. RESULTS: We found good patient tolerance. A rapid increase in PaO2 was found, and intubation was avoided in all patients. No significant complications were registered. CONCLUSION: The prone position may prove beneficial in some cases of hypoxemic respiratory failure, even in awake patients, by avoiding mechanical ventilation and ventilator-associated complications.     

Complications associated with prone positioning in elective spinal surgery

Complications associated with prone surgical positioning during elective spine surgery have the potential to cause serious patient morbidity. Although many of these complications remain uncommon, the range of possible morbidities is wide and includes multiple organ systems. Perioperative visual loss (POVL) is a well described, but uncommon complication that may occur due to ischemia to the optic nerve, retina, or cerebral cortex. Closed-angle glaucoma and amaurosis have been reported as additional etiologies for vision loss following spinal surgery. Peripheral nerve injuries, such as those caused by prolonged traction to the brachial plexus, are more commonly encountered postoperative events. Myocutaneous complications including pressure ulcers and compartment syndrome may also occur after prone positioning, albeit rarely. Other uncommon positioning complications such as tongue swelling resulting in airway compromise, femoral artery ischemia, and avascular necrosis of the femoral head have also been reported. Many of these are well-understood and largely avoidable through thoughtful attention to detail. Other complications, such as POVL, remain incompletely understood and thus more difficult to predict or prevent. Here, the current literature on the complications of prone positioning for spine surgery is reviewed to increase awareness of the spectrum of potential complications and to inform spine surgeons of strategies to minimize the risk of prone patient morbidity.     

斜卧-截石位和俯卧位经皮肾镜碎石术治疗巨大肾结石的疗效比较

【摘要】 目的 对比斜卧-截石位与俯卧位经皮肾镜碎石术治疗巨大肾结石的临床疗效。方法 对2011年3月~2013年3月在阳春市人民医院施行斜卧-截石位(A组)和俯卧位(B组)经皮肾镜碎石术治疗巨大肾结石的84例患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,比较两组的手术时间、术中出血量、并发症和一期结石取净率等资料。结果 84例手术均获成功,无中转开放手术。斜卧-截石位组采用单通道47例,采用双通道1例。俯卧位组36例均采用单通道。手术时间俯卧位组(B组)(168.2±31.4)min,斜卧-截石位组 (126.4±26.4) min,较俯卧位组缩短;出血量俯卧位组(B组)(140.3±52.2)mL,斜卧-截石位组(130.8±55.1)mL;一期结石取净率斜卧-截石位组88.3%,俯卧位组81.2%;俯卧位组术后1例出现继发岀血,经保守治疗后好转;两组术中均无严重并发症发生。结论 斜卧-截石位与俯卧位施行PCNL治疗肾结石的效果相似,但前者在手术时间上明显较后者短,尤其适合合并有输尿管结石患者,并且使患者术中较为舒适,便于术中麻醉观察和术中碎石冲出体外。     

Laparoscopic-assisted abdominoperineal resection in the prone position

With the introduction of laparoscopic-assisted abdominoperineal resection (LAPR), the traditional Lloyd-Davies position with the Mayo two-team combined approach is being adapted. The Lloyd-Davies position allows two teams of surgeons to work simultaneously, minimizing operating time. The conditions required for laparoscopy restrict a simultaneous procedure. Since LAPR is typically performed as a two-stage procedure, we introduce an alternative position which facilitates the perineal dissection. We review the results and technique of LAPR in the prone position in three patients who were suitable candidates for this procedure. Three patients underwent LAPR. No operative or postoperative complications were encountered and the procedures were in keeping with oncologic principles of resection. Total anesthesia times were less than 3.5 h for these initial patients. No hemodynamic problems were encountered due to the choice of patient positioning. The prone jackknife position greatly increases visualization of deep structures, reduces blood loss, enhances dissection, and reduces the technical demands of the laparoscopic portion of the procedure. Received: 23 October 1995/Accepted: 5 August 1996     

俯卧位和左侧卧位胸腔镜食管切除术治疗食管癌疗效比较

目的比较俯卧位和左侧卧位两种胸腔镜治疗食管癌的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2008年9月至2010年9月在南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院胸心外科接受胸腔镜食管切除术、临床分期在T3N1M0以下的82例食管癌患者的临床资料,采用俯卧位和左侧卧位各41例。结果俯卧位组和左侧卧位组肿瘤位于食管上段分别为2例和3例：位于食管中段分别为12例和9例;位于食管下段分别为27例和29例。俯卧位组和左侧卧位组手术平均用时分别为230（170～3i0）min和280（190～380）min,差异有统计学意义（P=0．04）;术中平均出血量分别为275（100．320）ml和360（120～670）ml,差异无统计学意义（P=0．09）;平均清扫淋巴结数目分别为8．4（4～23）枚／例和6．9（6～21）枚／例,差异有统计学意义（P=0．03）。全组患者无围手术期死亡。两组分别有6例（14．6％）和8例（17．1％）患者出现术后并发症,差异无统计学意义（P=0．44）。俯卧位组术后平均随访15．7（2—28）个月,19例死亡;左侧卧位组术后平均随访16．3（3～31）个月,21例死亡．差异无统计学意义（P=O．14）。结论临床分期在T3N1M0以下的食管癌患者行胸腔镜手术治疗,采取俯卧位与左侧卧位手术疗效相同．但俯卧位手术时间短并有利于淋巴结清扫。     

Direct laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation in the prone position following traumatic thoracic spine injury

Perioperative airway management in trauma victims presenting with penetrating thoracic spine injury poses a major challenge to the anesthesiologist. To avoid further neurological impairment it is essential to ensure maximal cervical and thoracic spine stability at the time of airway manipulation (e.g., direct laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation). Airway management in the prone position additionally increases the incidence of cervical/thoracic spine injury, difficult ventilation, and difficult airway instrumentation. Although awake fiberoptic intubation of the trachea is considered the gold standard for airway instrumentation in patients with posterior thoracic/cervical trauma, this technique requires the patient's cooperation, special equipment, and extensive training, all of which might be difficult to accomplish in emergency situations. We herein present the first reported case of an adult trauma patient who underwent direct laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation under general anesthesia in the prone position. Although the prone position is not the standard position for airway instrumentation with direct laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation under general anesthesia, our experience indicates that this technique is possible (and relatively easy to perform) and might be considered in an emergency situation.     

Use of the prone oblique position in surgery for posterior fossa lesions

Summary Background. The lateral suboccipital approach has been conventionally performed with the lateral, park-bench, or sitting position and the midline suboccipital approach has been performed in the prone position. We attempt to show the advantages of the prone oblique position in the surgery for posterior fossa lesions.Methods. Twenty-two patients with posterior fossa lesions underwent surgery in the prone oblique position. The patients were fixed in the prone position while the operating table was rotated to raise the patients shoulder. The surgeon sat beside the downward-shifted contralateral shoulder of the patient. With the lateral suboccipital approach, the neck of the patient was rotated to the side of the lesion. With the midline sub-occipital approach, the neck was not rotated.Findings. With the lateral suboccipital approach, this position spread the transverse axis of the suboccipital triangle and eliminated the interference of the patients shoulder, providing an operative field that is wider than the lateral position or park bench position in all cases. With the midline suboccipital approach, this position enabled the surgeon to operate on lesions located in the upper half of the posterior fossa, such as fourth ventricular lesions or infratentorial lesions, without the need for a looking up posture with overhanging of the operative microscope.Conclusion. The prone oblique position offers the operator a panoramic view of the posterior fossa.     

Combined thoracoscopic and endoscopic management of mid-esophageal benign lesions: use of the prone patient position

Background Both benign tumors and mid-esophageal diverticula are rare conditions; underlying disorders may be present in case of diverticula. Traditionally, thoracotomy was the preferred route to approach these lesions. Now, more surgeons are using minimally invasive techniques to treat these benign mid-esophageal lesions. Patients and methods A total of 12 patients with symptomatic mid-esophageal lesions were studied, benign tumors were seven cases and five cases of diverticula. We present our experiences with thoracoscopic enucleation of benign tumors and diverticulectomy aided by peroperative endoscopy. All the patients were placed in the prone position and approached via a right thoracotomy. Results Two patients had minor complications of pneumonitis and dysphagia, which were treated conservatively. One patient had a leak from the staple line that needed a second-look thoracoscopy and evacuation of abscess. Discussion In this study, we highlight the use of the prone patient position, the advantages of a right thoracoscopic approach and the value of peroperative endoscopy. The prone position was first described in 1994, but has not been popular. Peroperative endoscopy accurately localizes diverticula and determines level of stapler application. Conclusion Thoracoscopy has definite benefits regarding reduced morbidity. The combined modality of peroperative endoscopy is useful in diverticulectomy. Based on our experience, we believe the prone patient position is the ideal position for esophageal surgery.     

侧卧位在经皮肾穿刺取石术中的应用

随着微创外科技术的发展,经皮肾穿刺取石术(PCNL)治疗上尿路结石已经被学者广泛接受。美国泌尿外科学会尿石症治疗指南推荐PCNL作为治疗复杂肾结石的首选方案。传统的PCNL手术多采用俯卧位,但俯卧位存在着较多缺点,如患者对手术耐受性差、体位摆放繁杂等。侧卧位的PCNL可提高患者对手术的耐受性,且给术者的操作带来便利,并未增加手术风险及并发症发生。侧卧位PCNL安全、有效、操作简单,值得临床推广应用。本文归纳近年来国内外关于侧卧位在PCNL手术中的临床研究成果,期望为临床医师提供参考。     

Modified prone position using lateral brace attachments for cervico-dorsal spine surgeries

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to propose a method of prone positioning for posterior cervico-dorsal spine surgeries that is easy to achieve without additional equipment and may reduce complications associated with prone positioning in patients.

Methods

41 patients underwent posterior spine surgeries using our method of prone positioning on a fluoroscopy compatible conventional operation table, and the technical difficulties and complications associated were noted. After induction under general anaesthesia in supine position, cervical tongs were applied. An assembly of two adequately padded cylindrical bolsters and two lateral brace attachments was set on a conventional operating table. The patient was then positioned prone so that the tongs as well as insertion pins of the tongs rest on the lateral brace attachments, with the face and head suspended freely in between. A neutralisation weight was then applied suspended from the tongs to stabilize the head.

Results

The time required for patient positioning was noted and was found to be nearly the same as that required for traditional prone positioning. No problems were noted during patient positioning and with anaesthesia tubing management. All surgeries went well without position related complications except for one patient who developed post-operative macroglossia. All cervical tong pin sites healed without any complications. The fluoroscope easily gained access to the operative areas.

Conclusions

Our modification appears simple, versatile and reproducible for posterior approach procedures of the cervical and upper dorsal spine in prone position. Also, the method can be easily implemented in most conventional operating room facilities with minimal surgeon effort and without the need for any additional inventory.