Suppressive activity of fexofenadine hydrochloride on metalloproteinase production from nasal fibroblasts in vitro

BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an inflammatory disease characterized by nasal wall remodelling with intense infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells/basophils. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-2 and MMP-9, are the major proteolytic enzymes that induce airway remodelling. These enzymes are also important in the migration of inflammatory cells through basement membrane components. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated whether fexofenadine hydrochloride (FEX), the carboxylic acid metabolite of terfenadine with selective H(1)-receptor antagonist activity, could inhibit MMP production from nasal fibroblasts (NFs) in response to TNF-alpha stimulation in vitro. METHODS: NFs were established from nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (PFs) taken from patients with AR. Nasal mucosal fibroblasts (MFs) were also induced from nasal mucosal tissues from septal deformity patients without allergy. PF and MF (2 x 10(5) cells/mL, each) were stimulated with TNF-alpha in the presence of various concentrations of FEX. After 24 h, culture supernatants were obtained and assayed for MMP-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 levels by ELISA. The influence of FEX on mRNA expression of MMPs and TIMPs in 4 h-cultured cells was also evaluated by real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation in fibroblasts treated with FEX for 4 h was examined by ELISA. RESULTS: FEX at more than 350 ng/mL inhibited the production of MMP-2 and MMP-9 from both PF and MF in response to TNF-alpha stimulation, whereas TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 production was scarcely affected by FEX. FEX also inhibited MMP mRNA expression and NF-kappa B activation in PF and MF after TNF-alpha stimulation. CONCLUSION: The present data suggest that the attenuating effect of FEX on MMP-2 and -9 production from NFs induced by inflammatory stimulation may underlie the therapeutic mode of action of the agent on allergic diseases, including AR.     

SHP2和MKP5在P2Y嘌呤受体介导的人前列腺癌细胞侵袭中的调控机制研究

目的　探讨蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶(SHP2)及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶磷酸酶5 (MKP5 )在P2Y嘌呤受体激活人不同转移潜能的前列腺癌细胞系MAPKs信号通路中的调节机制及其与细胞侵袭能力的相关性。方法　构建野生型和突变型SHP2及野生型MKP5表达质粒并分别稳定转染入1E8(高转移)和(或)2B4(不转移)细胞。应用免疫沉淀法检测细胞SHP2的酪氨酸磷酸化的程度,免疫印迹法检测ERK1 /2、p38的磷酸化,用Matrigel穿膜实验检测细胞的体外侵袭能力。结果　ATP可刺激细胞的SHP2发生磷酸化,且在1E8中的激活程度高于2B4。野生型SHP2转染可使2B4细胞中ATP对ERK1 /2的激活时效明显延长;而突变型SHP2延迟并降低1E8细胞中ATP对ERK1 /2的激活水平;两者对细胞p38的活性均无明显影响。ATP刺激可使不转移2B4细胞穿膜数明显增多(比对照组增加72 2% ±14 0% ),野生型SHP2转染可使经ATP刺激的细胞穿膜数进一步增加18 7%。ATP刺激可使高转移1E8细胞穿膜数进一步增加(112 8% ±32 0% ),而转染突变型SHP2可部分(40 9% )抑制ATP的促细胞侵袭作用。转染野生型MKP5在明显抑制p38磷酸化的同时,也能部分抑制ATP的促侵袭作用(抑制率在1E8和2B4分别为22 4%和28 7% )。结论　SHP2正性调节P2Y嘌呤受体介导的ERK活化,并可促进前列腺癌细胞的侵袭能力。而MKP5     

The survival effect of TNF-alpha in human neutrophils is mediated via NF-kappa B-dependent IL-8 release

The capacity of cytokines to modulate neutrophil apoptosis is thought to be a major factor influencing the resolution of granulocytic inflammation. We have previously shown that the late survival effect of TNF-alpha in human neutrophils involves activation of both NF-kappa B and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) pathways. In this study, we address how these pathways integrate to prevent cell death. In human neutrophils, TNF-alpha (200 U/ml) induced rapid I kappa B-alpha degradation, NF-kappa B activation and IL-8 release (31.8+/-5.4 pg/10(5) cells/2 h), whereas GM-CSF (10 ng/ml) stimulated an equivalent IL-8 release (26.5+/-4.5 pg/10(5) cells/2 h) without enhanced I kappa B-alpha degradation or NF-kappa B activation compared to control. Importantly, inhibition of PI3-kinase did not modify TNF-alpha -induced I kappa B-alpha degradation, yet fully inhibited the survival effect of both cytokines. Inhibition of I kappa B-alpha phosphorylation, PI3-kinase or ERK1/2 activation blocked IL-8 release by both cytokines. Blocking IL-8 activity by inhibiting its synthesis or by using a neutralizing antibody enhanced the early pro-apoptotic effect of TNF-alpha and inhibited its late survival effect without affecting GM-CSF-induced survival. These data suggest that cross-talk between NF-kappa B and PI3-kinase pathways in TNF-alpha -stimulated neutrophils results from NF-kappa B/ERK1/2-dependent IL-8 production which acts in an autocrine manner to drive PI3-kinase-dependent survival. In contrast, GM-CSF-mediated survival does not involve NF-kappa B activation or IL-8 release.     

Increased CD8+ T Cell Apoptosis in Scleroderma Is Associated with Low Levels of NF-κB

Our objectives were (1) to compare lymphocyte subpopulation apoptosis rates in SSc patients versus healthy controls and (2) to compare Bcl-2 and NF-kappa B expression in cultured CD8 lymphocytes of SSc patients versus controls. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 27 SSc patients meeting the American College of Rheumatology criteria for SSc and 28 healthy individuals. Mononuclear cells were isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient separation and cultured for 48 hr. For determination of apoptosis within specific cell populations, samples were labeled with PE-conjugated monoclonal antibody to CD8, CD4, and a FITC-conjugated monoclonal antibody to Annexin V. Flow cytometry was carried out with a FACS operating with Cellquest software. CD8+ lymphocytes were positively selected with magnetic microbeads conjugated to antihuman CD8. CD8 T cells were separated, then incubated with activation for 48 hr, and NF-kappa B and Bcl-2 analysis was carried out using Western immunoblotting. The CD4:CD8 ratio was increased in SSc compared to controls (2.6 +/- 1.13 vs.1.87 +/- 0.76; P = 0.018). The spontaneous apoptosis rate of SSc CD8 lymphocytes was increased compared to that of controls of (21.9 +/- 13.7 vs. 13.3 +/- 9.9; P = 0.019). No difference was found in the rate of CD4 apoptosis of SSc patients versus controls (9.8 +/- 5.2 vs. 7.18 +/- 4.89%; P = ns). The expression of NF-kappa B in SSc CD8 lymphocytes was decreased compared with that of CD8 lymphocytes from healthy controls (144 +/- 13 vs. 188 +/- 11; P = 0.018). Whereas expression of Bcl-2 was similar in activated CD8+ T cells of SSc patients and healthy controls, CD8+ T cell apoptosis rate was found to be in reverse correlation with expression of NF-kappa B in these cells ( r = - 0.53, P = 0.029). The increased CD4:CD8 ratio in SSC may result from increased CD8+ T cell apoptosis. Increased SSc CD8 T cell apoptosis is associated with low levels of NF-kappa B.     

Cell activation by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipid A molecule through Toll-like receptor 4- and myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent signaling pathway

Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its bioactive center, lipid A, are known to exhibit very low endotoxic activities and activate LPS-hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ mice that have a point mutation in the cytoplasmic portion of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, in contrast to classical enterobacterial LPS and their lipid A. In the present study, we attempted to determine which TLR mediates the response to lipid A from P. gingivalis strain 381. P. gingivalis LPS and its natural lipid A fraction induced NF-kappa B activation primarily in Ba/F3 cells expressing mouse TLR 2 (Ba/mTLR2), rather than in those expressing mouse TLR4 and its accessory protein MD2 (Ba/mTLR4/mMD2). Further purification of the natural lipid A fraction resulted in a significant decrease of NF-kappa B activation in Ba/mTLR2, although not in Ba/mTLR4/mMD2. The synthetic counterpart of P. gingivalis strain 381-lipid A (compound PG-381) also elicited NF-kappa B activation in Ba/mTLR4/mMD2, but not Ba/mTLR2. Furthermore, P. gingivalis purified natural lipid A and compound PG-381 lacked the ability to activate gingival fibroblasts from C3H/HeJ, TLR4 knockout (KO) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) KO mice. These findings demonstrate that the P. gingivalis lipid A molecule induces cell activation via a TLR4/MD2-MyD88-dependent pathway, and suggest the possibility that unknown bacterial components in P. gingivalis LPS and its lipid A may induce cell activation via TLR2.     

Fibrinogen-CD11b/CD18 interaction activates the NF-kappa B pathway and delays apoptosis in human neutrophils

The regulation of neutrophil half-life by members of the coagulation cascade is critical for the resolution of the inflammatory response. We have demonstrated that soluble fibrinogen (sFbg) delays human neutrophil (PMN) apoptosis through a mechanism that involves CD11b interactions, and phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2).Since NF-kappa B is a key element in the regulation of apoptotic mechanisms in several immune cells, we investigated whether NF-kappa B is involved in the control of PMN survival by sFbg. We show that sFbg triggers inhibitor protein kappa B (I kappa B-alpha) degradation and NF-kappa B activation. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of NF-kappa B abrogates sFbg effects on apoptosis. In addition, specific inhibition of MAPK ERK1/2 significantly reduces NF-kappa B translocation by sFbg, suggesting a relationship between ERK1/2 and NF-kappa B activation. Similar results are obtained when granulocytic-differentiated HL-60 cells are treated with sFbg, making this model highly attractive for integrin-induced gene expression studies. It can be concluded that NF-kappa B participates in the prevention of apoptosis induced by sFbg with the participation of MAPK ERK1/2. These results shed light on the molecular mechanisms that control human granulocyte apoptosis, and suggest that NF-kappa B regulation may be of benefit for the resolution of the inflammatory response.     

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (gelatinase B) is expressed in multinucleated giant cells of human giant cell tumor of bone and is associated with vascular invasion.

Human giant cell tumor (GCT) consists of multinucleated giant cells and mononuclear stromal cells, and is characterized by frequent vascular invasion without distant metastases. To study the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the vascular invasion, we examined production of MMP-1 (tissue collagenase), -2 (gelatinase A), -3 (stromelysin-1), -9 (gelatinase B), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1 and -2) in GCT. MMP-9 was highly and predominantly expressed in giant cells by both immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Expression of other MMPs was also observed in some cases but was inconstant. Sandwich enzyme immunoassays demonstrated that MMP-9 is the predominant MMP secreted by GCT. There was a definite imbalance between the amounts of MMP-9 and those of TIMPs in the culture media of GCT, leading to detectable gelatinolytic activity in an assay using 14C-gelatin. Gelatin zymography demonstrated the main activity at about 90 kd, which was identified as the zymogen of MMP-9 by immunoblotting. Immunohistochemistry for type IV collagen and laminin, major basement membrane components, showed that disappearance of the proteins is closely associated with MMP-9-positive giant cells. These results indicate the production of MMP-9 by multinucleated giant cells and suggest that the metalloproteinase may contribute to proteolysis associated with vascular invasion and local bone resorption in human GCT.     

人参皂苷Rg1对H_2O_2诱导的293T细胞NF-κB转录活性影响

目的:观察人参皂苷Rg1对H_2O_2诱导HEK293T细胞损伤过程中NF-κB转录活性的影响,探讨人参皂苷Rg1的抗氧化机制.方法:H_2O_2模拟氧化应激条件,MTT法和台盼蓝染色法检测人参皂苷Rg1对细胞生长的影响;以DCFH-DA为探针流式细胞仪检测细胞内ROS水平;利用双荧光素酶顺式报告系统,检测人参皂苷Rg1对荧光素酶报告基因NF-κB-Luc相对荧光素酶值的影响,以检测人参皂苷Rg1是否具有下调H_2O_2诱导的NF-κB转录激活的作用.结果:H_2O_2诱导损伤的293T细胞存活率随H_2O_2浓度的增高而下降,相同H_2O_2浓度下,人参皂苷Rg1预保护组细胞存活率较损伤组显著提高(P＜0.05);H_2O_2处理后细胞内自由基明显增加,其荧光强度增加了40%～50%,而给予有效浓度的人参皂苷Rg1后,荧光强度降低35%～40%;与正常对照组比较,H_2O_2模拟氧化应激条件下,HEK293T细胞中NF-κB荧光素酶报告活性明显升高(P＜0.05),而在人参皂苷Rg1预保护组则明显受到抑制(P＜0.05).结论:人参皂苷Rg1对H_2O_2所致的细胞氧化应激损伤具有明显的保护作用,其可能机制是有效地清除了细胞内过多的自由基,下调了转录因子NF-κB的转录活性,继而抑制了NF-κB通路的激活.     

Human breast cancer cells activate procollagenase-1 and invade type I collagen: invasion is inhibited by all-trans retinoic acid

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. These processes require the dissolution of the basement membrane and invasion of the stromal matrix (ECM), and are mediated by MMPs. Consequently, MMP inhibitors may be attractive as new anticancer agents. To examine the potential contribution of collagenase-1 (MMP-1) in invasion of stromal matrix, we used the highly invasive and metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 as a model system. These cells express procollagenase-1 constitutively and this expression can be repressed by all-trans retinoic acid. Invasion of these cells into a collagen type I matrix was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and was quantitated with a computer program and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). We found that MDA-MB-231 cells freely invaded the collagen type 1 matrix, suggesting that these cells possess a mechanism for activating the latent collagenase-1. In contrast, down-regulation of collagenase-1 expression by all-trans retinoic acid caused these cells to become less invasive. To confirm a role for collagenase-1 in mediating collagen type I invasion, assays were carried out in the presence of FN-439, an inhibitor of collagenase-1 enzyme activity. We found that in the presence of the proteinase inhibitor, invasion of type I collagen by MDA-MB-231 cells was also reduced. These results indicate that collagenase-1 produced by the breast tumor cells may enhance stromal matrix degradation by enabling the tumor cells to modulate their own invasive behavior, and suggest that decreasing collagenase-1 levels may be effective in breast cancer therapy.