Self-comparison processes, prototypes, and smoking onset among early adolescents

BACKGROUND: Research has shown that social images or prototypes of smoking peers play a role in adolescents' decisions to start smoking. To devise effective prevention measures, specific information is needed about how adolescents evaluate characteristics associated with smoker prototypes. Such evaluation is assumed to occur through self-comparison processes, that is, 'self-consistency' and 'self-enhancement' motivations. This is one of the first studies to examine longitudinal relations between both these motivational processes and smoking behavior. METHODS: Self-reported data on motivational processes and smoking were gathered at two waves (with a 1-year interval) among Dutch adolescents (12-16 years). Relations between self-comparison processes and willingness to smoke or future smoking behavior were tested among a sample of 1938 respondents. RESULTS: Smoker prototypes predicted adolescents' smoking onset, particularly those images that referred to daily smoking peers as being "cool" or "rebellious." Furthermore, self-consistency and self-enhancement motivations predicted smoking onset for certain characteristics associated with smoker prototypes. CONCLUSION: Evidence for the role of self-consistency and self-enhancement motivations in adolescents' smoking onset suggests that smoking prevention projects should target both similar and aspiring features associated with the image of smoking peers.     

Neighborhood contextual factors for smoking among middle-aged Japanese: A multilevel analysis

The purpose of this study is to explore neighborhood contextual factors in terms of smoking behaviors among middle-aged Japanese, by using a multilevel analysis. Subjects were Japanese men and women, between 40 and 59 years of age (40,961 for the cross-sectional analysis, and 9,177 for the longitudinal analysis), nested in 39 neighborhoods (Kyuson). The results showed that women in a less residentially stable neighborhood were more likely to be smokers. No associations were seen between current smoking and neighborhood deprivation; however, women in the most deprived neighborhood were more likely to quit smoking. This study is the first to demonstrate the associations between neighborhood environment and current smoking or smoking cessation, in a Japanese setting. The findings imply that policy makers should consider targeting neighborhood conditions in order to help reduce smoking prevalence, especially among women.     

武汉市中等职业院校学生吸烟行为与家庭和同伴因素的关系

目的 了解家庭因素和同伴因素对武汉市中等职业院校学生吸烟行为的影响,为制定吸烟行为的预防干预策略提供依据。方法 采用立意抽样方法,从武汉市中等职业学校中抽取三所学校,对其中一、二年级的学生全部进行调查。结果 共2 354人接受问卷调查,武汉市中等职业院校学生尝试吸烟率为23.8%,现在吸烟率为18.6%,不同年龄和性别吸烟率差异有统计学意义（均有P<0.05）;单因素分析发现,平均月花费、父母监管、家庭冲突、亲近关系、家族中吸烟比例、朋友中吸烟比例、朋友对你吸烟态度等对吸烟行为均有影响（均有P<0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,吸烟行为与性别、年龄、平均学习成绩、平均月花费、父母监管、亲近关系、朋友中吸烟比例有关（均有P<0.05）。结论 中等职业院校学生控烟工作需要加强,提高父母监管技能,强化亲近关系和控制同伴影响有助于减少中等职业院校学生的吸烟行为。     

The relative influence of smoking on drinking and drinking on smoking among high school students in a rural tobacco-growing county

Purpose: To construct and estimate a model that contains a reciprocal relationship between smoking and drinking and to test whether the gateway drug thesis or the cumulative risk behaviors thesis best fits the data.

Methods: Data (n = 630) are from a survey of all students (50% female; aged 16.2 years on average; 2.4 grade point average; and 57% residing in homes with both mother and father present) in a rural, tobacco-growing county’s two high schools, one public (85%) and one private, in 1993. The survey was conducted by the schools as part of their alcohol and other drugs (AOD) prevention programs and was coordinated by the county AOD Council. Students completed the questionnaires in their homerooms. Endogenous predictors of drinking and smoking include student’s perception of adult drug behavior, peer pressure to drink, degree to which their friends’ drink, and attitudes toward drinking and smoking. Path coefficients were estimated by using LISREL.

Results: The strong correlation between smoking and drinking resulted from shared causes, rather than from the effects of one type of drug use on the other. Approval of drinking had the strongest association with being a drinker (β = .57) and with being a smoker (β = .37). Those who found smoking offensive were less likely to be a smoker (β = −.25). However, attitude toward smoking was not associated with being a drinker. Having drinking friends increased both the likelihood of being a drinker (β = .29) and of being a smoker (β = .23). Peer pressure to drink increased the likelihood of being a smoker (β = .14) and of being a drinker (β = .12). Students with lower grade point averages, males, older students, students in public school, and students with family structures other than both parents living in the same household were more likely to be a drinker and were more likely to be a smoker.

Conclusions: Our results support the cumulative risk behaviors thesis. The link between both high-risk behaviors, smoking and drinking, results from common causes rather than from drinking leading to smoking.     

Using cross-classified multilevel models to disentangle school and neighborhood effects: An example focusing on smoking behaviors among adolescents in the United States

BackgroundDespite much interest in understanding the influence of contexts on health, most research has focused on one context at a time, ignoring the reality that individuals have simultaneous memberships in multiple settings.MethodUsing the example of smoking behavior among adolescents in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we applied cross-classified multilevel modeling (CCMM) to examine fixed and random effects for schools and neighborhoods. We compared the CCMM results with those obtained from a traditional multilevel model (MLM) focused on either the school and neighborhood separately.ResultsIn the MLMs, 5.2% of the variation in smoking was due to differences between neighborhoods (when schools were ignored) and 6.3% of the variation in smoking was due to differences between schools (when neighborhoods were ignored). However in the CCMM examining neighborhood and school variation simultaneously, the neighborhood-level variation was reduced to 0.4%.ConclusionResults suggest that using MLM, instead of CCMM, could lead to overestimating the importance of certain contexts and could ultimately lead to targeting interventions or policies to the wrong settings.     

西藏林芝地区藏族初中生吸烟行为特点的调查

目前,我国青少年吸烟率逐年上升,已成为严重的公共卫生问题[1].为了解西藏林芝地区藏族初中生吸烟行为的特点,本研究在2008年9月对该地2所初中1221名藏族学生进行了问卷调查.     

体校初中生睡眠质量调查分析

目的通过对体校初中生睡眠质量及其相关因素的研究,为体校初中生提高睡眠质量,保证学习和训练提供一些有价值的资料。方法以体校初中生为研究对象,采用“匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表”等进行问卷调查。结果PSQI总分为（5．50±2．78）分,21．99％的体校初中生睡眠状况不佳,17．60％的体校初中生经常有日间功能障碍。结论体校初中生的睡眠质量与诸多因素有关,应采取综合措施改善其睡眠质量,以利于健康成长。     

高中生吸烟行为特征及与其他危险行为关系分析

目的了解蚌埠市高中生的吸烟特征,为制定有效的干预措施提供科学依据。方法采取分层随机整群抽样,在蚌埠市区12所中学高中班中随机抽取11所中学22个班的全体学生进行问卷调查。结果3 131名高中生中,有800名高中生曾经吸过一整支烟,曾经吸烟率为25.6%,男生高于女生,其中,35.8%的学生吸一整支烟时的年龄<13岁,15~16岁是青少年尝试吸烟的高发年龄。8.9%的高中生曾有过经常性吸烟行为。在调查前30 d,4.6%的学生在学校吸烟,男生高于女生;4.9%的学生平均每天吸烟≥2支,男生高于女生;获得香烟的方式以在商店买烟为主,占50.5%。多因素logistic回归分析表明:最近12个月打架,厌学情绪、最近30 d饮酒、谈恋爱、性行为、最近7 d上网吧、参加校内运动队、性别对高中生吸烟影响最大。结论应及早对青少年进行控制吸烟的健康教育,使他们认识到吸烟的危害,自觉抵制烟草。同时对其他相关危险行为进行干预,以发挥干预措施的综合效应,提高控烟效果。     

青少年学生吸烟饮酒及其他药物使用的现状调查

目的了解青少年学生吸烟饮酒及其他药物使用的现状，为预防吸烟饮酒对青少年身体的危害提供数据。方法以菏泽市6所学校的1699名青少年学生为研究对象，采用修订的青少年危险行为调查问卷。结果51．4％的学生吸过烟，14．2％的学生近期内吸烟，8．0％的学生经常吸烟，12．8％的学生尝试过戒烟，15．5％的学生在13岁前就吸过1整支烟。76．5％的学生喝过酒，36．7％的学生近期内喝酒，27．7％的学生喝醉，37．1％的学生在13岁前饮酒。6．5％的人未经医生许可私自服用镇静安眠类药物，6．2％的人对服用过的药物有依赖。在吸烟、饮酒及其他药物使用的得分上，大学生高于高中生，高中生高于初中生。男生明显高于女生，农村学生普遍高于城市学生（P〈0．01）。结论青少年学生吸烟饮酒及其他药物使用的情况较为普遍，学校应针对青少年学生不同年龄阶段的特点，开展有针对性的健康教育，以减少吸烟饮酒对其的危害。     

上海市徐汇区小学生控烟干预研究

目的探索小学生学校控烟于预的模式并予以评价。方法采用两阶段整群抽样的方法，选取两所小学的所有四、五年级学生566人为研究对象。对干预组进行为期一年的综合控烟干预。评价采用自填调查问卷的方法，在干预前、干预后、干预后半年分别进行调查。结果干预后干预组一年内的尝试吸烟率由7．8％下降到2．6％，被动吸烟率由53．6％下降到41．8％，有关烟草预防的认知、态度、技能也有所提高。但干预后半年干预组个别指标有所回落。结论学校综合性控烟干预是可行、有效的，但干预效果还需加以巩固。     

初中生情绪应对与心理健康的交叉滞后分析

目的探讨初中生情绪应对与心理健康之间的关系。方法采用中学生应对方式量表和中学生心理健康量表对95名初中生进行间隔5个月的重复测量,并对数据进行交叉滞后回归分析。结果在2次测量中,4种情绪应对与心理健康总均分均成正相关。高心理症状组被试情绪应对得分高于低心理症状组被试,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。交叉滞后分析表明,心理健康对情绪应对有较好的预测力,而情绪应对不能很好地预测心理健康状况。结论心理健康有时可能是应对方式的前因变量,应对方式受很多因素影响。     

983名中学生吸烟现状及相关知信行调查分析

目的了解湖州市青少年吸烟现况和影响因素,为有效开展学生控烟教育和实施行为干预提供科学依据和指导。方法采用浙江省疾病预防控制中心健康教育所提供的“学生预防烟草使用调查问卷”,整群抽取某实验初中初一和初二学生共983名进行问卷调查。结果学生吸烟率为7.7%,其中男生吸烟率10.4%,女生吸烟率5.5%,两者比较有显著性差异（P〈0.01）;10.5%学生尝试过吸烟,男生为13.5%,女生为7.9%,两者比较有显著性差异（P〈0.01）;尝试过吸烟的学生中,有78.6%吸第一支烟的主要原因是模仿和好奇;对烟草中含尼古丁知晓率达88.6%,吸烟能引起呼吸系统疾病知晓率达79.7%,其他几项知识知晓率在19.9%～68.4%之间。除当别人在你面前吸烟时,请他们停止吸烟一项劝说率在50.5%外,吸烟相关态度和行为正确率均在75.0%～92.9%之间。结论被调查的学生有一定比例的吸烟和尝试吸烟者;大部分学生控烟的知识掌握较好,态度积极,行为正确率较高,但劝阻吸烟能力较差。     

初中生自评青春期发育水平与肥胖的关联

目的了解初中生超重、肥胖与自评青春期发育异常的关系,为研究和制定有效干预措施提供依据。方法运用横断面调查方法,对蚌埠市某初级中学全体学生1 693名分别进行问卷调查和身高、体重测量。结果初中生超重和肥胖的检出率分别为16.2%和9.5%,自评青春期发育较早报告率为14.6%,而相对同龄人发育较迟报告率为19.8%。多变量Logistic回归分析表明,肥胖组学生比正常组更倾向于报告发育正常,超重组青少年更倾向于报告发育较早。结论超重是初中生自评发育较早的危险因素,肥胖学生更易于自我评价青春期发育水平为正常。     

工作场所社会资本与流动人口吸烟及自评健康关系的多水平分析

目的探讨工作场所社会资本与流动人口吸烟和自评健康的关系,为工作场所健康促进提供依据。方法采用多阶段抽样的方法,于2012年7月—2013年1月在上海市77家工作场所通过问卷调查流动人口的人口学特征、吸烟、问题饮酒、自评健康和工作场所社会资本等指标。运用多水平Logistic回归分析探讨个体工作场所社会资本和群组工作场所社会资本与吸烟和自评健康的关系。结果研究对象的吸烟率为25.2%。多水平分析结果显示：控制社会人口学特征后,以个体工作场所社会资本位于第4四分位数的研究对象作为参考,位于第3四分位数、第2四分位数和第1四分位数的研究对象吸烟的OR值分别为：1.15（95%CI：1.02-1.41）,1.24（95%CI：1.13-1.57）,1.51（95%CI：1.20-1.89）。22.3%的研究对象自评健康状况不佳。多水平分析结果显示：控制社会人口学特征后,以个体工作场所社会资本位于第4四分位数的研究对象作为参考,位于第3四分位数、第2四分位数和第1四分位数的研究对象自评健康自评不佳的OR值分别为：1.49（95%CI：1.21-1.83）,2.85（95%CI：2.30-3.54）,3.03（95%CI：2.43-3.76）。群体工作场所社会资本与吸烟和自评健康均无关联。结论个体工作场所社会资本是流动人口吸烟和自评健康的影响因素,在工作场所重建社会资本可以促进流动人口的健康水平。     

Smoking prevention for ethnically diverse adolescents: 2-year outcomes of a multicultural, school-based smoking prevention curriculum in Southern California

BACKGROUND: Effective school-based curricula are needed to prevent smoking among ethnically diverse adolescents. This study evaluated a multicultural smoking prevention curriculum in ethnically diverse Southern California middle schools. METHODS: Students in 24 middle schools (N = 3157 sixth graders) received the multicultural curriculum, a similar curriculum without references to cultural issues, or a control condition. Odds ratios for experimentation with smoking over a 2-year period were calculated. RESULTS: The multicultural program was associated with a lower risk of smoking between sixth and eighth grade, relative to the control group. Program effects varied according to the ethnic composition of the schools. In schools with predominantly Hispanic populations, the multicultural curriculum was more effective than the control, but the standard curriculum was not. In schools with predominantly Asian or multicultural populations, the standard curriculum was more effective than the control, but the multicultural curriculum was not. Analyses stratified by ethnicity within the schools revealed that the multicultural curriculum was effective among Hispanic students within predominantly Hispanic schools, but not among Hispanic students within predominantly Asian/multicultural schools. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking prevention for adolescents in culturally diverse school contexts is a challenge. In this study, a multicultural curriculum was most effective among Hispanic students in predominantly Hispanic schools. Further research is needed to determine the best ways to prevent smoking in predominantly Asian and multicultural schools.     

儿童青少年社交焦虑与攻击性行为关系

目的探讨社交焦虑与攻击性行为的关系,为学生攻击性行为的预防和干预提供依据。方法采用Buss-Warren攻击问卷(Buss-Warren Aggression Questionnaire Revised in China,BWAQ-RC)中国修订版、社交焦虑量表(Interaction Anxiousness Scale,IAS)对安徽、云南、广东、黑龙江、湖北5个省市22 142名城市中小学生进行调查。结果中小学生BWAQ-RC问卷总评分及IAS量表得分均有显著性别差异(P值均<0.05),且高IAS组在身体攻击、言语攻击、间接攻击、愤怒、敌意各因子及攻击性行为总体水平上的得分都显著高于低IAS组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);社交焦虑与攻击性呈正相关,且在控制了人口学变量后,社交焦虑对攻击性具正向预测力(β=0.487)。结论社交焦虑程度高的学生更具有攻击性,可以此为依据提出相应的预防对策。     

Stressful life events, smoking behavior, and intentions to smoke among and multiethnic sample of sixth graders

Objectives. Adolescent smoking has been associated with stressful life events. However, few studies have examined the associations between stress, smoking intentions, and smoking behavior among a multiethnic sample of adolescents. Methods. We compiled a checklist of stressful life events relevant to multiethnic youth and administered it to 1,074 sixth-grade students in urban Los Angeles. Results. The most frequently reported stressful events were similar across ethnic groups and generations in the USA: test taking, chores, and arguments with friends. The events reported as the most severe were disturbances in family life, such as: death, arguments between parents, and illness or injury. Whites and Latinos had reported higher levels of ever smoking and intentions to smoke than Asian/Pacific Islanders (PIs). On the positive family-related events scale Latinos scored higher than did whites or Asian/PIs. Whites scored higher than Latinos or Asian/PIs on both negative peer-related and negative personal-related events. Associations were observed between total stress, stressful life events, and smoking behavior and intention to smoke. Total stress was associated with ever smokers, smoking intentions within the next year and in high school over the entire sample. Negative peer-related events were associated with intention to smoke within the next year, among Latinos. Among Asian/PIs negative peer-related events were associated with intention to smoke within the next year and in high school. Negative school-related events were significantly associated with ever smoking and intentions to smoke in the next year and marginally associated with intentions to smoke in high school among children born in the USA whose parents were also born in the USA. Negative peer-related events and positive personal-related events were significantly associated with intentions to smoke in the next year among children born in the USA whose parents were immigrants. Conclusions. Results suggest that negative peer- and school-related events may lead to increased risk of smoking behavior and intentions to smoke among multicultural adolescents.     

北京市顺义区初中生吸烟行为和烟草知识与大众传媒关系的多因素分析

目的了解北京市顺义区初中生吸烟行为、烟草相关知识与大众传媒之间的关系,为今后有效开展青少年控烟工作提供科学依据。方法采用整群抽样方法,使用全球青少年烟草流行调查问卷对顺义区3所初中学校1528名学生进行匿名问卷调查。结果收回有效问卷1520份,吸烟率为10．9％,其中男生为17．1％,女生为5．0％,差异有统计学意义（χ2=58．143,P〈0．01）;从大众传播媒介中或社交活动等场合获得过控烟信息是初中生吸烟行为的保护因素（OR=0．946和0．830）;从大众传媒中看到或听到过烟草名称、广告、促销、以及看到有人吸烟的电影／视频等是吸烟的危险因素（OR为1．029—2．140）。结论大众传媒对初中生吸烟行为和烟草知识有重要影响,应建立青少年控烟的综合体系。     

父母教养方式与中学生人格特点的关系

目的探索张家港市中学生父母教养方式现状、影响因素及其与学生人格间的相关关系,为改善父母教养方式,提高学生心理健康水平提供可参考的依据。方法随机选取张家港市2所重点中学8个班(每校4班)的285名高一学生作为研究对象,进行艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)及一般资料调查表的问卷调查。结果张家港市中学生父母教养方式中,父亲的惩罚严厉、偏爱被试、拒绝否认和母亲的过度干涉保护、拒绝否认和惩罚严厉等教养方式的水平明显高于全国常模(P<0.01),而父亲的过度干涉和过度保护水平低于全国常模(P<0.01)。父母的情感温暖理解与子女的情绪稳定性呈正相关,过度干涉、拒绝否认和惩罚严厉与子女的情绪稳定性呈负相关;父亲的拒绝否认、母亲的过度保护与子女的精神质以及母亲的过度保护、拒绝否认与子女的性格外向性均存在相关关系。结论父母的教养方式与其子女的情绪稳定性和精神质等人格特点紧密相关,改善教养方式需要得到家长、学校和社会的共同关注和努力。