ELISA方法测定尿8—羟基脱氧岛苷（8—OH—dG）含量及其临床意义

[目的]介绍测定尿8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OH-dG)含量的ELISA方法.[方法]利用8-OH-dG特异性单克隆抗体试剂盒,结合酶标仪进行定量测定.[结果]尿样测定值的批内和批间相对标准偏差分别为5.81%～9.35%和6.42%～10.11%;同一个体一天中不同时点尿样的8-OH-dG含量之间没有显著性差异;80例健康志愿者的尿8-OH-dG含量为14.15±9.00ng/mgGr.其中男性为11.85±5.72ng/mgCr,女性为16.24±10.83ng/mgCr,女性的尿8-OH-dG含量明显高于男性;健康男性和女性尿8-OH-dG含量的95%参考值范围分别为0～25.77ng/mgGr和0～44.89ng/mgCr.[结论]应用ELISA试剂盒法可以简单灵敏、准确地测定尿8-OH-dG含量.     

竞争性ELISA法检测人尿金属硫蛋白方法的改进及应用

[目的]改进检测人尿金属硫蛋白（UMT）的竞争性酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA），探讨应用该法测定人尿样标本UMT含量的价值。[方法]分离纯化人肝脏金属硫蛋白（HMT），制备抗金属硫蛋白单克隆抗体（McAb），利用待测样品中MT与包被MT竞争结合McAb的原理，建立竞争性ELISA，并检测健康在校大学生298份尿样中的UMT含量。[结果]竞争性ELISA对人UMT最低检出限为9ng／mL，组内和组间的变异系数分别为1．78％一6．72％和5．45％～13：26％，样品的回收率为99．69％～107．25％。尿样检测结果显示运动后UMT含量为（19．73±8．65）ng／μmolCr较运动前的（10．58±5．62）ng／μmolCr明显增加（P〈0．05）；吸烟群体UMT含量为（86．58±30．96）ng／μmolCr，显著高于不吸烟人群[（14．73±6．57）ng／μmolCr]（P〈0．05）。[结论]本法对于检测人UMT具有较好的精密度和准确度，可用于人UMT检测；运动后UMT水平显著升高，吸烟者UMT明显高于正常对照。     

双道原子荧光光谱同时测定饮用水中硒、汞的方法研究

[目的]建立双道原子荧光光谱测定饮用水中硒(Se)、汞(Hg)的方法.[方法]采用5%的盐酸作介质,2%的硼氢化钾为还原剂,用原子荧光测定.[结果]检出限:Se 0.27 ng/ml,Hg 0,065 ng/ml;线性范围:Se 0～60 ng/ml,Hg 0～10 ng/ml;相关系数:Se 0.999 8,Hg 0.999 5;相对标准偏差:Se 1.7%,Hg 3.5%;回收率:Se 92.4%～101.5%,Hg 90.0%～96%.[结论]本法精密度好,准确度高,操作简便,快捷.     

石油醚顶空气相色谱法测定食用植物油中残留溶剂的研究

[目的 ]研究测定食用植物油中残留溶剂的新方法。 [方法 ]以石油醚作标准液 ,顶空气相色谱法测定食用植物油中的残留溶剂。 [结果 ]石油醚在 0～ 3 5 0 0 μg范围内线性良好 (r =0 9997) ,最低检出浓度为 0 0 9mg/kg ,回收率为91 6%～ 10 5 2 % ,RSD为 2 83 %～ 6 5 1%。与GB/T 5 0 0 9.3 7— 1996法配对对比实验结果差异无统计学意义 (P >0 0 5 )。 [结论 ]本法出峰快 ,色谱峰明显 ,操作简单、准确、可靠 ,可用于残留溶剂的测定     

毛细管区带电泳激光诱导荧光法测定内毒素

内毒素为脂多糖 (lipopolysaccharide ,LPS)由脂质 (类脂A)、核心寡聚糖和O 特异性多糖组成 ,是革兰阴性菌细胞壁外膜的重要成分之一 ,在细菌感染的发病机制中起重要作用[1,2 ] 。为了对LPS的制备流程进行即时监控 ,我们建立了毛细管区带电泳激光诱导荧光 (CZE LIF)测定脆弱类杆菌提取液中LPS含量的新方法。本法LPS浓度在 0 0 15～0 2 0 0mg/L内具有良好的线性关系 (r =0 996 ) ,平均回收率为 96 15 %～ 99 0 1% ,日内及日间变动系数 (CV)均 <5 % ,最低检测限为 0 0 0 5mg/L。与鲎试剂法、ELISA法或凝胶电运法相比[2 4 ] …     

1995～2001年山东省8～10岁儿童尿碘测定结果分析

[目的 ]了解山东省现阶段学龄儿童的碘营养状况 ,指导全省碘缺乏病防治工作。 [方法 ] 1 995年、1 997年、1 999～2 0 0 1年 ,在山东省全省范围内进行抽样 ,合计测定 1 4 80名 8～ 1 0岁儿童的尿碘含量。 [结果 ] 5次监测 ,8～ 1 0岁儿童尿碘中位数分别为 2 34 1 ,453 0 ,2 76 3 ,1 65 6 ,434 9μg /L ;尿碘 >1 0 0 μg /L的分别占 75 56%、91 92 %、87 98%、80 83 %、80 0 0 %。 5年合计 ,尿碘 <2 0 μg /L的占 1 1 6 % ,<50 μg /L的占 6 41 % ,<1 0 0 μg /L的占 1 4 42 %。不同年龄、不同性别学龄儿童尿碘水平 (中位数 )差异无统计学意义 (P >0 0 5)。 [结论 ]目前山东省 8～ 1 0岁儿童碘营养状况良好 ,可以满足机体需要 ,应坚持食用碘盐 ,不需采用其他补碘措施     

毛细管区带电泳测定尿中反，反-粘康酸方法的建立及应用

目的　建立毛细管区带电泳 (Capillaryfreezoneelectrophoresis,CFZE)测定尿中反 ,反 粘康酸 (t,t MA)的方法 ,并评价其在苯接触工人健康监护中的应用价值。方法　应用CFZE方法 ,以“Z”型高灵敏检测器直接定性定量测定尿中t,t MA。并以此方法测定 1 5 5名苯作业工人 (其中 84人的接触水平为 0 .5～ 1 1 .2mg/m3 ,71人的接触水平为 6 .7～2 5 .6mg/m3 )和 5 1名管理人员 (对照组 )尿中t,t MA含量。结果　该法的平均回收率和相对标准差为 94 1 %和 5 1 5 %。最低检测限为 30 μg/L。接触组尿中t,t MA含量远高于对照组 [厂 1为 ( 1 .72± 1 .0 1 )mg/g肌酐、厂 2为 ( 4.87± 2 .34 )mg/g肌酐、对照组为 ( 0 .1 4± 0 .0 9)mg/g肌酐 ,P <0 .0 0 0 1 ]。接触组中 ,尿中t,t MA与空气中苯浓度呈现相关 (r =0 .86和r=0 .89,P <0 .0 0 0 1。在对照组中 ,吸烟者尿中t,t MA含量也较不吸烟者为高 [( 0 .1 8± 0 .1 4)mg/g肌酐与 ( 0 .1 2±0 0 3)mg/g肌酐 ,P =0 .0 2 ]。结论　以CFZE测定苯作业工人尿中t,t MA的方法具有简便、精密的特性 ,所得结果与文献报道数值相近 ,证明以本方法测定接触者尿中t,t MA可以反映苯的接触。     

气相色谱/质谱SIM法测定作业场所空气中正己烷

[目的 ]研究作业场所空气中正己烷的测定方法。[方法 ]空气样品直接进样 ,经DB 5MS柱分离 ,质谱提取正己烷碎片离子 3 9、41、43、5 6、5 7、86m/eSIM检测。[结果 ]在所给的实验条件下 ,正己烷与溶剂汽油其它组分完全分离 ,进样0 0 5～ 6 0ng正己烷标准气 ,方程为Y =-163 3 6 4+ 80 90 43×X ,r =0 9991,变异系数RSD为 0 6%～ 5 9% ,回收率94 0 %～ 10 1 0 %。[结论 ]本法适合作业场所空气中正己烷的测定 ,有准确、灵敏度高、分离效果好等特点     

无菌性脑膜炎患者埃可病毒感染的IgM抗体检测

[目的 ]探讨无菌性脑膜炎 (脑炎 )患者埃可病毒 (ECHO)的感染情况。[方法 ]用ELISA法检测患者血清特异性IgM抗体。[结果 ] 13 6例脑炎患者血清和对照组 60例血清中ECHOIgM抗体阳性率分别为 3 7 5 %和 3 3 % ( 2 =2 4 63 ,P<0 0 1)。儿童组 ( 3个月～ 14岁 )阳性率 43 2 % ,成人组 ( 15～ 72岁 )阳性率 3 0 6% (P >0 0 5 )。[结论 ]潮汕地区脑炎患者中存在ECHO病毒感染     

~(125)I-吗啡试剂盒测定海洛因成瘾者尿吗啡含量

目的　了解海洛因成瘾者尿吗啡含量 ,为戒断治疗提供依据。方法　采用12 5I -吗啡试剂药盒测定尿吗啡含量。结果　海洛因成瘾者尿吗啡含量最低为 3 2 8ng/ml ,5 0 %以上的人超过 12 0 0ng/ml,较对照组 (2 5 1± 2 79ng/ml)相比差异有显著性。另外通过对食入含阿片的甘草片试验观察 ,尿吗啡含量可达到数千ng/ml,但到第三天尿吗啡的含量就恢复到正常值 (2 5ng/ml)以下 ,而海洛因成瘾者尿吗啡排出量恢复到正常值至少需要 5d ,一般为 2个月左右。结论　海洛因成瘾者尿吗啡含量能较长时间保持较高水平 ,测定其含量对指导临床治疗有一定价值     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.