重症肌无力患者IgG对大鼠脑内NOS不同时间表达的影响

目的观察重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)患者IgG(AchRab)对大鼠脑内一氧化氮合酶(NOS)表达的影响,探讨NOS在MG中造成中枢神经系统损害的机制.方法将AchRab IgG或健康人的IgG注入大鼠侧脑室,1次/d,连续4次.免疫组化方法观察不同时间点大鼠脑皮质、海马及杏仁核神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的表达变化.结果侧脑室注射后1周实验组大鼠皮质、海马神经元nNOS表达量明显减少,后2周实验组皮质、海马神经元nNOS表达下降更为明显,同时杏仁核神经元nNOS表达量也减少;实验组及对照组脑内细胞均未见iNOS表达.结论AchRab侧脑室内注射可引起大鼠皮质、海马及杏仁核神经元nNOS表达量减少,且2周内这种减少效应随时间延长而增强,但未能诱导脑内细胞iNOS表达,提示AchRab尚可通过抑制大鼠中枢神经系统nNOS表达,降低脑内正常的一氧化氮浓度,减弱一氧化氮对脑组织的保护作用,增加神经元的易损性.     

Aβ1—40海马注射对大鼠脑内一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

目的探讨一氧化氮合酶(NOS)在β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)神经毒性及阿尔茨海默病(AD)病理机制中的作用.方法应用免疫组化方法,观察大鼠海马齿状回Aβ1-40注射后神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达变化.结果正常大鼠海马齿状回区含nNOS神经元计数为8.96±0.35个/视野;生理盐水注射后局部含nNOS神经元无明显变化(8.97±0.29个/视野);Aβ1-40注射后,注射区周围含nNOS神经元数目显著减少(2.98±0.24个/视野).正常及生理盐水注射组脑内未见iNOS表达;Aβ1-40注射后2d、10d和30d,注射区持续出现大量含iNOS的胶质细胞(主要为星形胶质细胞),反应面积分别为0.905±0.082、0.962±0.161、0.935±0.125mm2.结论Aβ1-40海马注射可损伤局部含nNOS神经元及诱导胶质细胞iNOS表达,NOS在Aβ神经毒性和AD发病中有重要作用.     

脑室内注射乙酰胆碱受体抗体IgG对大鼠神经元凋亡及一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

目的研究乙酰胆碱受体抗体(AchRab)对大鼠脑内神经元的损害及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)在损害中所起的作用，探讨重症肌无力(MG)中枢神经系统损害的机制。方法将AchRab IgG或健康人的IgG注入大鼠侧脑室。HE染色、TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡；免疫组化方法观察大鼠皮质、海马及杏仁核神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达变化。结果2周后实验组皮质、海马及杏仁核凋亡细胞明显增多，对照组仅见少量凋亡。实验组皮质、海马及杏仁核nNOS神经元数目明显减少。实验组及对照组脑内细胞均来见iNOS表达。结论AchRab脑内注射可诱导神经元凋亡；损伤皮质。海马及杏仁核nNOS神经元；但未能诱导脑内细胞iNOS表达。神经元凋亡损害参与了AchRab对中枢神经损害的机制；nNOS神经元的减少，可能与MG认知功能障碍有密切关系；而神经元的损伤可能与NO的毒性作用无关。     

大剂量伽玛刀照射后脑组织一氧化氮合酶亚型表达改变及其与急性脑水肿的关系

目的探讨大剂量伽玛刀(γ刀)照射后脑组织一氧化氮合酶(NOS)亚型表达改变及其与急性脑水肿的关系。方法200Gy量γ刀照射正常大鼠脑,采用光镜、电镜、免疫组化及原位杂交技术研究照射后急性脑水肿的发生发展及脑组织NOS亚型表达变化。结果①照射后30min出现急性脑水肿病理改变,照射后2h出现明显血管源性脑水肿,照射后6h出现明显细胞性脑水肿,照射后3d急性脑水肿达高峰。②脑组织NOS亚型表达在照射后30min开始增高,内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达分别于照射后2h及6h显著增高,神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)表达亦增高,但nNOS阳性表达细胞数量较少。3种NOS亚型表达增高持续时间长,伴行于脑水肿的急性发展阶段。结论大剂量γ刀照射后脑组织NOS亚型表达增高与急性脑水肿的发生发展有关。     

Aβ_(1-40)海马注射对大鼠脑内一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

目的　探讨一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)在 β淀粉样蛋白 (Aβ)神经毒性及阿尔茨海默病 (AD)病理机制中的作用。方法　应用免疫组化方法 ,观察大鼠海马齿状回Aβ1 4 0 注射后神经元型一氧化氮合酶 (nNOS)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶 (iNOS)表达变化。结果　正常大鼠海马齿状回区含nNOS神经元计数为 8 96± 0 35个 /视野 ;生理盐水注射后局部含nNOS神经元无明显变化 (8 97± 0 2 9个 /视野 ) ;Aβ1 4 0 注射后 ,注射区周围含nNOS神经元数目显著减少 (2 98± 0 2 4个 /视野 )。正常及生理盐水注射组脑内未见iNOS表达 ;Aβ1 4 0 注射后 2d、10d和 30d ,注射区持续出现大量含iNOS的胶质细胞 (主要为星形胶质细胞 ) ,反应面积分别为 0 90 5± 0 0 82、0 96 2± 0 16 1、0 935± 0 12 5mm2 。结论　Aβ1 4 0 海马注射可损伤局部含nNOS神经元及诱导胶质细胞iNOS表达 ,NOS在Aβ神经毒性和AD发病中有重要作用。     

一氧化氮合酶在继发癫痫的脑膜瘤中表达及其生物学意义

目的探讨一氧化氮在脑膜瘤继发癫痫的发病机制中的作用。方法运用SABC免疫组化方法研究了一氧化氮合酶三种亚型在继发术前癫痫的脑膜瘤标本中的表达。结果在实验组与对照组脑膜瘤的组织切片中,诱生型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达有非常显著性差异(P<0.01),神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)的表达有显著性差异(P<0.05),内皮组织型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)的表达没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论一氧化氮参与了脑膜瘤继发的术前癫痫发作病理过程,iNOS是诱发脑膜瘤继发术前癫痫的内源性一氧化氮的主要合酶,nNOS可以增强iNOS的诱导作用。     

急性低氧条件下复氧后大鼠脑HIF-1α、nNOS蛋白的表达与人参皂甙Rd干预

目的观察大鼠脑缺氧状态下缺氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)、神经元性一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)蛋白的表达规律及低氧状态下人参皂甙Rd(Rd)干预对其影响并探讨机理。方法将成年Wistar大鼠120只随机分为3组:①急性低氧组(对照组);②低氧预处理组(低氧干预组);③人参皂甙Rd预处理组(药物干预组)。每组按照缺氧后不同时间点再分为4个亚组,各亚组10只大鼠,分别观察各组大鼠海马锥体细胞层神经元形态的变化及HIF-1α、nNOS蛋白的表达规律。结果在缺氧后复氧即刻,我们可以发现HIF-1α、nNOS蛋白的少量表达,主要存在于海马细胞,多在细胞质中表达;随着时间的推移,在复氧后4 h,HIF-1α、nNOS表达渐达高峰,至复氧后9h HIF-1α表达明显减少,而nNOS表达至复氧后24 h明显减少。低氧预处理组及人参皂甙Rd预处理组的实验结果发现HIF-1α、nNOS表达较对照组减少,与急性低氧组各时间点相比,均有统计学意义(P=0.009)。两个干预组之间各时间点比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论急性低氧可以促使HIF-1α、nNOS蛋白在大鼠海马神经细胞的表达,具有时间依赖性;同时低氧预处理及人参皂甙Rd预处理均可促使大鼠脑组织HIF-1α、nNOS表达减少,可能对急性缺氧性脑损伤产生保护作用,其具体机理可能与其抗自由基、抑制Ca2+内流有关     

丁苯酞对血管性痴呆大鼠nNOS及SS的影响

目的研究丁苯酞对血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VD)大鼠神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)及生长抑素(SS)的影响。方法采用结扎双侧颈总动脉方法制备慢性前脑缺血动物模型,100只老龄大鼠随机分5组,应用免疫组化方法对各组大鼠nNOS及SS表达进行检测。结果丁苯酞不同剂量治疗1个月后,nNOS阳性神经元表达减少(P<0.05),SS阳性细胞表达增加(P<0.05)。结论丁苯酞可抑制nNOS阳性神经元表达,增加SS阳性细胞的表达。     

一氧化氮合酶及其抑制剂与脑缺血

一氧化氮合酶(NOS)在脑缺血中具有双重作用,nNOS介导缺血早期神经元损伤,iNOS介导缺血晚期神经元损伤,eNOS则介导神经保护作用。对NOS抑制剂,尤其是选择性nNOS和iNOS抑制剂的研究,无疑将为缺血性脑损伤的治疗提供新途径。     

颅脑损伤后局部组织一氧化氮合酶表达的实验研究

目的研究一氧化氮合酶(nitricoxidesynthase,NOS)基因在实验性大鼠颅脑创伤后局部组织中表达.方法应用免疫组化技术和高清晰度彩色病理图像分析系统,对大鼠脑组织神经细胞中诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的表达进行了检测.结果颅脑创伤后大鼠局部及周围神经细胞中有NOS阳性产物表达并具时程特点,伤后2h平均积分光密度(ODI)较0.5h升高不显著(P0.05),伤后6h、12h、24hODI较0.5h升高非常显著(P<0.01).结论在急性脑损伤后的病理过程中,脑组织中诱导型一氧化氮合酶被大量合成,可能是造成机体一氧化氮(Nitricoxide,NO)升高的直接原因.     

大黄酚对神经细胞缺氧损伤的保护作用

目的 观察大黄酚对缺氧PC12细胞损伤的保护作用;方法 培养PC12细胞,建立缺氧致神经细胞损伤模型;缺氧前后四甲基偶氮唑盐法（MTT）检测PC12细胞增殖活性、光镜观察PC12细胞形态、测定上清液中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性、早期癌基因表达产物（c-fos）荧光免疫组化表达和逆转录酶聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）分析神经型一氧化氮合酶（nNOS）、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）mRNA的表达;结果 大黄酚明显改善缺氧PC12细胞的活力,对损伤细胞形态有改善作用,使损伤细胞的培养上清液中的LDH明显减少;c-fos表达减少,PCR结果分析显示nNOS mRNA在缺氧早期表达.iNOSmRNA主要在缺氧晚期表达.结论 本缺氧模型能够引起PC12细胞凋亡现象,大黄酚能减轻PC12细胞缺氧损伤,对神经元细胞有保护作用.     

Expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms and nitrotyrosine formation after hypoxia-ischemia in the neonatal rat brain

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Production of nitric oxide is thought to play an important role in neuroinflammation. Previously, we have shown that combined inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) can reduce hypoxia-ischemia-induced brain injury in 12-day-old rats. The aim of this study was to analyze changes in expression of nNOS, iNOS and endothelial NOS (eNOS), and nitrotyrosine (NT) formation in proteins in neonatal rats up to 48 h after cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. METHODS: Twelve-day-old rats were subjected to unilateral carotid artery occlusion and hypoxia, resulting in unilateral cerebral damage. NOS and nitrotyrosine expression were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis at 30 min-48 h after hypoxia-ischemia. RESULTS: nNOS was increased in both hemispheres from 30 min to 3 h after hypoxia-ischemia. In the contralateral hemisphere, eNOS was decreased 1-3 h after hypoxia-ischemia. In the ipsilateral hemisphere, eNOS was decreased at 0.5 h after hypoxia-ischemia, normalized at 1-3 h and was increased 6-12 h after hypoxia-ischemia. At 24 and 48 h after hypoxia-ischemia, eNOS levels normalized. Surprisingly, iNOS expression did not change from 30 min up to 48 h after hypoxia-ischemia in the ipsi- or contralateral hemisphere. In addition, the regional expression of iNOS in the brain as determined by immunohistochemistry did not change after hypoxia-ischemia. Expression of nitrotyrosine was slightly increased in both hemispheres only at 30 min after hypoxia-ischemia. CONCLUSION: In 12-day-old rat pups, cerebral hypoxia-ischemia induced a transient increase in nNOS, eNOS, and nitrotyrosine in proteins, but no change in iNOS expression up to 48 h after the insult.     

Cerebral microvascular damage occurs early after hypoxia–ischemia via nNOS activation in the neonatal brain

Microvascular injury early after hypoxic ischemia (HI) may contribute to neonatal brain damage. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor overstimulation activates neuronal nitric oxide synthases (nNOS). We hypothesized that microvascular damage occurs early post-HI via nNOS activation and contributes to brain injury. Postpartum day-7 rat pups were treated with 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) or aminoguanidine (AG) before or after HI. Electron microscopy was performed to measure neuronal and endothelial cell damage. There were vascular lumen narrowing at 1 hour, pyknotic neurons at 3 hours, and extensive neuronal damage and loss of vessels at 24 hours post HI. Early after reoxygenation, there were neurons with heterochromatic chromatin and endothelial cells with enlarged nuclei occluding the lumen. There was also increased 3-nitrotyrosin in the microvessels and decreased cerebral blood perfusion. 7-NI and AG treatment before hypoxia provided complete and partial neuroprotection, respectively. Early post-reoxygenation, the AG group showed significantly increased microvascular nitrosative stress, microvascular interruptions, swollen nuclei that narrowed the vascular lumen, and decreased cerebral perfusion. The 7-NI group showed significantly decreased microvascular nitrosative stress, patent vascular lumen, and increased cerebral perfusion. Our results indicate that microvascular damage occurs early and progressively post HI. Neuronal nitric oxide synthases activation contributes to microvascular damage and decreased cerebral perfusion early after reoxygenation and worsens brain damage.     

Postnatal changes in the nitric oxide system of the rat cerebral cortex after hypoxia during delivery

The impact of hypoxia in utero during delivery was correlated with the immunocytochemistry, expression and activity of the neuronal (nNOS) and inducible (iNOS) isoforms of the nitric oxide synthase enzyme as well as with the reactivity and expression of nitrotyrosine as a marker of protein nitration during early postnatal development of the cortex. The expression of nNOS in both normal and hypoxic animals increased during the first few postnatal days, reaching a peak at day P5, but a higher expression was consistently found in hypoxic brain. This expression decreased progressively from P7 to P20, but was more prominent in the hypoxic group. Immunoreactivity for iNOS was also higher in the cortex of the hypoxic rats and was more evident between days P0 and P5, decreasing dramatically between P10 and P20 in both groups of rats. Two nitrated proteins of 52 and 38 kDa, were also identified. Nitration of the 52-kDa protein was more intense in the hypoxic animals than in the controls, increasing from P0 to P7 and then decreasing progressively to P20. The 38-kDa nitrated protein was seen only from P10 to P20, and its expression was more intense in control than in the hypoxic group. These results suggest that the NO system may be involved in neuronal maturation and cortical plasticity over postnatal development. Overproduction of NO in the brain of hypoxic animals may constitute an effort to re-establish normal blood flow and may also trigger a cascade of free-radical reactions, leading to modifications in the cortical plasticity.     

Inflammatory responses of the substantia nigra after acute hypoxia in neonatal rats

The neocortex and the striatum are the brain regions most known to be particularly vulnerable to acute insults like hypoxia or ischemia. In this work, we assess the possibility of cellular damage to the substantia nigra (SN) after hypoxia-reoxygenation in the new born rat. The aim of the present paper was to evaluate the expression of growth factor IGF-I, and growth factor binding proteins IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 genes and induction of NOS family members (nNOS, eNOS and iNOS) and TNF-alpha genes together with glia activation, in the SN at 5 and 48 h after severe hypoxia in the 7 day-old rat, a model for the term human fetus. At early time, while IGFs remain unchanged, we found a transient increase in eNOS and nNOS. Two days after the injury, nNOS expression remained high, iNOS and TNF-alpha increased and also GFAP protein expression was observed together with a profusion of reactive astrocytes distributed throughout the SN. This study on the acute effects of hypoxia on the developing brain provides additional insights into the vulnerability of the SN, a brain region involved in neurodegenerative pathologies.     

Inducible nitric oxide synthase appears and is co-expressed with the neuronal isoform in interneurons of the rat hippocampus after transient ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion

The hippocampus (dentate gyrus DG plus Cornu Ammonis, CA) is vulnerable to neuropathological events such as ischemia. The DG is a region where neurogenesis takes place and it has been demonstrated that ischemia stimulates neurogenesis. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a major role in ischemic damage evolution and increases in rat hippocampus after ischemia. No information is available on the presence of nNOS-immunoreactive(IR) neurons in the hippocampus of ischemic animals; whereas, the presence of the iNOS protein has been reported in the DG after focal ischemia.We evaluated, immunohistochemically, the cell types expressing nNOS and iNOS in the rat hippocampus by 24 up to 144 h after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion to ascertain whether ischemia induces changes in nNOS or iNOS expression and whether a relationship exists between these changes and the animal survival.nNOS-IR interneurons were detected in control and ischemic rats; in the latter, their number was significantly decreased at all time points. iNOS-IR interneurons appeared in the hippocampus of ischemic rats at 24 h; their number was significantly higher in the animals with longer survival and did not change at later time points. More than 50% of the nNOS-IR interneurons co-expressed iNOS-IR. All these changes were seen both in the ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampus.In conclusion, the focal ischemia affects the hippocampus which responds bilaterally to the injury. We hypothesize that the decrease in the nNOS-IR neurons is likely due to either a neuronal loss or a switching towards the iNOS production which, by inducing neurogenesis, might compensate the neuronal loss.     

Nitric oxide synthase and NADPH-diaphorase after acute hypobaric hypoxia in the rat caudate putamen

Changes in the production system of nitric oxide (NO), a multifunctional biological messenger known to participate in blood-flow regulation, neuromodulation, and neuroprotection or neurotoxicity, were investigated in the caudate putamen of adult rats submitted to hypobaric hypoxia. Employing immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, enzymatic assay, and NADPH-diaphorase staining, we demonstrate that neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression and constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activity were transiently activated by 7 h of exposure to a simulated altitude of 8325 m (27,000 ft). In addition, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) immunoreactivity and blood vessel NADPH-diaphorase staining peaked immediately after the hypoxic stimulus, whereas inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and activity remained unaltered. Nitrotyrosine formation, a marker of protein nitration, was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, and was found to increase parallel to nitric oxide synthesis. We conclude that the nitric oxide system undergoes significant transient alterations in the caudate putamen of adult rats submitted to acute hypobaric hypoxia.     

Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate attenuates the neuronal NADPH-d/nNOS expression in the nodose ganglion of acute hypoxic rats

Recent studies have shown that (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), one of the green tea polyphenols, has a potent antioxidant property. Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the neuropathogenesis induced by brain ischemia/reperfusion and hypoxia. This study aimed to explore the potential neuroprotective effect of EGCG on the ganglionic neurons of the nodose ganglion (NG) in acute hypoxic rats. Thus, the young adult rats were pretreated with EGCG (10, 25, or 50 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min before they were exposed to the altitude chamber at 10,000 m with the partial pressure of oxygen set at the level of 0.27 atm (pO2=43 Torr) for 4 h. All the animals examined were allowed to survive for 3, 7, and 14 successive days, respectively, except for those animals sacrificed immediately following hypoxic exposure. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunohistochemistry were carried out to detect the neuronal NADPH-d/nNOS expression in the NG. The present results show a significant increase in the expression of NADPH-d/nNOS reactivity in neurons of the NG at various time intervals following hypoxia. However, the hypoxia-induced increase in NADPH-d/nNOS expression was significantly depressed only in the hypoxic rats treated with high dosages of EGCG (25 or 50 mg/kg). These data suggest that EGCG may attenuate the oxidative stress following acute hypoxia.     

Nitric oxide synthase expressions in rat dorsal root ganglion after a hind limb tourniquet

We investigated the mRNA levels of neuronal, inducible, endothelial nitric oxide synthases (nNOS, iNOS, eNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in a rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) after tourniquet application to a hind limb to identify molecules that trigger secondary events after peripheral nerve injury. Significantly high nNOS, iNOS mRNA and protein levels were observed in the ipsilateral DRGs 4 h after tourniquet application but not in the contralateral or control DRGs. The levels of TNF-alpha, an inducer of iNOS, were significantly increased in the ipsilateral DRGs 1 h after tourniquet application. Large amounts of NO might result in damage to the host cells and induce apotosis to eliminate damaged cells during the early stage of nerve injury.