氧化应激在实验性糖尿病肾病中的作用

目的观察链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病大鼠不同时期肾组织中脂质过氧化物水平、抗氧化酶活性的动态改变,以探讨氧化应激在糖尿病肾病发生发展中的作用。方法测定糖尿病大鼠不同时期肾组织中丙二醛的含量和总超氧化物歧化酶的活性,同时观察糖尿病大鼠不同时期肾组织的组织形态学的改变。结果大鼠糖尿病1个月、3个月和6个月肾组织中丙二醛含量与对照组相比显著增高,分别为(2.16±0.57)和(1.18±0.18)nmol/mgprot,(2.03±0.39)和(1.63±0.14)nmol/mgprot,(2.09±0.26)和(1.59±0.14)nmol/mgprot,差别均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。糖尿病1个月肾组织总超氧化物歧化酶活性与对照组相比明显增高[(135.18±6.18)U/mgprot和(88.49±8.29)U/mgprot],差别有统计学意义(P<0.01),3个月时降至正常对照水平,6个月时显著降低(30.30±2.01)U/mgprot和(49.41±5.63)U/mgprot,差别有统计学意义(P<0.01)。组织形态学观察表明,糖尿病3个月时肾脏出现基底膜增厚、肾小球扩张等病理改变,随着病程的延长,病理改变越严重。结论糖尿病早期肾脏存在明显的氧化应激,氧化应激在糖尿病肾病的发生发展中起重要作用。     

碘酸钾对大鼠肝脏抗氧化能力影响

目的 观察Wistar大鼠补充碘酸钾(KIO3)对肝脏抗氧化能力的影响.方法 将Wistar大鼠随机分为6组:低碘组(LI),适碘组(NI),5倍高碘组(5HI),10倍高碘组(10HI),50倍高碘组(50HI),100倍高碘组(100HI).喂养3、6和12个月后,检测肝组织匀浆中的谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GPx)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果 LI组GPx活性低于NI组(P<0.01),但SOD活性较NI组增高(P<0.05),MDA含量则较NI组增高(P<0.01).10HI组的SOD活性在6和12个月时增高(P<0.05),50HI和100HI组的SOD活性在3个月时较NI组显著增高(P<0.01),但在6和12个月时均较NI组显著降低(P<0.01).4个HI组的GPx活性和MDA含量与NI组差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 低碘导致大鼠肝脏抗氧化损伤;长期摄入高剂量碘酸钾未见对肝脏产生明显过氧化损伤,仅于10倍、50倍和100倍高碘组抗氧化酶活性降低.     

氟对大鼠自由基、氧化应激及超微结构影响

目的 研究不同浓度氟对大鼠肝脏自由基和氧化应激及超微结构的影响.方法 在饮水中加入不同剂量的氟化钠喂饲大鼠1个月后,测定血清氟含量,肝组织中的一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)含量及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,并观察大鼠肝脏超微结构变化.结果 随染氟剂量的增加,1个月后各剂量组大鼠血氟浓度相应增加,存在剂量-效应关系(月=0.884,P<0.01),但各剂量组问血氟浓度差异无统计学意义;NO含量与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但存在剂量-效应关系(R=0.361,P<0.05);各剂量组大鼠MDA含量升高,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),存在剂量-效应关系(R=0.797,P<0.01);各剂量组大鼠GSH-Px活性下降,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),存在剂量-效应关系(R=-0.912,P<0.01),特别是高氟剂量组MDA的含量最高,而GSH-Px活性最低;中、高剂量组大鼠肝细胞超微结构可见线粒体肿胀,有较多脂肪变性.结论 氟中毒可导致大鼠肝脏处于氧化应激状态、肝细胞超微结构改变.     

桑叶黄酮对胰岛素抵抗大鼠氧化应激影响

目的 观察桑叶黄酮对2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗大鼠氧化应激作用,并探讨其改善胰岛素抵抗的分子机制.方法高脂饮食饲养成年雄性SD大鼠8周诱导大鼠胰岛素抵抗模型,随机分为糖尿病模型组(MOD组)和桑叶黄酮治疗组(MLF组),对照组为正常SD大鼠(NOR组);测量各组大鼠空腹血糖(FPG)、胰岛素(FINS)及血清丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,计算胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)和胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI).结果 与NOR组比较,MOD组MDA升高,为(8.73±0.85) nmol/L,SOD、GSH-Px活性均降低,分别为(226.45±17.54)、(529.03±69.56)U/mL;与MOD组比较,MLF组能降低病鼠FINS和IRI,分别为(25.83±2.1) mU/L和(8.86±0.96),提高ISI,为(5.08±0.09),降低FPG和MDA含量,分别为(7.95±1.85) mmol/L和(6.82±0.79) nmol/mL,增强SOD活性,为(297.85±22.16) U/mL.结论桑叶黄酮能改善2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗大鼠高胰岛素血症,降低血糖,提高胰岛素敏感性,降低氧化应激水平,具有抗氧化能力.     

慢性氟中毒致大鼠肾脏损伤作用

目的探讨氟致大鼠肾损伤的分子机制。方法将大鼠分为对照组和自由饮用氟化钠溶液低、中、高(15,30,60 mg/L)4组;9个月后处死大鼠,测定肾脏抗氧化水平和核因子κB(NF-κB)的表达量。结果低、高氟组丙二醛(MDA)含量与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性分别为(1.61±0.18),(1.63±0.26)nmol/mg.prot和(11.39±1.38),(6.86±0.99)U/mg.prot,明显高于对照组(P0.05);各染氟组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性虽有下降趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);随着染毒剂量加大,NF-κB表达量呈上升趋势,与对照组(0.136±0.024)比较,高氟组(0.178±0.019)明显升高(P0.05)。结论慢性氟中毒可致大鼠肾脏组织氧化损伤。     

污灌玉米有机提取物致小鼠肝肾氧化损伤作用

目的 研究某污灌区玉米中有机污染物对小鼠肝肾组织的氧化损伤作用.方法 采用超声振荡法提取某污灌区农田生产的玉米中的有机污染物,对小鼠进行灌胃染毒2周;测定肝、肾组织的总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-P_x).结果 污灌区低、高剂量组肝组织的T-SOD活性分别为(32.44±7.93),(30.92±9.29)U/(mg·prot);肾组织的GSH-P_x活性分别为(67.28±27.21),(66.52±15.19)U/(mg·prot),与对照组比较均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 该污灌区玉米有机提取物中含有致小鼠肝肾组织氧化损伤的有机污染物;对照区玉米中的有机污染物很可能来源于被污染的大气.     

黄芩苷对卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠SOD和MDA影响

目的 研究黄芩苷对卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎(PCP)大鼠血清和肺组织匀浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MOA)含世的影响,探讨中药黄芩苷对PCP大鼠的抗氧化作用.方法 给SD大鼠皮下注射地塞米松磷酸钠建立PCP动物模型,观察黄芩苷对PCP模型建立前后肺组织病理及血清和肺组织中SOD活性和MDA含量的影响,研究中药黄芩苷对PCP大鼠的抗氧化作用.结果 黄芩苷可使大鼠肺组织炎症明显减轻,血清和肺组织中SOD活性高剂量组分别为(1075.69±9.91)和(1235.73±202.52)U/ml,显著高于模型组的(664.14±245.76),(290.20±39.68)U/ml;MDA含量分别为(1.67±0.57),(1.73±0.35)nmol/(mg prot)显著低于模型的(8.46±0.78)和(28.00±7.43)nmol/(mg prot).结论 黄芩苷对PCP大鼠具有一定的抗氧化作用,能够降低MDA含量和升高SOD活性,减轻炎症反应.     

虾青素对四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤保护作用

目的 研究虾青素对四氯化碳(CCl4)所致小鼠急性化学肝损伤的保护作用.方法 雄性昆明种小鼠60只,随机分为正常对照组、急性化学性肝损伤模型组、联苯双酯(15 mg/kg)阳性对照组以及虾青素10,15,20mg/kg剂量组,共6组.测定各组小鼠肝脏系数、血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性与丙二醛(MDA)含量;测定肝组织中SOD、GSH-Px活性、MDA含量以及组织病理系数.结果 虾青素3个剂量组小鼠血清SOD由低到高依次为(110.18±14.28),(138.09±17.81),(170.19±20.20)U/(mg pro);肝组织SOD由低到高依次为(141.52±28.29),(172.20±29.24),(200.12±33.42)U/(mg pro);与模型组血清(74.52±14.40)U/(mg pro)、肝组织(102.29±34.29)U/(mg pro)比较均明显升高(P<0.01).虾青素3个剂量组小鼠血清GSH-Px活性由低到高次为(63.30±11.01),(72.40±10.77),(90.17±11.29)U/(mg pro);肝组织GSH-Px活性由低到高依次为(112.29±25.41),(142.96±24.13),(170.38±26.34)U/(mg pro);与模型组血清(60.13±10.28)U/(mg pro)、肝组织(110.69±24.26)U/(mg pro)比较均明显升高(P<0.01).虾青素3个剂量组小鼠血清ALT由低到高依次为(99.29±5.27),(83.50±5.12),(68.12±5.12)U/L;血清AST活性由低到高依次为(80.49±4.28),(64.20±4.10),(52.21±4.42)U/L,与模型组血清ALT(108.02±15.06)U/L、血清AST活性(97.28±12.28)U/L比较明显降低;血清与肝组织MDA含量明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),并能不同程度地改善肝脏病理组织损伤.结论 虾青素对CCl4所致急性化学性肝损伤具有预防性保护作用.     

茶多酚对甲醛染毒大鼠肺损伤的保护作用

[目的]探讨茶多酚对甲醛染毒大鼠肺损伤的保护作用。[方法]30只3月龄,体重(200±20)g的SPF级SD大鼠,随机分为空白对照组、模型组、茶多酚组。将除正常对照组外的其余两组动物暴露于气态甲醛(10mg/m3)中3个月,每天4h,茶多酚组给予茶多酚水溶液200mg/kg.d-1灌胃。检测肺组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)及肺组织形态学变化。[结果]模型组大鼠肺组织SOD活性及GSH含量明显低于正常对照组(P﹤0.01),MDA含量明显高于正常对照组(P﹤0.01);茶多酚组大鼠肺组织SOD活性及GSH含量高于模型组(P﹤0.05),MDA含量低于模型组(P﹤0.05)。肺组织形态学改变:模型组大鼠肺组织呈现间质性肺炎和肺泡性肺炎的病理学特点,茶多酚组肺炎状况明显改善。[结论]茶多酚水溶液能提高甲醛染毒大鼠肺组织SOD活性及GSH含量,降低MDA含量,使受损肺组织形态部分改善,表明茶多酚水溶液对甲醛染毒大鼠肺损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

胃肠肌间神经丛氮能神经元在2型糖尿病大鼠胃轻瘫发病机制中的作用

目的 探讨肌间神经丛(ENS)氮能神经元在2型糖尿病(T2DM)大鼠胃轻瘫发生机制中的作用.方法 8周龄雄性SD大鼠60只,随机分为正常对照组(CON)、2型糖尿病组(DM)、胰岛素治疗组(INS)和胰岛素硫辛酸治疗组(LA),各15只.成模后16周,测定大鼠胃内色素相对残留率,进行神经型一氧化氮合酶( nNOS)蛋白含量评价,测定组织丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平,进行胃窦部氮能神经元的形态学变化观察.结果 与CON组比较,DM组大鼠胃动力、胃窦部氮能神经元计数、T-SOD和CuZn-SOD水平均显著降低(P＜0.05),胃窦部氮能神经元nNOS表达减少,MDA水平显著增加(P＜0.05).与DM组相比较,INS组及LA组胃肠动力均显著增高(P＜0.05),胃窦部氮能神经元计数均显著增高(P均＜0.05),胃窦氮能神经元nNOS表达增高.与INS组相比较,LA组胃窦部氮能神经元计数显著增加(P＜0.05).结论 2型糖尿病大鼠胃肠动力障碍与胃肠肌间神经丛氮能神经元的损伤有关;胰岛素强化降糖治疗、a-硫辛酸抗氧化治疗均可通过抑制异常增高的氧化应激反应,保护胃肠氮能神经元,延缓糖尿病胃肠动力障碍的进展,胰岛素联用a-硫辛酸治疗效果优于单用胰岛素降糖治疗.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.