天津市青少年牙周疾病流行情况调查

天津市青少年牙周疾病流行情况调查高津福，苑芃，张洁，马玉香，于淑华，王正坤指导天津医科大学总医院口腔科（３０００５２）天津医科大学附属口腔医院（３０００７０）牙周组织疾病是人类患病率较高的口腔疾患之一，其流行情况报道较少。现对天津市９４０名青少年的牙...     

西藏驻军牙周健康状况流行病学抽样调查

目的：调查我国西藏驻军人员的牙周健康状况，并分析相关因素。方法：采用世界卫生组织1997年版口腔健康调查基本方法和标准器材，以分层、整群抽样方法选择拉萨驻军某部队为调查样本，对其进行问卷调查和临床检查。结果：共调查驻军人员730名，其中201人（27，53％）至少有1个区段牙龈探诊出血，505人（69．18％）检出牙结石，34人（4．66％）患有轻度牙周炎，1人（0.14％）患有重度牙周炎，牙周非健康状态的检出率为80．8％，总区段数为4380，其中牙周非健康的区段数为1941，牙周非健康状态的平均区段数为2．66。统计学表明牙结石的检出率、牙周非健康状态的检出率和年龄、军龄、军衔呈正相关，而与兵源、文化程度不相关。结论：牙周疾病已成为西藏驻军人员的常见病、多发病之一，有必要一方面加强口腔卫生教育，以促进其保持口腔卫生，另一方面需要加强配备口腔医疗设备和医疗人员，及时地为其预防和控制牙周病的病情。     

南京市学生龋病,牙周疾病流行病学调查回顾性分析

目的 掌握南京市学生口腔疾病动态状况，为制定学生口腔疾病防治规划，监测与评价防治效果提供依据。方法 于１９８５年￣１９９５年采用世界卫生组织（ＷＨＯ）推荐，卫生部制定的调查标准开展了学生龋病，牙周疾病流行病学调查，对统计结果进行回顾性分析。     

江苏省12～74岁自然人群牙周健康状况流行病学抽样调查

目的了解江苏省12~74岁自然人群牙周健康流行状况,为开展口腔预防保健提供基线资料。方法参考世界卫生组织(WHO)《口腔健康调查基本方法》(第4版)调查方法,采用多阶段、分层、等容量、随机抽样的方法,调查江苏省12岁、35~44岁和65~74岁3个年龄组的城乡居民2373人,其中城市1186人,农村1187人。结果①城乡居民牙周健康的检出率和区段数仅为8.05%和1.62;牙龈出血检出率和区段数为61.27%和1.50;牙结石检出率和区段数为84.45%和3.64;浅牙周袋检出率和区段数为32.07%和0.56;深牙周袋检出率和区段数为7.46%和0.10。②农村居民的口腔健康状况比城市居民差。③中老年组牙周袋检出率和区段数随年龄增长而增加。④3个年龄组相应指标的检出率和平均区段数均高于全国第2次口腔流行病调查的结果。结论牙周病是江苏省居民常见病、多发病,牙结石是居民口腔卫生面临的一个重要问题。因此,应加强口腔预防保健工作,开展社区口腔卫生服务,使牙周病也能做到早发现、早治疗。     

江阴市2780人牙周健康状况调查报告

江阴市２７８０人牙周健康状况调查报告江阴市人民医院口腔科周桂姐，刘建良，汤建生，刘奕为进一步探索我市牙周疾病流行情况，更好地开展牙病防抬工作，以提高广大群众的口腔健康水平，我们于１９９５年３～４月以江阴地区９周岁、１２周岁、１５周岁、１８周岁、３５～...     

牙周破坏的预测指标

本文对２组牙周病易感个体和非易感个体的ＰＤＩ、ＧＩ、ＯＨＩ和ＰＬＩ进行了检测分析，并和Ｖｅｌｄｅｎ和Ｊｏｎｈｓｏｎ同类检测的结果进行分析和比较，认为龈出血／菌斑比值做为牙周破坏的预测指标是不适宜的，并提出将ＧＩ、ＯＨＩ和ＰＬＩ的乘积（Ｇ·Ｏ．ｐ）作为牙周病易感个体的预测指标。     

广东省人群牙周健康抽样调查报告

为了解我省人群牙周健康状况，我们参与１９９５年第二次全国口腔健康流行病学调查，组织了广东省口腔健康流行病学调查。现将我省城乡人群牙周健康抽样调查结果报告如下。对象与方法１．对象：调查对象以集体常住人口为主。调查年龄为１２、１５、１８、３５～４４、６５...     

牙周病的流行病学研究进展

牙周病流行病学研究推动了牙周病病因学探讨以及防治、治疗措施的完善。本文就近年来国内外有关牙周病流行病学研究的方法(包括评价牙周组织的炎症状况、记录牙周探诊深度、临床附着丧失、X线片评价支持骨丧失的情况等几方面)以及牙周病自然发展的纵向观察两方面的研究进展进行综述。     

汉族与哈萨克族青少年牙周疾病的调查

作者采用现患调查的方法,记述新疆阿勒泰地区中小学生牙周疾病的分布特征和流行强度,并比较汉族与哈萨克族之间的牙周疾病情况。     

牙周病科门诊初诊情况调查与分析

牙周病是指发生于牙周组织的各种病理性改变，是口腔疾病中较为常见的一种疾病，包括牙龈炎和牙周炎。牙周病患者若未能及早发现，及时就诊，就可能造成牙齿的丧失，影响咀嚼功能及美观。为了了解牙周病患者的初诊情况及对牙周病的认识程度，笔者对牙周病科门诊３０３例病人的初诊情况进行了调查和分析。临床资料一、患者的性别、年龄、初诊原因情况（见表１）：从牙周病科门诊初诊病人中随机调查确诊为牙周疾病的患者３０３例，了解其初诊原因（主诉症状若有两种，以最主要症状为主）。男性１５５人，女性１４８人。所调查的３０３例患者年…     

Analytic epidemiology and periodontal diseases

The validity of epidemiological and clinical observations is paramount, not only for scientific advancement but also in evidence‐based practice. Concern regarding validity with respect to the design and conduct of analytic epidemiological studies is often under‐appreciated, partly as a consequence of our focus on randomized experimental designs as the highest standard of ‘proof’ in clinical science. We review the design, conduct and interpretation of rigorous analytic epidemiological study designs, with specific reference to periodontology. We give special emphasis to intrinsic validity and the use of focused aims to re‐frame the perspective on the strength of evidence in reviews of the literature. Specifically, we draw on the periodontal research literature to provide an overview of the appropriate design and conduct of cohort studies, including randomized designs, case–control and cross‐sectional studies. The concepts of selection bias, information bias and confounding are explored for each study design, both in general terms and with respect to a critical review of the literature on the epidemiology of periodontal diseases.     

Clinical and public health implications of periodontal and systemic diseases: An overview

Severe periodontitis is defined by extensive loss of the tooth attachment apparatus. It is the sixth most common human disease and is estimated to affect 11.2% of the global adult population, hence representing a significant healthcare, social, and economic burden. Since the 1990s, multiple epidemiologic, experimental, and interventional studies have evidenced how periodontitis may also impact systemic health and it has been independently associated with the majority of chronic noncommunicable diseases. The evidence supporting these associations, mainly focusing on diabetes, pregnancy complications, and cardiovascular disease, was thoroughly reviewed in 2012 by an international consensus workshop. In the last 5 years, however, important advances have been made, not only in our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis, or concerning the mounting evidence regarding the independent associations between periodontitis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, but also with many other systemic diseases including metabolic disease and obesity, rheumatoid arthritis, certain cancers, respiratory diseases, and cognitive disorders including Alzheimer's disease. This review describes these scientific advances by gathering together the existing evidence on the importance and relevance of the associations between periodontitis and many systemic diseases.     

牙周病常用实验动物的牙周特征

大鼠、狗、猪以及各种灵长类动物是牙周病研究中常用的实验动物，但有关这些动物牙周组织的基础研究还不多。作者就现有资料对这些动物在牙周解剖、生理、组织、菌群组成及免疫等方面的特点及与人类相比的相似性和差异性进行了综述分析，并对这些实验动物的使用作了相应评价。作者认为有关牙周病实验动物的研究还需深入，以促使动物实验在牙周病研究中发挥更确实的作用。     

HIV infection and periodontal diseases: an overview of the post-HAART era

HIV infection remains a global health problem of unprecedented dimensions, although the development of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly modified the course of HIV disease into a manageable chronic disease with longer survival and improved quality of life in HIV-infected subjects. Among the HIV-associated infections, oral lesions have been recognized as prominent features since the beginning of the epidemic and continue to be important. Periodontal diseases strongly associated with HIV infection are classified as linear gingival erythema, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis and are included among the cardinal oral lesions. Although oral candidiasis appears to be the infection more significantly decreased after the introduction of HAART, the current literature suggests that the prevalence and course of periodontal lesions have also been modified. Higher prevalence of opportunistic microorganisms has been frequently detected in the subgingival flora of HIV-infected individuals, probably due to the immune status of those patients, as colonization and overgrowth of atypical pathogenic species is facilitated by immunosuppression. Additional research is required regarding biological issues such as the role of oral immune factors and periodontal disease in the persistency of HIV infection, the possibility of oral transmission and the re-emerging of HIV infection.     

The relationship between periodontal diseases and diabetes: an overview

Diabetes mellitus, caused by the malfunction of insulin-dependent glucose and lipid metabolism, presents with the classical triad of symptoms: polydypsia, polyuria, and polyphagia which are often accompanied by chronic fatigue and loss of weight. Complications of diabetes mellitus include retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Periodontal diseases are infections affecting the periodontium and resulting in the loss of tooth support. The association between diabetes mellitus and periodontitis has long been discussed with conflicting conclusions. Both of these diseases have a relatively high incidence in the general population (diabetes 1% to 6% and periodontitis 14%) as well as a number of common pathways in their pathogenesis (both diseases are polygenic disorders with some degree of immunoregulatory dysfunction). On the one hand, numerous reports indicate a higher incidence of periodontitis in diabetics compared to healthy controls, while other reports fail to show such a relationship. Clarification of this dilemma is occurring as the diagnostic criteria for periodontitis and diabetes mellitus improve, controlled studies with increased sample sizes are carried out, and the studies take into account major confounding variables that impact on the pathogenesis of both diseases. Current studies tend to support a higher incidence and severity of periodontitis in patients with diabetes mellitus. The overview looks at the bidirectional relationship between periodontitis and diabetes. An analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III data set confirms the previously reported significantly higher prevalence of periodontitis in diabetics than in non-diabetics (17.3% versus 9%). The analysis of the data also shows that the prevalence of diabetes in patients with periodontitis is double that seen in the non-periodontitis patients (12.5% versus 6.3%) and that this difference is also statistically significant. The pathogenesis of the 2 diseases is reviewed with an emphasis on common genetic and immune mechanisms. On the basis of the overview, 2 hypotheses for testing the relationship between periodontitis and diabetes are discussed. The first proposes a direct causal or modifying relationship in which the hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia of diabetes result in metabolic alterations that may then exacerbate bacteria-induced inflammatory periodontitis. The second hypothesis proposes that a fortuitous combination of genes (gene sets) could result in a host who, under the influence of a variety of environmental stressors, could develop either periodontitis or diabetes or both.