Effects and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicines on functional dyspepsia: A reviewOA

Functional dyspepsia(FD) is a common and frequently occurring disease in clinic. With the infuence of environmental factors, social factors and dietary factors, the incidence rate of FD in the general population is yearly increasing. Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history and far-reaching infuence in the treatment of FD. It can prevent and treat FD in the form of multiple-components, targets and channels,with obvious effect and prominent advantages. This article starts with the common s...     

Evaluation of facial temperature distribution changes during meditation using infrared thermal imaging:An experimental,cross-over studyOA

Objective: To investigate the differences between meditation and resting states using infrared thermal imaging(IRTI) to determine facial temperature distribution features during meditation and annotate the patterns of facial temperature changes during meditation from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine facial diagnosis.Methods: Each participant performed 10 min meditation and 10 min resting but in different sequences. A concentration test was set as the task load, followed by a medit...     

Pattern characteristics in patients with primary liver cancer in different clinical stages

OBJECTIVE: To explore the characteristics of primary liver cancer in terms of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) by analyzing the variations of the patterns along with the clinical stages.METHODS: The patients who were hospitalized in the Changhai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine dated from March 1999 to December 2008 were included in this retrospective study. The patients were grouped according to their cancer stages, and their patterns were judged and quantified according to the "Standard diagnosis and quantitative criteria of the common patterns in primary liv-er cancer" formulated by the Changhai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Statistics methods included ANOVA and nonparametric test, among others.RESULTS: The data of the 398 newly diagnosed patients showed that Qi Stagnation, Blood Stasis, and Dampness patterns were more frequent than the other basic patterns with relatively high scores; patterns of Liver Qi Stagnation, Liver Blood Stasis, and Dampness Heat were more than the other complex patterns and scored relatively high. Scores of Dampness and Liver Qi Stagnation patterns varied among the groups at different stages and the differences were statistically significant(PDampness= 0.002,PLiver Qi Stagnation= 0.020). The highest scores of Dampness pattern and Liver Qi Stagnation pattern corresponded with Stage Ⅲb, and Stage equency wⅢ a, respectively. Dampness pattern fras higher(P =0.001) in the Stage Ⅲb group than in other groups.CONCLUSION: Pattern characteristics in patients with primary liver cancer of different clinical stages might manifest in the variations of the Dampness pattern along the process of the disease and the major pathogenic factor of primary liver cancer might be Dampness.     

DEVELOPMENT OF A QUESTIONNAIRE TO FACILITATE CHINESE MEDICINE PATTERN DIFFERENTIATION OF LATERAL ELBOW PAIN(TENNIS ELBOW):RESULTS FROM A DELPHI PROCESS

Background: Acupuncture is a possible alternative treatment method for lateral elbow pain(LEP).Individualized acupuncture treatment has been practiced for pain therapy; however, studies on the underlying rational for individualized acupuncture treatment are limited.Objective: To develop a questionnaire using the Delphi process that can assist acupuncturists to assess the underlying traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) pattern of LEP.Methods: First, a multi-disciplinary research team was formed to conduct the Delphi survey.A provisional version of the questionnaire was developed by(1) comprehensive literature search on acupuncture for LEP as well as symptoms and TCM patterns associated with LEP;(2) extensive literature review from text books on TCM patterns;(3) meetings of a representative of the research team with specialized acupuncturists to consult expert opinion.Panelists of the Delphi survey consisted of experts with substantial clinical and research experience in acupuncture for LEP.A total of 33 international and national experts were invited by e-mail.The Delphi survey was terminated after two rounds.In each round consensus was defined by content validity index(CVI) of ≥ 0.51(representing a 51% level of consensus).Results: Consensus was found on 72 of the 74 symptoms that could be indicative for a specific TCM pattern of LEP.Consensus was achieved from all 25 panelists who responded to the second round on all four TCM patterns that could underlie LEP, namely, Invasion of Wind-Cold Dampness, Retention of Damp-Heat, Deficiency of Qi and Blood and Stagnation of Qi and Blood.A list of symptoms that indicate one of the four TCM patterns and a list of preferred treatment modalities for each pattern were also generated via CVI of ≥ 0.51 during the Delphi process.Conclusion: The current version of the Delphi-based questionnaire appeared to have considerable face and content validities.The reliability and validity are currently being tested.     

Mechanism of Huatan Sanjie Fang in improving goiter in Graves' disease mice based on the Hippo signaling pathwayOA

Objective: To explore the mechanism of Huatan Sanjie Fang(HTSJ) in regulating goiter in Graves’ disease(GD) mice by detecting key factors of the Hippo signaling pathway.Methods: A mouse model of GD was established by injecting Ad-TSHR289 adenovirus into the bilateral quadriceps femoris of female mice. Successful mouse models were then randomly divided into a model group, methimazole(MMI) group, and HTSJ group, and fed with deionized water, MMI(4.5 mg/kg per day), and HTSJ(35.10 g/kg per day), re...     

Cardiff acne disability index: cross-cultural translation in Korean and its relationship with clinical acne severity,pathological patterns,and general quality of life

OBJECTIVE: To culturally translate the cardiff acne disability index(CADI) into Korean, and to examine its relationship with clinical acne severity,pathological patterns, and general quality of life(Qo L).METHODS: The CADI was culturally and lin-guistically translated into Korean via translation,back-translation, and face validity test process. Two hundred and fifty-four Korean adolescents were asked to complete the Korean version of the CADI(K-CADI), the Phlegm Pattern, the Cold-Heat Pattern, and the Korean version of the General Health Questionnaires. A clinician estimated acne severity for the adolescents, using the Korean Acne Grading System. Finally, reliability and validity of the K-CADI was examined, and the relationships between acne severity, Phlegm, Cold, and Heat patterns, and Qo L level were examined via pathway analysis.RESULTS: The K-CADI had satisfactory internal consistency(α = 0.827). The examination of construct validity indicated that the K-CADI had one factor(explaining 59.6% of the total variance). Pathway analysis showed satisfactory model fit(normal fit index = 0.960 and comparative fit index = 0.983),and acne-related Qo L was determinant to Phlegm,Heat, and Cold patterns(0.13-0.27 of β), and Phlegm and Heat patterns lowered one's Qo L level(0.17-0.34 of β).CONCLUSION: The K-CADI is a valid and reliable instrument. Phlegm and Heat patterns should be managed when treating acne since they have a moderating effect on general Qo L aggravation.     

New Collection of Crude Drugs in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010 II. Sankezhen (Berberis spp.)

Sankezhen(Berberidis Radix) is a traditional Chinese materia medica,cold in nature and bitter in taste,for treating syndromes of liver,stomach,and large intestinal meridians,in which berberine and berbamine are the major pharmacological components.Sankezhen has been readmitted in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010 following the 1977 version as the roots of Berberis spp.e.g.B.soulieana,B.wilsonae,B.poiretii,B.vernae,etc.Recent studies showed that Berberis spp.were potential phytomedicines with multiple spectrums therapeutic effects and various pharmaceutical parts.Here we reviewed Sankezhen in traditional use and phytochemistry,and its major active components berberine and berbamine with potential bioactivities recently discovered,such as antitumor,antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic,anti-arrhythmic,and neuro-protective activities.It is necessary to mature the quality assessment of Sankezhen as a new admission of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010.Other parts of Berberis spp.should be investigated to better develop this herb in medicinal usage.     

Genome sizes of four important medicinal species in Kadsura by flow cytometry

Objective: Dianjixueteng is a geoherb in Yunnan Province, the source plant of which is Kadsura interior. However, the formation of this geoherb is not clear in genetic mechanism, in which genome size is the first step that should be known on the genomic level. In this study we aimed to estimate the genome sizes of source plants of K. interior compared with three related herbs K. heteroclita, K. longipedunculata, and K. coccinea by flow cytometry (FCM). Methods: The genome sizes of K. interior, K. heteroclita, K. longipedunculata and K. coccinea, i.e., the source plants of K. interior and its relative medicinal materials, were estimated by FCM. The nuclei of K. interior were isolated using modified LB01 buffer, for the rest species, by the Galbraith’s buffer. Results: The genome sizes of K. interior, K. heteroclita, K. longipedunculata, and K. coccinea were 7.36, 7.12, 7.01, and 5.15 pg/1C, respectively. Genome size of K. interior had no significant variation with those of K. heteroclita and K. longipedunculata (P = 0.296), which were larger than that of K. coccinea. Conclusion: Genome size did not distinguish K. interior, K. heteroclita and K. longipedunculata, but did distinguish from K. coccinea, which lays the foundation for future studies on genetic mechanism of the geoherb formation.     

Chemical composition and pharmacological activity of seco-prezizaane-type sesquiterpenesOA

The seco-prezizaane-type sesquiterpenes(SPS), as a special class of sesquiterpenes with a highly oxidative five-ring cage structure and seven consecutive chiral centers, are isolated from the genus Illicium,which have a variety of biological activities, including neurotoxicity and neurotrophic effects, etc. This review summarizes the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of SPS, and discusses the potential trend and scope of future research.     

豆蔻属药用植物叶绿体基因组密码子偏性分析

目的明确豆蔻属药用植物叶绿体基因组蛋白编码基因密码子使用模式及影响因素。方法以草果Amomum tsao-ko、阳春砂Amomum villosum、白豆蔻Amomum kravanh和爪哇白豆蔻Amomum compactum叶绿体基因组50个共有蛋白编码基因为材料,利用CodonW 1.4.2软件、CUSP在线程序和Excel软件等分析基因密码子使用偏性参数和核苷酸组成。结果 4个豆蔻属物种叶绿体基因组具有相似的密码子使用模式,密码子第3位碱基GC含量为37.22%～37.31%,偏向使用NNA和NNT型密码子;4个物种的有效密码子数值(ENC)均在35以上,表明豆蔻属叶绿体基因组密码子偏性较弱。综合中性分析、有效密码子数(ENC-plot)分析、奇偶偏好性(PR2-plot)分析和对应性分析的结果显示豆蔻属叶绿体基因组密码子偏性主要受选择影响,同时突变等其它因素也对密码子的偏性产生一定的作用。在草果、阳春砂、白豆蔻和爪哇白豆蔻中分别确定了18、16、16、18个最优密码子,其中共有最优密码子13个。结论豆蔻属植物叶绿体基因组密码子第3位碱基偏向使用A/T结尾,密码子偏性受选择影响最大,同时还受到诸如突变等其它因素的影响。     

甘草属7种植物叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏好性分析

目的 探究甘草属7种植物叶绿体基因组密码子使用模式及影响因素。方法 从NCBI获取国内已有的7种甘草属植物叶绿体全基因组,筛选得到49条共有蛋白编码序列,使用codon W1.44、EMBOSS、SPSS26.0等分析密码子偏好性相关参数。结果 7种甘草属物种叶绿体基因组密码子不同位置的GC含量均小于50%,共得到了29个高频密码子,其中有28个密码子第3位碱基为A/U,筛选得到的17个最优密码子第3位碱基均为A/U。7种甘草属植物叶绿体蛋白编码基因的ENC值均大于35,密码子偏好性较弱。PR2-plot分析、ENC-plot分析和中性绘图分析结果显示突变压力和自然选择均为这7种甘草属物种叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性形成的重要影响因素,但自然选择对密码子偏好性形成的贡献更大。基于叶绿体编码序列构建的系统发育树与基于RSCU的聚类分析结果具有一定的相似性,叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性与物种的系统发育关系存在一定的联系。结论 7种甘草属植物叶绿体基因组密码子第3位倾向于使用A/U碱基,自然选择是密码子偏好性形成的主要影响因素。     

肉苁蓉属植物叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性分析

目的 明确肉苁蓉属药用植物叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏性及影响因素。方法 以肉苁蓉Cistanche deserticola、盐生肉苁蓉C. salsa、沙苁蓉C. sinensis和管花肉苁蓉C. tubulosa为研究材料，利用CUSP在线软件、CodonW 1.4.2、SPSS、Microsoft Excel等软件分析其基因密码子使用偏性参数。结果 4个肉苁蓉属植物叶绿体基因组的密码子使用模式相似，密码子均以第3位碱基A/T结尾且密码子使用更偏向A/T碱基；4个物种的有效密码子数值（effective number of codon,ENC）均大于35，说明肉苁蓉属物种叶绿体基因密码子偏好性较弱。中性绘图分析、有效密码字数（ENC-plot）分析、奇偶偏好性（PR2-plot）分析和对应性分析的结果均说明自然选择是影响肉苁蓉属叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性的主要因素。利用同义密码子的相对使用频率（relative synonymous codon usage,RSCU）值筛选出肉苁蓉属4个物种共同拥有4个最优密码子。结论 对肉苁蓉属4个物种叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏性进行分析，揭示了影响其密...     

刺五加叶绿体基因组密码子的用法分析

目的:分析刺五加叶绿体基因组密码子的使用方式及其影响因素.方法:以刺五加叶绿体基因组的52条编码基因为材料,利用CodonW和SPSS软件进行多元统计分析和对应性分析.结果:刺五加叶绿体基因组密码子3个位置GC的量依次为46.46％,38.26％,29.88％,其中GC1与GC2呈极显著相关关系(P＜0.01),GC12与GC,的相关系数为0.205,未达到显著水平.同义密码子的相对使用频率(relative synonymous codon usage,RSCU)＞1的密码子共30个,其中29个以A或T碱基结尾.对应性分析的结果表明:第1轴显示了10.35％的差异,与有效密码子数(effective number of codons,ENC)和GC3显著相关,相关系数分别为-0.288,0.353;确定了刺五加叶绿体基因组的16个最优密码子.结论:刺五加叶绿体密码子第3位偏好以A或T碱基结尾,密码子使用模式受选择和突变及其他因素共同影响,其中选择的作用略大.     

刺柏属4种药用植物叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性分析

目的 明确刺柏属圆柏Juniperus chinensis、垂枝香柏J.pingii、昆明柏J.gaussenii和铺地柏J.procumbens4种药用植物叶绿体基因组密码子的使用偏好性及影响其密码子偏好性的因素。方法 利用CodonW、CUSP、SPSS等软件对4种刺柏属药用植物叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性进行分析。结果4种刺柏属药用植物叶绿体基因组密码子的GC含量在35.8%～37.3%,有效密码子数（effective number of codon,ENC）值在47.10～47.79,表明其密码子偏好性较弱。中性绘图、ENC-plot、PR2-plot分析表明影响4种刺柏属药用植物叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏性的因素有选择和突变。同时利用相对同义密码子使用度（relative synonymous codon usage,RSCU）值和ENC值筛选出共65个最优密码子,其中有9个密码子为4种刺柏属植物共有的最优密码子。结论 4种刺柏属药用植物密码子偏好使用A/T结尾,其密码子使用偏性主要受到自然选择的影响。通过对4种刺柏属植物叶绿体基因组密码子的使用偏性进行分析及外类群聚类分析验证,揭示影响其密码子使用偏性的主要因素,为后续刺柏属叶绿体基因组外源蛋白表达载体的构建及优化提供理论依据。     

忍冬属囊管组植物叶绿体基因组进化分析

目的 揭示忍冬属囊管组16种植物叶绿体基因组特征及系统发育关系。方法 以16种囊管组植物为研究材料,利用CodonW、EMBOSS、Excel等软件分析其叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏好性;利用IRscope、mVISTA、DNAsp进行叶绿体基因组比较分析;利用PhyloSuite基于最大似然法及贝叶斯法2种方法构建系统发育树。结果 结果显示ENC值为46.54～47.37,均大于35,密码子偏好性较弱。GC_all含量范围为38.92%～39.22%,均小于40%,具有明显的A/U偏好性,且GC₁＞GC₂＞GC₃,密码子第3位碱基以A/U为主。通过中性绘图、ENC-plot及PR2-plot分析,发现影响密码子使用偏好性的主要因素是自然选择。筛选出最优密码子7个,且密码子第3位均以A/U结尾。16种囊管组植物中均出现ycf1假基因。IR边界保守,差异较小。变异主要集中在非编码区,且单拷贝区域核苷酸多态性大于反向重复区域,存在更多的变异位点。系统发育分析结果显示,红花亚组与紫花亚组内物种系统发育位置与《中国植物志》存在差异。结论 揭示了影响忍冬属囊管组植物密码子偏好性的因素。结合叶绿体基因组比较分析,系统发育分析,有助于进一步理解忍冬属植物的进化和适应机制。     

湖北麦冬、川麦冬及杭麦冬叶绿体基因组分析

目的:测定湖北麦冬、川麦冬及杭麦冬叶绿体基因组,分析其序列特征并完成特异性DNA条形码筛选。方法:通过高通量测序技术对湖北麦冬、川麦冬及杭麦冬叶绿体基因组进行测序、拼接及注释,利用生物信息学方法对叶绿体基因组结构特征及系统发育进行分析。结果:湖北麦冬的叶绿体基因组全长155 998 bp,鸟嘌呤与胞嘧啶(GC)总量37. 7%,成功注释出85个蛋白编码基因,37个转运RNA(tRNA)基因和8个核糖体RNA(rRNA)基因,检测到274个简单重复序列(SSR),编码亮氨酸的密码子数量最多,编码色氨酸的密码子数量最少;川麦冬叶绿体基因组全长156 078 bp,GC总量37. 8%,成功注释出85个蛋白编码基因,37个tRNA基因和8个rRNA基因,检测到265个SSR,编码亮氨酸的密码子数量最多,编码色氨酸的密码子数量最少;杭麦冬叶绿体基因组全长156 207 bp,GC总量37. 7%,成功注释出85个蛋白编码基因,37个tRNA基因和8个rRNA基因,检测到274个SSR,编码亮氨酸的密码子数量最多,编码色氨酸的密码子数量最少。结论:系统发育树显示,与川麦冬相比,湖北麦冬与杭麦冬的亲缘关系更近。湖北麦冬、杭麦冬及川麦冬非编码区变异程度均大于编码区,叶绿体基因组可作为山麦冬属及沿阶草属植物物种鉴定的超级条形码。     

牛茄子叶绿体全基因组特征及系统发育分析

目的 以牛茄子Solanum capsicoides新鲜叶片为材料,对叶绿体基因组序列进行组装、注释和分析,探究牛茄子的序列特征和同属其他物种的系统发育关系。方法 基于Illumina HiSeq高通量测序,获得牛茄子完整叶绿体基因组序列,利用生物信息学方法进一步对其功能及特征、密码子偏好性、IR区域边界、核苷酸多样性、系统发育关系进行分析。结果 牛茄子叶绿体基因组全长为155 465 bp,为典型的四分体结构,总GC含量为37.85%,其中大单拷贝区、小单拷贝区和反向重复序列的长度分别为88 265、18 462、24 369 bp;共编码131个基因,包括86个蛋白编码基因、37个tRNA基因、8个rRNA基因。简单重复序列检测表明,叶绿体基因组包括51个SSR位点,其中以A和T组成的单核苷酸重复次数最多,占45.1%。密码子偏好性分析表明,亮氨酸是使用频率最高的氨基酸,AUU是使用次数最多的密码子,密码子偏向使用A/U结尾。属内叶绿体基因组比较分析显示,IR边界区域相对保守,但仍存在部分基因扩张和收缩等现象;核苷酸多样性分析获得了4个高突变热点：trnQ-psbK、psbF-psbE、clpP、ycf1,可作为物种鉴定和遗传多样性研究的潜在特征。系统发育分析显示牛茄子和喀西茄的亲缘关系更近,存在姐妹关系。结论 牛茄子叶绿体基因组的组装和系统发育分析,为茄属植物的分类和群体间遗传多样性的研究提供理论依据。     

濒危紫皮石斛叶绿体基因组结构及系统发育分析

目的 解析紫皮石斛Dendrobium devonianum叶绿体基因组特征，并探讨石斛属系统发育关系。方法 采用Illumina技术对紫皮石斛进行测序，对其叶绿体基因组进行组装、注释和分析，并基于共有编码基因序列构建系统发育树。结果 紫皮石斛叶绿体基因大小为146 493 bp，总GC含量为37.4%；其大单拷贝区、小单拷贝区长度分别为84 932、13 036 bp，反向互补重复区为24 263 bp；共编码118个基因，包括72个蛋白质编码基因，38个tRNA基因和8个rRNA基因。密码子偏好分析表明，亮氨酸是紫皮石斛叶绿体基因组中使用频次最高的氨基酸。系统发育分析表明，紫皮石斛未形成单系，与兜唇石斛D.aphyllum构成姊妹关系；瘦轴组的重唇石斛D.hercoglossum和钩状石斛D.aduncum与石斛组其他物种聚为一支。结论 紫皮石斛叶绿体基因组呈典型四分体结构，其与兜唇石斛亲缘关系最近；瘦轴组的重唇石斛和钩状石斛与石斛组亲缘关系更近，并入石斛组更合理。     

刺五加功能基因密码子偏好性的分析

目的 分析刺五加功能基因密码子的使用方式及其影响因素.方法 以刺五加的17条功能基因为材料,利用CodonW和SPSS软件进行多元统计分析和对应性分析.结果 刺五加功能基因密码子3个位置的GC量依次为51.03％、41.23％和40.04％,三者均与整个编码区的GC量显著相关(P＜0.05),GC12与GC3的相关系数为0.262,未达到显著水平.同义密码子的相对使用频率大于1的密码子共27个,其中22个以A或T碱基结尾.对应性分析的结果表明,第1轴显示了22.78％的差异,与GC3、密码子适应指数和密码子偏好指数均极显著相关(P＜0.01),相关系数分别为0.786、0.686和0.617,与有效密码子数的相关性未达显著水平.第2轴显示了19.28％的差异,且仅与有效密码子数极显著相关(r=0.635).确定了刺五加功能基因的17个最优密码子.结论 刺五加的功能基因偏好使用以A或T碱基结尾的密码子,其使用模式受选择和突变的共同影响.