云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州2016年新报告艾滋病病毒感染者的基因亚型分析

目的 分析2016年云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州（德宏州）新报告HIV感染者HIV基因亚型,了解中国籍和缅甸籍HIV感染者基因亚型分布特征。方法 对2016年德宏州新报告的HIV感染者提取核酸,使用RT-PCR法对HIV基因gag、env和pol进行反转录扩增,直接测序扩增产物,综合分析3个基因的测序结果,确定最终基因亚型。结果 2016年德宏州新报告HIV感染者1 112例,成功测定基因亚型的感染者860例。C亚型所占比例最大（占33.6%,289/860）;其后为独特重组（unique recombinant forms,URFs）（占28.4%,244/860）、CRF01_AE（占18.6%,160/860）等亚型;URFs中主要包括4种形式的重组,其中以CRF01_AE和C亚型重组为主。缅甸籍感染者的亚型分布与民族和传播方式相关。结论 德宏州2016年新报告HIV感染者基因亚型主要集中在C、URFs和CRF01_AE亚型,URFs分布依然复杂多样。     

辽宁省乙型肝炎监测病例HBV基因型分布及主蛋白抗原主要亲水区变异特点分析

目的 了解辽宁省乙型肝炎(乙肝)监测病例HBV基因型分布及其主蛋白抗原主要亲水区(MHR)氨基酸(aa)位点变异情况。方法 采集辽宁省监测试点县区乙肝病例血清,提取HBV DNA并进行序列扩增,测序得到S基因序列,利用生物学软件比较分析。结果 共得到HBV S基因序列81条,基因型分布B型为8.64%(7/81)、C型为86.42%(70/81)、D型为4.94%(4/81).S基因MHR aa位点变异率为4.87%,T126I变异率最高,为8.64%.HBV MHR变异株总流行率为49.38%(40/81),其中B型为42.86%(3/7),C型为47.14%(33/70),D型为100%(4/4).在不同年龄、性别、基因型和抗-HBc IgM(+/-)分类比较中,差异无统计学意义,但ALT正常组(<43 IU/L)该流行率显着高于ALT异常组(≥43 IU/L). 结论 辽宁省乙肝监测病例中,基因型分布以C型为主,B型次之,偶见D型。HBV MHR aa位点变异与既往研究结果一致,仍为今后乙肝监测重点。     

云南省2个边境地区新报告艾滋病病毒感染者HIV-1基因亚型分析

目的 了解云南省2个边境地区新报告HIV感染者HIV-1基因亚型分布特征。方法 2015年11月至2016年10月在云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州（德宏州）和红河哈尼族彝族自治州（红河州）边境地区,连续纳入年龄≥ 18岁新报告HIV感染者共233例,提取病毒RNA,扩增pol和env基因区,进行基因分型检测和序列分析。结果 233份标本共有146份获得HIV-1基因亚型。德宏州有8种HIV-1基因亚型,以独特重组型（URFs）为主（52.8%,57/108）,其中中国籍的URFs占56.8%（21/37）,缅甸籍的占50.7%（36/71）;红河州有4种HIV-1基因亚型,以CRF01_AE为主（71.1%,27/38）,其中越南籍的占81.0%（17/21）,中国籍的占58.8%（10/17）。2个州HIV-1基因亚型总体分布的差异有统计学意义（χ²=61.072,P<0.001）。结论 云南省2个边境地区新报告HIV感染者HIV-1基因亚型分布差异较大,应对中国籍和外国籍HIV感染者采取有针对性的防治措施。     

乙型肝炎病毒A～D基因型及B1、B2、C1和C2基因亚型巢式聚合酶链反应分型法的建立

目的 建立检测乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)基因型和亚型特异性巢式聚合酶链反应(nPCR)分型法.方法 用DNAStar软件比较分析GenBank中登录的A～H 8种基因型HBV全基因组序列,用Primer Premier 5.0软件进行引物设计,建立nPCR分型法.该法在第一轮扩增基础上,第二轮分为3步扩增:第一步用Mix A扩增,检测B、D基因型和C1、C2亚型;第二步用Mix B扩增,检测A基因型;第三步用Mix C扩增,检测B1和B2亚型.应用该法检测68份慢性HBV感染者的血清样本,并从中随机选取15份样本的PCR产物直接测序,以验证该法的准确性.结果 该法检测68份慢性HBV感染者血清样本中,23.53%(16/68)为B2亚型,11.76%(8/68)为C1亚型,48.53%(33/68)为C2亚型,1.47%(1/68)为D型,11.76%(8/68)为B2C2混合型,1.47%(1/68)为C2D混合型,1.47%(1/68)为B2C1D混合型.随机选取15份样本测序分型,结果 与PCR法一致.结论 nPCR分型法简单快速,具有较高的灵敏度和特异度,可检测A～D基因型和B1、B2、C1、C2亚型.     

天津市2014－2017年男男性行为人群艾滋病病毒感染者原发性耐药分析

目的 了解2014－2017年天津市MSM人群HIV感染者（MSM感染者）原发性耐药（transmitted drug resistance,TDR）的流行特点和相关因素。方法 收集2014－2017年天津市未经抗病毒治疗的MSM人群中HIV感染者的血浆样本共225例,采用巢式PCR法扩增pol区基因片段,进行基因型耐药检测和相关因素分析。结果 205例样本获得pol区基因序列,完成HIV亚型和耐药检测。基因型依次为CRF01_AE占53.2%（109/205）,CRF07_BC占28.8%（59/205）,B亚型占10.2%（21/205）,CRF55_01B亚型占4.9%（10/205）,其他独特型二代重组亚型占2.9%（6/205）。75例样本成簇分布在20个传播簇内,62.5%（10/16）的TDR样本分布在5个传播簇中。耐药株的TDR流行率为7.8%,2014－2017年每年的TDR流行率逐年上升,分别为3.9%（2/51）、5.7%（3/53）、9.6%（5/52）和12.2%（6/49）,但差异无统计学意义（χ²=2.504,P=0.127）,CRF01_AE亚型和B亚型TDR流行率最高,分别为3.4%（7/205）和2.9%（6/205）。TDR突变以非核苷酸反转录酶抑制剂（NNRTIs）为主,TDR流行率为6.3%（13/205）,核苷酸反转录酶抑制剂（NRTIs）和蛋白酶抑制剂（PIs）的TDR流行率分别为1.5%（3/205）和1.0%（2/205）。结论 天津市MSM感染者的TDR毒株的TDR流行形势较严重,需采取有针对性的预防和控制措施。     

新疆维吾尔族慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV基因型及亚型分析

目的探讨新疆维吾尔族(维族)慢性乙型肝炎患者中乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)基因型及基因亚型。方法用本实验室建立的HBV基因型及基因亚型特异性引物巢式聚合酶链反应(nPCR)法,对54份新疆维族慢性乙型肝炎患者血清样本进行HBV基因型及亚型分析。随机选取11株经nPCR法鉴定为D基因型的样本,同时进行PreS/S区及PreC/C区测序以鉴定D基因亚型。随机选取2株D型HBV进行基因组全长扩增并克隆测序。从GenBank下载75株各国HBVD1亚型参考序列,根据Kimuratwo-parameter法计算中国新疆地区与其他国家的HBVD1亚型株进化距离。结果新疆维族人群HBV感染以D基因型为主,占66.67%,同时存在B(5.56%)、C(5.56%)基因型及混合感染(22.22%)。新疆存在D1和D3两种亚型,以D1亚型为主。新疆D1亚型与中亚哈萨克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、蒙古等国及中东地区土耳其、伊朗、埃及等国的进化距离较近。结论新疆维族慢性乙肝患者中D基因型为优势株,主要为D1亚型,其进化距离与中亚中东等国较为接近。     

连云港市473例慢性乙肝患者乙型肝炎病毒基因型及耐药基因研究

目的 探讨连云港市慢性乙肝（CHB）患者乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）基因型及耐药基因特点。方法 选择2019年5月至2021年7月连云港市某医院诊断为CHB的患者作为研究对象,采用PCR和反向杂交技术进行HBV的基因序列分型,同时检测HBV的耐药突变位点,并分析不同基因型的耐药突变发生率。结果 共纳入473例HBV患者进行研究,HBV基因型构成比前3位为B型、C型及D型,分别占35.52%、30.02%、14.16%。不同性别HBV基因型比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。检出耐药基因突变100例,突变率为21.14%;共检测出14种耐药突变基因,其中rt180M+rt204V的突变率最高,其次为rt204I、rt204V。100例耐药基因突变中由高到低分别为C型、B型、D型,突变率分别为30.3%、19.0%、11.9%,不同性别间差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论 连云港市HBV基因型以B型及C型为主,其中C型基因的突变率最高,rt180M+rt204V、rt204I、rt204V是本地区常见耐药突变位点,C型基因更容易发生rt204I、rt180M突变。     

云南省2008-2009年HIV-1病毒株亚型分布

目的 了解云南省目前HIV-1流行株的基因型及其地区和人群分布。方法 收集2008-2009年云南省15个地市788例HIV感染者/艾滋病患者（HIV/AIDS）的血浆标本和背景信息,采用RT-PCR法分别扩增HIV-1 gag、pol全长基因（1584 bp和3147 bp）及env基因的C2V3片段（558 bp）,序列编辑后用Genotyping及Mega 5.03软件工具确定病毒基因型,分析HIV-1株的地区和人群分布特征。结果 788例标本获得1728条HIV-1基因序列,其中全长gag基因序列599条、全长pol基因序列564条、env基因C2V3区序列525条,确定617例基因亚型,构成比分别为CRF08 BC（50.2%）、CRF01 AE（25.0%）、未知重组（10.2%）、CRF07_BC（9.2%）、C亚型（2.9%）和B（B''）亚型（2.4%）。HIV-1株在云南省具有地域分布特征,可分为以临沧和昆明为代表的CRF08_BC为主的地区,以德宏和西双版纳为代表的CRF08_BC与CRF01 _AE构成比相近的地区;未知重组型在云南省少数民族中所占比例（17.0%）显著高于汉族（6.7%）;异性性传播感染者和静脉注射吸毒感染者的CRF08 BC亚型均占总数的50.0%以上,但前者CRF01_AE的构成比占约30.0%,后者未知重组型和CRF07 BC的比例分别达到约15。0%。未知重组病毒株呈现两种重组模式,分别为B（B''）/C重组和以CRF01 AE为母株嵌入B（B''）和/或C片段重组,并以前者为主（74.6%）。结论 云南省HIV-1株组成复杂,具有显著的地域、民族和传播途径相关的特征,并出现新型重组病毒株,应密切监测。     

天津市2015年HIV流行和传播的分子流行病学特征分析

目的 了解2015年天津市HIV流行株的亚型分布和传播特点。方法 从77例新报告未治疗且CD₄⁺T淋巴细胞计数≥200个/μl的HIV-1感染者,提取血浆中RNA,应用反转录和巢式PCR扩增HIV的pol和env区,并测序进行相关分子生物学分析。结果 共获得63例样本的HIV毒株序列结果,亚型依次为CRF01_AE、CRF07_BC、B、CRF55_01B和其他独特型二代重组毒株,分别占46.03%（29/63）、30.16%（19/63）、11.11%（7/63）、4.76%（3/63）和7.94%（5/63）;感染者以性传播为主,其中又以CRF01_AE和CRF07_BC重组亚型为主,除异性传播无B和CRF55_01B亚型外,同性和异性传播者的亚型分布无明显差别。重组毒株的构成比为88.89%（56/63）,并首次发现的二代重组亚型8例,包括3例CRF55_01B、2例AE/BC、1例AE/B和1例新型的AE/B/C重组均为男男同性传播;1例AE/BC重组为异性传播。HIV感染者中传播耐药率为5.3%,均为NNRTI类监测性耐药突变L100I;进化分析中3对pol区Bootstrap值均≥98%,env区Bootstrap值均≥80%,调查显示3对样本来源确认有性伴传播关系。结论 天津市HIV感染者中重组毒株不断增加并广泛流行,性传播者中HIV新型二代重组和耐药毒株不断产生并在不同人群和不同地区间传播,应引起高度重视。     

德宏傣族景颇族自治州2016年HIV/HCV合并感染者HCV分子传播簇分析

目的 了解HIV/HCV合并感染者中HCV主要亚型的流行分布特征,探讨HCV主要亚型分子传播簇及其影响因素。方法 利用全国艾滋病综合防治信息系统收集2016年新报告德宏傣族景颇族自治州（德宏州）HIV/AIDS病例共1 112例,筛选出HIV/HCV合并感染且血浆量≥ 200 μl的318份样本,采用巢式PCR法扩增HCV的CE1和NS5B基因片段,采用ChromasPro 1.5和BioEdit 7.0.9.0软件进行序列比对和基因型分析,采用Mega 7.0软件建立系统进化树和分子传播网络构建。结果 HIV/HCV合并感染且满足HCV基因亚型检测要求的样本有267份。HCV基因亚型呈多样化,主要有3b、6n、6u、1a、3a和其他亚型,构成比分别为32.6%（87/267）、18.4%（49/267）、15.7%（42/267）、13.1%（35/267）、11.2%（30/267）和9.0%（24/267）。1a、3a、3b、6n和6u亚型分子传播簇的总成簇率为39.1%（95/243）,1a的成簇率最高,为71.4%（25/35）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,除傣族和景颇族外的其他民族（与汉族相比,OR=0.17,95% CI：0.04~0.71）、已婚有配偶（与未婚相比,OR=0.42,95% CI：0.18~0.94）,6n与3a亚型（与3b亚型相比,OR=0.34,95% CI：0.12~0.95;OR=0.22,95% CI：0.05~0.93）较难形成传播簇;6u和1a亚型（与3b亚型相比,OR=3.10,95% CI：1.21~7.94;OR=4.00,95% CI：1.32~12.11）较易形成传播簇。结论 德宏州HIV/HCV合并感染者的民族、婚姻状况、HCV基因亚型是HCV分子传播簇形成的关联因素。     

Epidemiological distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in 1–29-year-olds in the mainland of China

BackgroundTo analyze the epidemiological distribution of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype in the mainland of China following the implementation of effective preventive measures.MethodsFive hundred and seventeen HBsAg-positive subjects aged 1–29 years surveyed in the 2014 national HBV sero-survey in the mainland of China were enrolled in the study. The full-length HBV genome was obtained by PCR amplification and sequencing. The HBV genotype was determined by phylogenetic analysis. Combined with questionnaire information, HBV genotype distribution was analyzed.ResultsOf the 517 HBsAg-positive subjects, 369 (71.4%) were included in the analysis. HBV genotypes found were B (45.0%), C (36.6%), D (6.0%), C/D (9.8%), B/C (2.2%), and I (0.5%). Geographic differences in HBV genotype were significant for seven regions. Three serotypes were found: adw (47.2%), adr (35.5%), and ayw (17.3%). B2 (43.9%) and C2 (25.2%) were the two major subgenotypes. The predominant genotypes differed between the Han group and the other ethnic groups. No statistical differences in genotype distribution were found by gender, age group, or hepatitis B (HepB) vaccination history.ConclusionThe prevalence of HBV genotype B was higher than that of genotype C with subgenotypes B2 and C2 endemic in 1–29-year-olds in the mainland of China, after HBV prevalence has reduced significantly due to the implementation of preventive measures. HepB vaccination or other factors did not interfere with HBV genotype distribution. The surveillance of HBV genotype was essential for responding to the potential changes and impact on the preventive policies in the future.     

Identification of new sub-genotypes of virulent Newcastle disease virus with potential panzootic features

Virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates from new sub-genotypes within genotype VII are rapidly spreading through Asia and the Middle East causing outbreaks of Newcastle disease (ND) characterized by significant illness and mortality in poultry, suggesting the existence of a fifth panzootic. These viruses, which belong to the new sub-genotypes VIIh and VIIi, have epizootic characteristics and do not appear to have originated directly from other genotype VII NDV isolates that are currently circulating elsewhere, but are related to the present and past Indonesian NDV viruses isolated from wild birds since the 80s. Viruses from sub-genotype VIIh were isolated in Indonesia (2009–2010), Malaysia (2011), China (2011), and Cambodia (2011–2012) and are closely related to the Indonesian NDV isolated in 2007, APMV1/Chicken/Karangasem, Indonesia (Bali-01)/2007. Since 2011 and during 2012 highly related NDV isolates from sub-genotype VIIi have been isolated from poultry production facilities and occasionally from pet birds, throughout Indonesia, Pakistan and Israel. In Pakistan, the viruses of sub-genotype VIIi have replaced NDV isolates of genotype XIII, which were commonly isolated in 2009–2011, and they have become the predominant sub-genotype causing ND outbreaks since 2012. In a similar fashion, the numbers of viruses of sub-genotype VIIi isolated in Israel increased in 2012, and isolates from this sub-genotype are now found more frequently than viruses from the previously predominant sub-genotypes VIId and VIIb, from 2009 to 2012. All NDV isolates of sub-genotype VIIi are approximately 99% identical to each other and are more closely related to Indonesian viruses isolated from 1983 through 1990 than to those of genotype VII, still circulating in the region. Similarly, in addition to the Pakistani NDV isolates of the original genotype XIII (now called sub-genotype XIIIa), there is an additional sub-genotype (XIIIb) that was initially detected in India and Iran. This sub-genotype also appears to have as an ancestor a NDV strain from an Indian cockatoo isolated in1982. These data suggest the existence of a new panzootic composed of viruses of subgenotype VIIi and support our previous findings of co-evolution of multiple virulent NDV genotypes in unknown reservoirs, e.g. as recorded with the virulent NDV identified in Dominican Republic in 2008. The co-evolution of at least three different sub-genotypes reported here and the apparent close relationship of some of those genotypes from ND viruses isolated from wild birds, suggests that identifying wild life reservoirs may help predict new panzootics.     

中国4城市慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染者中B基因亚型分布

目的了解北京、石家庄、温州和深圳4城市慢性乙型肝炎（乙肝）病毒（HBV）感染者中B基因亚型（Ba和Bj）的分布情况。方法应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析（PCR-RFLP），对北京（18例）、石家庄（22例）、温州（34例）、深圳（27例）市101例乙肝患者血清标本，经多对型特异性引物巢式PCR鉴定为B基因型慢性HBV感染者的血清标本进行B基因亚型分析，并对部分血清标本以PCR产物直接测序法确定其亚型，以验证PCR-RFLP的准确性。结果经PCR-RFLP分析101例均为Ba亚型，未发现Bj亚型，其中30例经测序分析也证实为Ba亚型。结论4城市的HBV／B主要为Ba亚型。     

HBV基因型与慢性乙型肝炎疾病谱的关系

目的　探讨乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV)基因型与慢性乙型肝炎疾病谱相关性。方法　用S基因聚合酶链式反应 -限制片段长度多态性 (PCR -RFLP)的基因型分型方法对广东地区HBV感染者中无症状携带者 (AsC)组 80例和肝硬化组 (LC) 12 0例血清标本分型 ,比较两组基因型分布的异同。结果　基因型在AsC组分布 :B型 45 0 % ( 3 7/ 80 ) ;C型 3 3 75 % ( 2 6/ 80 ) ;D基因型 2 1 2 5 % ( 17/80 ) ;LC组HBV基因型分布B型 3 2 5 % ( 3 9/ 12 0 ) ;C型 65 8% ( 79/ 12 0 ) ;D基因型 1 6% ( 2 / 12 0 )。广州地区未发现A、E和F基因型 ,基因型在两组中的分布均与e抗原状态无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;ASC与LC组两组间基因型的分布有显著性差异 ( χ2 =3 1 92 4,P=0 0 0 0 )。结论　可初步认为广东地区HBV感染者以B和C型为优势基因型 ,AsC组中以B型为优势基因型 ,感染HBVD基因型病情轻 ,感染HBVC基因型病情更易于加重。     

Differential pattern of pre-S mutations/deletions and its association with hepatitis B virus genotypes in Eastern India

The presence of three different HBV genotypes (A, C and D) in Eastern India provided us a unique opportunity to study HBV pre-S mutants in these genotypes and subtypes among the same ethnic population. Furthermore, we also aimed to investigate the association of the HBV pre-S mutation with clinical outcome. Pre-S1-S2 and S gene was amplified and sequenced from 86 HBsAg positive study subjects with varying clinical manifestation. The genetic variability in the pre-S region (mutations) was studied with respect to different HBV genotypes, subtypes and different clinical categories. Six different types of HBV pre-S mutations were detected in 25 cases (29.07%), among which pre-S2 start codon mutation (28.0%) and pre-S2 deletion (24.0%) were most common. Pre-S mutation was highest in HBV/C (7/18; 38.89%) followed by HBV/A (9/27; 33.33%) and HBV/D (9/40; 22.50%). Pre-S1 deletion is common in HBV/D, whereas pre-S2 start codon mutation and pre-S2 deletions are frequent among HBV/A and HBV/C, respectively. Interestingly, in HBV/A and HBV/C the tendency of mutation/deletion increases from pre-S1 to pre-S2 region while in HBV/D the opposite tendency was observed. A significantly higher association of pre-S mutation (p=0.013) and pre-S2 deletion/ablation (p=0.016) was found among the HBeAg negative cases. Pre-S1 deletion and pre-S2 deletion were common among the ASC and CLD cases respectively, while pre-S2 start codon mutation was significantly associated with cirrhosis (p<0.05). The study underscores the association of types of pre-S mutations with particular HBV genotype and clinical outcome in the study population.     

Polymorphisms in sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide are not associated with hepatitis B virus clearance in Chinese Tibetans and Uygurs

An association between polymorphisms in the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) and the natural course of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the Chinese Han population has been noted. However, it is not known whether these polymorphisms are associated with the risk of developing chronic HBV infection in other racial or ethnic populations. Accordingly, we conducted a candidate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) association study in Tibetan and Uygur HBV-infected patients. A total of 1302 subjects including 871 Tibetans and 431 Uygurs were recruited. According to their serological and clinical characteristics, each ethnic group was divided into two groups comprising spontaneous clearance individuals and persistently infected patients. Three SNPs were genotyped by a high resolution melting curve methodology. Among the SNPs, rs2296651 exhibited a minor allele frequency of < 0.01. The frequency of allele A at rs4646287 was much higher in Tibetans (9.4% for Tibetans and 4.6% for Uygurs, p < 0.001) than in Uygurs, but the frequency of allele A at rs7154439 was the opposite (15.7% for Tibetans and 20.5% for Uygurs, p = 0.002). Irrespective of race, no significant differences in the frequency distributions of the three SNP alleles or genotypes were observed between the case and clearance groups. Moreover, none of the NTCP haplotypes were statistically different between the two groups. Data from the Tibetan patients could be grouped by HBeAg status, viral load and HBV genotype; however, no significant differences were found in the SNP genotype distribution for each characteristic. In conclusion, the NTCP polymorphisms we identified tended to be ethnicity-dependent. For Tibetans and Uygurs, no association of the three SNPs (rs7154439, rs4646287 and rs2296651) and their haplotypes with HBV chronicity was observed. Examination of SNPs in NTCP for their specific associations with the course of HBV infection in other ethnic minority groups is now required.     

Pattern and molecular epidemiology of Hepatitis B virus genotypes circulating in Pakistan

The continuously mutating nature of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is responsible for the emergence of varying genotypes in different regions of the world affecting the disease outcome. The objective of the current study was to find out the pattern of HBV genotypes circulating in Pakistan. HBV genotypes were determined in HBV chronic patients of different age and gender from all the four different geographical regions (provinces) of Pakistan for a period of 2 years (2007–2009). Out of the total 3137 consecutive patients, 300 (175; 58.3% males and 125; 41.7% females) were randomly selected for HBV genotype A through H determination using molecular genotyping methods. Total 269 (89.6%) isolates were successfully genotyped where as 31 (10.3%) samples failed to generate a type-specific PCR band and were found untypable. Out of the successfully genotyped samples, 43 (14.3%) were with type A, 54 (18%) were with type B, 83 (27.6%) were with type C, 39 (13%) were with type D, 2 (0.6%) were with type E, 4 (1.3%) were with genotype F and total 44 (14.6%) were with mixed HBV infections. Of the mixed genotype infection cases, 16 were with genotypes A/D, 9 were B/C, six were A/D/F, five were with genotypes A/F, two were with A/B/D and B/E and one each for A/C as well as A/E genotypes. Four common genotypes of HBV found worldwide (A, B, C & D) were isolated from Pakistan along with uncommon genotypes E and F for the first time in Pakistan. Overall Genotype C is the most prevalent genotype. Genotypes B and C are predominant in Punjab & Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, respectively whereas genotype A in Sindh.     

乙型肝炎病毒基因型和血清亚型在我国部分地区的分布及其特点

目的 研究乙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis B virus,HBV）基因型和血清亚型的分布特点及其基因的相关性。方法 湖南、广西、河南和河北4省（区）25个县（市）280例慢性HBV携带者,应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增和脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）序列分析,确定HBV基因型和血清亚型。结果 HBV基因型B、C和D均有分布,分别占29.3%、67.9%和2.9%,其中B和C为优势基因型。adr、adw2、ayr、aywl、ayw2和ayw3等6种血清亚型均有分布,其中adr和adw2为优势血清亚型,分别占64.3%和31.4%。基因型B与adw2血清亚型,基因型C与adr血清亚型有非常密切的基因相关性。280例HBV携带者表面抗原基因序列每100个核苷酸的平均置换频数为2.94。基因型B(adw2血清亚型）毒株核苷酸置换频数为5.63(5.48）,而基因型C（adr血清亚型）仅为1.6(1.51）。结论 HBV基因型和血清亚型的分布均有明显的地区性;基因型B及相对应的adw2血清亚型毒株的基因可变性明显高于基因型C及相应的adr血清亚型。     

一起氟乙酰胺蓄积性中毒分析

氟乙酰胺急性中毒时有发生 ,其中毒者临床表现与实验室诊断技术已为预防医学工作者所掌握 ,但氟乙酰胺蓄积性中毒十分罕见 ,经检索国内尚无个案报道。现就集宁市发生的一起氟乙酰胺蓄积性中毒分析报告如下。患者男性 6 3岁 ,2 0 0 1年 6月 2 0日由家属陪送入院 ,主诉神志有时不清 ,妄语 ,肢体阵发性抽搐 ,大小便失禁 ,视力模糊 ,病史已有 4个多月 ,院方即按颠痫收住入院 ,经过 1周对症治疗但疗效甚微 ,遂建议其转入精神病院 ,经精神病专家会诊 ,发现患者有接触鼠药史 ,于是要求卫生防疫部门协助检验。该病例系鼠药商贩 ,同时经销数种鼠药 ,…     

四川遂宁地区居民乙肝病毒基因型别分析

目的了解遂宁地区人群乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)基因型及血清亚型流行特征。方法在遂宁6个县级行政区域内共采集血清样本1 468人份筛出HBsAg检测阳性的血清样本,用巢氏PCR法扩增提取HBV DNA S区,根据PCR产物基因测序结果对样本HBV进行基因分型。结果测出基因序列118例HBsAg阳性标本中,B基因型40例(33.89%),C基因型73例(61.86%),D基因型5例(4.23%),未发现BCD以外的其他基因型。42份(35.59%)血清亚型分型为adr型,76份(64.41%)为adw型。结论遂宁地区乙肝病毒基因型别以B、C为主要基因型,其中C型基因占优势,存在少量D基因型。血清亚型的分布以adr\adw亚型为主,其中adw亚型占优势。