哈尔滨市空气污染对小学生呼吸系统疾病的影响

研究哈尔滨市空气污染对儿童呼吸系统疾病的影响,为帮助人们认识空气污染对儿童呼吸系统健康危害提供参考.方法 运用现场流行病学调查方法,对哈尔滨市大气污染水平不同的2个地区的1 038名小学生进行了健康问卷调查,收集哈尔滨市2004-2010年空气质量监测资料,采用Excel 2003和SPSS 13.0统计软件进行统计学分析.结果 对2个研究区居住年限超过3a的5~13岁866名小学生2010年呼吸系统疾病发病情况进行分析发现,儿童呼吸系统总疾病,以及哮喘、慢性咽炎/喉炎、扁桃体炎、肺炎、过敏性鼻炎的标化发生率为污染区高于对照区(x2值分别为58.90,4.33,7.50,7.50,26.14,7.43,P值均<0.05).2个研究区儿童呼吸系统疾病发生危险性Logistic分析结果显示,污染区高于对照区,污染区呼吸系统总疾病发生危险性是对照区的1.109倍,小学生6种呼吸系统疾病发生危险性表现为污染区是对照区的1.024~1.569倍.结论 大气污染对儿童呼吸系统产生了一定的危害.     

老年慢性疾病病人的心理护理

老年慢性疾病病人的心理护理安徽省祁门县医院唐勇招祁门县医院干部病房自１９８４年８月至１９９４年２月共收治慢性病病人３８５例，其中慢性呼吸系统疾病１４１例，其它为高血压、糖尿病、颈椎病、癌症晚期等疾病，其中男性３６３例，女性２２例。平均年龄６５岁。随着...     

我国糖尿病的发病和死亡趋势及其疾病负担研究

利用流行病学，卫生统计学及卫生经济学方法，对近年来我国糖尿病的发病和死亡趋势及疾病负担进行研究。结果表明，糖尿病患病率增加明显，１９９６年与１９８０年相比增长约５倍，城市和农村糖尿病死亡率的年均增长率分别为７．８５％和７．２５％，住院病例数的年增长率分别高达２１％和１９％。预计未来几年内仍将按这一趋势增长。１９９０年我国因糖尿病所致的残疾调整生命年损失为７６．６万人年，由此造成的间接社会经济损失高     

济南市2015-2020年4类重大慢性病死亡水平及早死概率变化趋势分析

目的:分析2015-2020年济南市4类重大慢性病早死概率的特点及其变化趋势。方法:利用2015-2020年济南市的死因监测资料和人口资料,应用简略寿命表法、Joinpoint回归法等方法,分析4类重大慢性病早死概率的特点及变化趋势。结果:2015-2020年4类重大慢性病的粗死亡率、标化死亡率变化范围分别为568.6...     

印度主要慢性非传染性疾病负担研究

目的:通过对印度四种主要慢性非传染性疾病:冠心病、脑卒中、糖尿病、癌症流行病学特点和卫生经济学描述,来研究其疾病经济负担。方法:以世界银行提出的评价体系——伤残调整健康生命年(DALY)和生命损失年(YLL)为评价指标。对印度四种主要非传染性疾病负担以及风险因素进行评估。结果:研究发现2004年,印度全国因冠心病损失的DALY为600万;因脑卒中损失的DALY达637万;因糖尿病损失的DALY为226万;因癌症损失的DALY为539万。与1998年的数据相比增长速度均在10%左右,这与印度的人口结构及社会经济发展、生活水平的提高有密切联系。     

室内外空气污染与中风死亡分布的描述性研究

本文运用描述流行病学方法初步探讨了上海市不同空气污染条件下8个社区的中风死亡率(1978～1987)的时空分布及其与室内外空气污染的关系.结果表明中风死亡率与大气污染水平无明显关系,但发现在相同大气污染条件下,燃煤社区的中风死亡率明显高于燃气社区,提示燃煤型室内空气污染可能是中风的重要诱发因素之一.     

2009～2018年大连市甘井子区4类主要慢性病死亡情况及其变化趋势分析

目的 了解大连市甘井子区恶性肿瘤、心血管疾病、糖尿病和慢性呼吸系统疾病4类主要慢性病的死亡率、早死概率及其变化趋势,为卫生健康行政部门制定科学的慢性病综合防控措施提供依据.方法 利用2009～2018年甘井子区全人群死因监测数据,计算粗死亡率、标化死亡率、年度变化百分比(APC);应用WHO推荐方法 计算慢性病早死概率...     

1990-2019年中国慢性呼吸系统疾病死亡情况及变化趋势

目的:分析1990-2019年我国慢性呼吸系统疾病（CRD）死亡情况及其变化趋势。方法:利用2019年全球疾病负担（GBD）中国分省研究结果,采用GBD2019世界标准人口对CRD死亡率进行标化,应用Joinpoint 4.8.0.1软件计算各类CRD死亡人数及标化死亡率的平均年度变化百分比（AAPC）,基于GBD比较...     

1990-2019年中国室外臭氧暴露致慢性阻塞性肺部疾病的疾病负担分析

目的 分析1990-2019年中国室外臭氧暴露致慢性阻塞性肺部疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)的疾病负担.方法 基于2019年全球疾病负担研究(global burden of disease study,GBD)数据,分析1990-2019年中国室外臭氧暴露...     

济南市空气污染对呼吸系统疾病门诊量的影响

目的探讨空气污染对济南市某医院呼吸系统疾病的短期影响及在人群中的差异。方法收集济南市某医院2010年1月1日至2012年12月31日呼吸系统疾病门诊资料、同期气象及空气污染数据,采用分布滞后非线性模型和温度分层等方法研究空气污染的滞后效应及其与气温的交互作用。结果空气污染当日即可引起呼吸系统门诊量升高,且效应可持续18 d;空气污染指数每升高10时,14 d累积效应可使呼吸系统门诊量增加4.26%(95%CI:1.89%~6.69%);将日最高气温按照P10和P90分为低、中、高3个水平后,空气污染指数每升高10可使呼吸系统疾病门诊量分别增加0.24%(95%CI:-4.65%~5.39%),2.54%(95%CI:0.55%~4.57%)和11.24%(95%CI:4.69%~18.20%),其中高温与空气污染的交互作用有统计学意义(P0.05),且在0~14岁人群中效应更明显。结论空气污染加重会导致呼吸系统疾病门诊人数升高且持续时间较长,并与高温有交互作用。提示高温天气时更应加强对空气污染的防护,尤其应关注儿童等脆弱人群。     

吸烟与室内空气污染的交互作用对慢性阻塞性肺部疾病影响的分析

目的 了解浙江省桐乡地区慢性阻塞性肺部疾病（COPD）患病率,分析吸烟与室内空气污染交互作用对COPD患病的影响。方法 随机抽取桐乡市崇福、洲泉、高桥、石门、乌镇5个乡镇所有30～79岁人群进行问卷、体格检查和肺功能检测。以第一秒用力肺活量最大值/肺活量最大值（FEV_1max/FVC_max）≤0.7确诊为COPD,运用logistic回归模型分析吸烟、室内空气污染与COPD的关系,评价吸烟与室内空气污染之间的相乘交互作用;采用引入Andersson等编制的Excel表计算相加交互作用。结果 桐乡市COPD总患病率为6.6%,调整年龄、文化程度、职业、婚姻、年收入、BMI、腰臀比等因素后,多因素logistic回归分析发现：男性人群中目前已戒烟人群、开始吸烟年龄<25岁人群患COPD危险性高;女性人群中吸烟量每天<15 g、吸烟时吸入口腔或咽喉部相对于从不吸烟人群,患COPD危险性均上升。交互作用分析显示：使用柴/炭/煤、煤饼、煤球等做饭燃料与当前或曾经经常吸烟存在相乘交互作用,女性人群做饭时未使用烟囱或排烟装置与当前或曾经经常吸烟存在相加交互作用。结论 桐乡地区COPD患病率接近全国平均水平,女性吸烟人群患COPD的危险性高于男性,居民通过改善厨房通风条件及排烟设施,使用清洁能源煤气、天然气、电做饭,积极控烟将有利于预防COPD的发生。     

上海市大气污染对不同特征居民呼吸疾病就诊人数影响

  目的  探究黑龙江省牡丹江市大气污染对不同年龄、性别居民呼吸疾病就诊人数影响以及季节性变化,为牡丹江市因大气污染致呼吸疾病的防治提供理论依据。  方法  选择牡丹江市各医院2015年1月 — 2016年12月期间于呼吸科就诊的8 943 515例门诊、急诊就诊人员,采用半参广义相加模型（GAM）分析空气中二氧化硫（SO₂）、可吸入颗粒物（PM_2.5）、二氧化氮（NO₂）等主要大气污染物对不同年龄、性别居民呼吸疾病就诊人数影响。  结果  PM_2.5、NO₂、SO₂作为危险因子,对全人群呼吸系统疾病的最佳滞后天数分别为lag1、lag2、lag0,且污染物每增加增加10 μg/m³对应的ER（95 % CI）分别为3.981%（2.746 ~ 5.216%）、6.938 %（5.017 % ~ 8.859 %）、9.873 %（7.454 % ~12.292 %）;大气污染对女性呼吸系统的影响明显高于男性,儿童和老人更易受大气污染物的影响,其中PM_2.5每升高10 μg/m³,男性儿童（≤ 18岁）、成人（19 ~ 64岁）和老人（≥ 65岁）的呼吸系统就诊例数分别升高 3.308 %（95 % CI = 2.331% ~ 4.285%）、1.667 %（95 % CI = 0.821% ~2.521%）、2.912 %（95 % CI = 2.149 % ~ 3.675 %）,女性分别升高 3.517 %（95 % CI = 2.362 % ~ 4.672 %）、1.839 %（95 % CI = 0.985 % ~ 2.639 %）、3.233 %（95 % CI = 2.459 % ~ 4.007 %）,SO₂、NO₂仅对儿童与老年人群的呼吸系统疾病有影响,对成年人无明显影响。  结论  牡丹江市大气污染对女性呼吸系统的影响显著高于男性,同时对≥ 65岁老人以及≤ 18岁儿童呼吸系统的影响明显高于成年人。     

大气污染与主要癌症相关性研究进展

大气污染是癌症明确的危险因素,对人类的健康构成严重威胁。本文介绍了大气污染的组成成分和WHO与我国的空气质量标准,并总结了国内外对于大气污染与肺癌、乳腺癌和膀胱癌等主要癌症的关联性的最新研究。     

新装修居室内空气中甲醛污染状况调查分析

目的：了解新装修后居室内空气中甲醛污染状况及来源。方法：对11套普通新装修住宅采用酚试剂分光光度法测定居室内空气中甲醛浓度。结果：11套新装修住宅共测定样品36件，样品合格率为36．1％，其中装修后家具装饰齐全的住宅北屋的样品合格率最低。结论：新装修居室甲醛污染状况严重，室内甲醛污染不仅主要是由装修后家具装饰所引起，而且还与居室内环境条件有关，夏季气温高，相对湿度大，甲醛释放量达到最高，空气中甲醛浓度会随着时间的延长而缓慢下降，装修后不应急于人住，要坚持室内通风换气，当室内空气中甲醛浓度检测合格后再人住，减少由于室内甲醛浓度超标给住户带来的健康危害。     

The burden of disease from indoor air pollution in developing countries: comparison of estimates

Four different methods have been applied to estimate the burden of disease due to indoor air pollution from household solid fuel use in developing countries (LDCs). The largest number of estimates involves applying exposure-response information from urban ambient air pollution studies to estimate indoor exposure concentrations of particulate air pollution. Another approach is to construct child survival curves using the results of large-scale household surveys, as has been done for India. A third approach involves cross-national analyses of child survival and household fuel use. The fourth method, referred to as the 'fuel-based' approach, which is explored in more depth here, involves applying relative risk estimates from epidemiological studies that use exposure surrogates, such as fuel type, to estimates of household solid fuel use to determine population attributable fractions by disease and age group. With this method and conservative assumptions about relative risks, 4-5 percent of the global LDC totals for both deaths and DALYs (disability adjusted life years) from acute respiratory infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tuberculosis, asthma, lung cancer, ischaemic heart disease, and blindness can be attributed to solid fuel use in developing countries. Acute respiratory infections in children under five years of age are the largest single category of deaths (64%) and DALYs (81%) from indoor air pollution, apparently being responsible globally for about 1.2 million premature deaths annually in the early 1990s.     

Cardiorespiratory health effects associated with sulphurous volcanic air pollution

OBJECTIVE: To investigate cardiorespiratory health effects associated with chronic exposure to volcanogenic sulphur dioxide (SO2) and fine sulphate particle (< or = 0.3 microm) air pollution emitted from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. STUDY DESIGN: Environmental-epidemiological cross-sectional study. METHODS: An air study was conducted to measure exposure levels in the downwind area, and to confirm non-exposure in a reference area. Cross-sectional health data were collected from 335 adults, > or = 20 years of age, who had resided for > or = 7 years in the study areas. Prevalence was estimated for cardiorespiratory signs, and self-reported symptoms and diseases. Logistic regression analysis estimated effect measures between exposed and unexposed groups considering potential confounding including age, gender, race, smoking, dust and body mass index (BMI). Student's t-tests compared mean differences in blood pressure (BP), pulse and respiratory rates. RESULTS: There were statistically significant positive associations between chronic exposure and increased prevalence of cough, phlegm, rhinorrhoea, sore/dry throat, sinus congestion, wheezing, eye irritation and bronchitis. The magnitude of the associations differed according to SO2 and fine sulphate particulate exposure. Group analyses found no differences in pulse rate or BP; however, significantly faster mean pulse rates were detected in exposed non-medicated, non-smoking participants with BMI <25, and in participants aged > or = 65 years. Higher mean systolic BP was found in exposed participants with BMI <25. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term residency in active degassing volcanic areas may have an adverse effect on cardiorespiratory health in adults. Further study at Kilauea is recommended, and the authors encourage investigations in communities near active volcanoes worldwide. Public health interventions of community education, and smoking prevention and cessation are suggested.     

Urbanization and non-communicable disease in Southeast Asia: a review of current evidence

ObjectiveNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) have been highlighted as a major public health issue in the Southeast (SE) Asian region. One of the major socio-environmental factors that are considered to be associated with such a rise in NCDs is urbanization. Urbanization is associated with behavioural changes such as eating an unhealthy diet, and a decrease in physical activities, which may result in associated obesity. The SE Asian region also has a substantive burden of infectious disease such as HIV and malaria, which may modify associations between urbanization and development of NCDs.Study designA systematic review was conducted until April 2013.MethodsUsing four databases: EMBASE, PubMed, GlobalHealth and DigitalJournal, the systematic review pools existing evidence on urban-rural gradients in NCD prevalence/incidence.ResultsThe study found that in SE Asia, urban exposure was positively associated with coronary heart disease, diabetes and respiratory diseases in children. Urban exposure was negatively associated with rheumatic heart diseases. The stages of economic development may also modify the association between urbanization and NCDs such as diabetes.ConclusionThere was pronounced heterogeneity between associations. It is recommended that future studies examine the major constituents of NCDs separately and also focus on the interplay between lifestyle and infectious risk factors for NCDs. Prospective studies are needed to understand the diverse causal pathways between urbanization and NCDs in SE Asia.     

Wildfire air pollution and daily mortality in a large urban area

Unusual air pollution episodes, such as when smoke from wildfires covers a large urban area, can be used to attempt to detect associations between short-term increases in particulate matter (PM) concentrations and subsequent mortality without relying on the sophisticated statistical models that are typically required in the absence of such episodes. The objective of this study was to explore whether acute increases in PM concentrations from wildfire smoke cause acute increases in daily mortality. The temporal patterns of daily nonaccidental deaths and daily cardiorespiratory deaths for June of 2002 in the Denver metropolitan area were examined and compared to those in two nearby counties in Colorado that were not affected by the wildfire smoke and to daily deaths in Denver in June of 2001. Abrupt increases in PM concentrations in Denver occurred on 2 days in June of 2002 as a result of wildfire smoke drifting over the Denver area. Small peaks in mortality corresponded to both of the PM peaks, but the first mortality peak also corresponded to a peak of mortality in the control counties, and cardiorespiratory deaths began to increase on the day before the second peak. Further, there was no detectable increase in cardiorespiratory deaths in the hours immediately following the PM peaks. Although the findings from this study do not rule out the possibility of small increases in mortality due to abrupt and dramatic increases in PM concentrations from wildfire smoke, in a population of over 2 million people no perceptible increases in daily mortality could be attributed to such events.     

大气污染与儿科呼吸系统疾病住院人数关系

目的 探讨深圳市主要大气污染物与儿科呼吸系统疾病住院人数的关系.方法 收集深圳市某医院2006年1月1日-2006年12月31日儿科呼吸系统疾病(上呼吸道感染、肺炎)住院人数资料,结合同时期环境监测和气象资料,进行直线相关回归分析,分析大气污染物对儿科呼吸系统疾病住院人数的影响.结果 大气中的可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))、NO_2和O_3月浓度与儿童上呼吸道感染住院人数呈正相关(r为0.650,0.820和0.766,P＜0.05);大气中的NO_2和O_3月浓度与儿童肺炎住院人数呈正相关(r为0.719和0.692,P＜0.05).PM_(10)浓度每增加10μg/m~3,儿科上呼吸道感染住院人数增加0.135%;NO_2浓度每增加10μg/m~3,儿科上呼吸道感染和肺炎住院人数分别增加0.254%和1.129%;O_3浓度每增加10μg/m~3时,儿科上呼吸道感染和肺炎住院人数分别增加0.173%和0.794%.结论 深圳市大气污染物PM_(10)、NO_2和O_3污染对儿童呼吸系统造成一定的损伤,并导致相应疾病住院人数的增加,可能与NO_2和O_3的关系尤为密切.