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1.
Mustafa Ozsutcu Gokhan Gulkilik Emre Ayintap Muhammed Altinisik Goktug Demirci Cengiz Aras 《Case reports in ophthalmology》2013,4(1):7-10
Purpose
To report 2 eyes of a patient which developed vitreomacular traction (VMT) 1 month after intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection.Materials and Methods
A 45-year-old female with bilateral diffuse diabetic macular edema (DME) received bilateral IVB.Results
Her initial visual acuity (VA) was 0.15 and 0.2 in OD and OS, respectively. Central foveal thickness (CFT) was 568 and 662 µm in OD and OS, respectively, without any sign of VMT. Both eyes responded well initially but developed VMT at 1 month. This time, intravitreal triamcinolone (IVTA) injection was performed. One month after IVTA injection, VMT was released and CFT decreased to 163 and 181 µm in OD and OS, respectively. Six months after IVTA injection, CFT was 163 and 153 µm, and VA was 0.7 and 0.9 in OD and OS, respectively.Conclusion
In eyes with DME and attached posterior vitreous, VMT may develop after IVB injection and increase edema. IVTA injection might be an option to release VMT before considering vitrectomy.Key Words: Bevacizumab, Diabetic macular edema, Posterior vitreous, Vitreomacular traction 相似文献2.
Purpose
To compare the long-term efficacy and safety of intravitreal triamcinolon with or without rescue laser therapy (intravitreal triamcinolone injection [IVTA] group), bevacizumab with or without rescue laser treatment (intravitreal bevacizumab injection [IVB] group), or a combination of both with or without rescue laser therapy (IVTA + IVB group), with standard care for patients with macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).Methods
We reviewed the medical records of 151 patients treated with intravitreal injection with or without rescue laser for treatment of macular edema caused by BRVO, and who were followed up at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. During the observation period, rescue grid laser or repeated intravitreal injection with initial drug was performed if recurrence of macular edema was confirmed. Visual acuity, change in visual acuity, and intraocular pressure were compared in each phase.Results
Totals of 16%, 5.6%, and 0% of participants in the three groups showed significant visual loss of more than three lines of the Snellen chart at last follow-up. The IVTA group was the least effective treatment modality, with statistical significance. The development rates of elevated intraocular pressure were similar among the groups.Conclusions
Although IVTA yielded effects similar to those of standard grid photocoagulation based on the Standard Care vs Corticosteroid for Retinal Vein Occlusion study, IVB or IVTA + IVB with or without rescue laser treatment resulted in improvement in visual acuity at 24 months after the start of treatment and was associated with few serious adverse side effects. Thus, these approaches could be useful for treating macular edema arising secondary to BRVO. 相似文献3.
Min Woo Kim Haein Moon Sung Jae Yang Soo Geun Joe 《Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO》2016,30(1):25-31
Purpose
To evaluate the effects of posterior subtenon triamcinolone acetonide injection on refractory diabetic macular edema (DME) after intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection failure.Methods
Patients with DME and central subfield thickness (CST) >300 µm who did not respond to IVB injections were retrospectively included. Specifically, we enrolled patients who were diagnosed with refractory DME and who experienced an increase in CST after 1 to 2 IVB injections or no decrease after ≥3 consecutive IVB injections. One clinician injected 20 mg of triamcinolone acetonide into the posterior subtenon space. All patients received ophthalmic examinations at baseline and at 2, 4, and 6 months post-baseline. Examinations included Snellen visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.Results
Forty eyes of 34 patients were included. The average baseline CST was 476 µm. The average CST decreased to 368 µm at 2 months, 374 µm at 4 months, and 427 µm at 6 months (p < 0.001 for all results, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). The average intraocular pressure increased from 15.50 to 16.92 mmHg at 2 months but decreased to 16.30 mmHg at 4 months and 15.65 mmHg at 6 months. Logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity improved from 0.56 to 0.50 at 2 months (p = 0.023), 0.50 at 4 months (p = 0.083), and 0.48 at 6 months (p = 0.133, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). No complications were detected.Conclusions
Posterior subtenon triamcinolone acetonide is an effective and safe treatment for reducing CST in DME refractory to IVB. 相似文献4.
Purpose
We present the case of a young woman with optic disc drusen and peripheral vasculitis.Methods
Diagnosis was based on fundoscopic, optical coherence tomography as well as fluorescein angiography (FA) findings.Results
An asymptomatic 34-year-old female patient with no systemic pathology was referred to our hospital from her optician for retinal findings. Fundoscopy revealed mild disc swelling that could be attributed to the presence of optic disc drusen in both eyes. There was fundoscopic evidence of periphlebitis in the periphery confirmed by FA findings.Conclusions
In our case, the unique feature was the presence of optic disc drusen and retinal periphlebitis. The patient''s disc configuration may have contributed to a predisposition for vasculitis in addition to vessel tortuosity.Key words: Optic disc drusen, Retinal periphlebitis, Optical coherence tomography 相似文献5.
Purpose
Role of intravitreal injection of dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex) for refractory macular thickening.Methods
A case report of a 13-year-old boy with Rhodopsin-positive, CRB1-negative retinitis pigmentosa presenting with Coat''s-like exudative vitreoretinopathy and treatment-resistant cystoid macular oedema.Results
A reduction in the macular thickening following a single injection of Ozurdex.Conclusion
We present our experience in successful treatment of refractory macular oedema with intravitreal injection of dexamethasone implant resulting in clinically significant resolution of macular thickening. 相似文献6.
Purpose
We report a case of macroaneurysm on the optic disc, a rare location, accompanied by vitreous hemorrhage in a patient with aortic dissection.Methods
A 60-year-old female with a history of aortic dissection at the age of 51 presented with visual disturbance owing to vitreous hemorrhage in her right eye. During vitrectomy, we found a large macroaneurysm on the optic disc that was beating and oozing blood. However, the macroaneurysm was not treated.Results
The macroaneurysm gradually shrunk, and the beating and oozing of blood disappeared accordingly.Conclusion
Up to now, there have been no reports of macroaneurysm on the optic disc in aortic dissection patients. The association between macroaneurysm on the optic disc and aortic dissection is unclear; therefore, additional case reports may be necessary. To the best of our knowledge, our case is the first one reported in the literature.Key words: Macroaneurysm, Optic disc, Aortic dissection 相似文献7.
Kyungmin Lee Heeyoung Chung Youngsuk Park Joonhong Sohn 《Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO》2014,28(4):298-305
Purpose
To determine if short term effects of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor or steroid injection are correlated with fluid turbidity, as detected by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in diabetic macular edema (DME) patients.Methods
A total of 583 medical records were reviewed and 104 cases were enrolled. Sixty eyes received a single intravitreal bevacizumab injection (IVB) on the first attack of DME and 44 eyes received triamcinolone acetonide treatment (IVTA). Intraretinal fluid turbidity in DME patients was estimated with initialintravitreal SD-OCT and analyzed with color histograms from a Photoshop program. Central macular thickness and visual acuity using a logarithm from the minimum angle of resolution chart, were assessed at the initial period and 2 months after injections.Results
Visual acuity and central macular thickness improved after injections in both groups. In the IVB group, visual acuity and central macular thickness changed less as the intraretinal fluid became more turbid. In the IVTA group, visual acuity underwent less change while central macular thickness had a greater reduction (r = -0.675, p = 0.001) as the intraretinal fluid was more turbid.Conclusions
IVB and IVTA injections were effective in reducing central macular thickness and improving visual acuity in DME patients. Further, fluid turbidity, which was detected by SD-OCT may be one of the indexes that highlight the influence of the steroid-dependent pathogenetic mechanism. 相似文献8.
Gas tamponade combined with laser photocoagulation therapy for congenital optic disc pit maculopathy
Purpose
To evaluate the long-term clinical efficacy and safety of gas tamponade combined with laser photocoagulation for optic disc pit maculopathy.Methods
Seven consecutive patients with unilateral maculopathy associated with optic disc pit and one patient with bilateral optic disc pit maculopathy were given octafluoropropane (C3F8) tamponade combined with focal laser photocoagulation treatment. Patients were followed up for 21–62 months after treatment. Main outcomes were determined by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA).Results
Treatment with C3F8 tamponade followed by laser photocoagulation in ODP maculopathy patients resulted in resolution of sub-retinal and/or intra-retinal fluid in six out of eight patients. The remaining two patients had significant reduction in fluid, as determined by OCT, and funduscopy, as well as an improvement in anatomical architecture. Visual acuity improved obviously in seven eyes and remained stable in two eyes. Central visual field loss after photocoagulation was not clinically appreciable by visual field examination. No post-operative complications of maculopathy occurred during the follow-up period.Conclusions
Although repeated treatment was needed in some patients, C3F8 tamponade combined with laser photocoagulation is still a simple, effective, minimally invasive, and economic therapy for optic disc pit maculopathy. 相似文献9.
Purpose
To evaluate the correlation between optic disc parameters and birth weight or gestational age in premature infants.Methods
RetCam fundal images were taken of 97 premature infants who needed screening for retinopathy of prematurity and who had no ischemic brain injury. The images were taken at a postmenstrual age of 36 weeks and analyzed. The optic disc cup to disc ratio, optic disc area, rim area, and cup to disc area ratio were calculated using image analysis. We evaluated the relationship between these optic disc parameters and gestational age or birth weight.Results
The optic cup to disc ratio was less than 0.15 in 139 eyes (71.6%) and 0.5 or more in six eyes (3.1%). The optic cup disc area ratio was less than 0.05 in 146 eyes (75.3%) and 0.3 or more in four eyes (2.1%). On evaluating the association between optic disc parameters and gestational age or birth weight, optic disc cup to disc ratio, optic disc area, rim area, and cup to disc area ratio did not show significant relationships.Conclusion
The optic disc parameters of premature infants had no correlation with birth weight and gestational age. 相似文献10.
Purpose
To report a case of bilateral posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) in a patient with severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).Design
Observational case report.Participant
A 35-year-old male who suffered bilateral visual loss during a severe episode of DKA.Methods
Neuro-ophthalmological examination, neuroimaging consisting of a CT scan and MRI of the brain and orbits, as well as a MRA of brain vessels.Results
Bilateral PION was diagnosed in a 35-year-old male with no light perception vision, who emerged from a coma caused by severe DKA. The patient developed optic nerve pallor in both eyes 4 weeks after the initial examination. Visual acuity with no light perception in both eyes remained unchanged after 6 months’ follow-up.Conclusions
Severe DKA can be complicated by bilateral PION, resulting in total blindness.Key Words: Diabetes, Ketoacidosis, Neuropathy, Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy 相似文献11.
Purpose
Leber''s miliary aneurysm is a variant of Coats’ disease and similar to type 1 idiopathic macular telangiectasia. A recent report showed that an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (IVB) was effective in an adult patient with type 1 idiopathic macular telangiectasia. We describe our experience with an adult patient with a macular edema caused by Leber''s miliary aneurysm, which had not been resolved by prior retinal laser photocoagulation, who underwent IVB.Methods
We investigated the ocular characteristics of the patient before and after a single administration of IVB.Results
The macular edema had partially improved 1 month after IVB, but then it worsened. We performed laser photocoagulation to treat the aneurysms near the fovea. The macular edema improved, but there was no improvement in visual acuity.Conclusion
In this patient, the effect of IVB was limited.Key words: Bevacizumab, Intravitreal injection, Leber''s miliary aneurysm, Macular edema 相似文献12.
A Case of Choroidal Neovascularization Secondary to Unilateral Retinal Pigment Epithelium Dysgenesis
Tsuyoshi Shimoyama Hisanori Imai Shigeru Honda Akira Negi 《Case reports in ophthalmology》2014,5(1):34-37
Aim
To report a case of choroidal neovascularization secondary to unilateral retinal pigment epithelium dysgenesis (URPED), which was resistant to posterior subtenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide (STTA) and intravitreal bevacizumab injection (IVB).Case Report
An 8-year-old boy was referred to us because of a unilateral unique clinical appearance on funduscopic examination in his left eye (OS). A geometric lesion at the retinal pigment epithelium level of the interpapillomacular area was disclosed OS. The optic nerve was slightly hyperemic OS. Findings from the right fundus examination were normal. Based on these characteristic findings, he was diagnosed as having URPED. Best corrected Landolt ring chart visual acuity (BCVA) was 1.0 in both eyes. Twenty-three months after the first visit, the patient presented with visual disturbance OS. Funduscopic examination showed an expansion of the geometric lesion and the development of a subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV). BCVA was 0.4 OS. Two-time STTA (40 mg/1 ml) was performed at the onset of CNV and 6 months later, and additional IVB (1.25 mg/0.05 ml) was done 10 months later for the treatment of CNV, but the geometric lesion and CNV were resistant to the treatment and continued to expand. Seven years after the first visit, the geometric lesion and the CNV kept expanding steadily.Conclusion
URPED is a rare clinical entity, and the prognosis of this disease is still unclear. The visual prognosis may depend on whether CNV fully develops.Key words: Unilateral retinal pigment epithelium dysgenesis, Anti-VEGF, Bevacizumab, Choroidal neovascularization, Triamcinolone, Fundus autofluorescence 相似文献13.
A Koytak M Altinisik E Sogutlu Sari O Artunay J C Umurhan Akkan K Tuncer 《Eye (London, England)》2013,27(6):716-721
Purpose
The aim of this study is to compare the therapeutic effect of a single intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection in eyes with diabetic macular oedema (DMO) of different patterns determined by optical coherence tomography (OCT).Methods
Medical records of patients who had a single IVB injection for DMO were analysed retrospectively. Eyes with a clinically significant DMO and a central foveal thickness (CFT) of 250 μm or more determined by OCT were included in the analysis. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), CFT and total macular volume values before and after the injection were recorded. Eyes were divided into sponge-like diffuse retinal thickening (DRT), cystoid macular oedema (CMO) and serous retinal detachment (SRD) groups according to the morphology on OCT.Results
A total of 92 eyes (42 with DRT, 31 with CMO and 19 with SRD) were included in the study. There was no statistically significant variation between three groups regarding the change in BCVA (P=0.695). CMO and SRD groups had greater reductions in their mean CFT, and the amount of reduction showed statistically significant variation between three groups (P=0.048). However, no statistically significant difference was found between groups in terms of percentage of change in CFT (P=0.278).Conclusion
CMO and SRD subtypes are associated with a greater reduction in the CFT than the DRT subtype. Although the change in BCVA was not significantly different between groups, the DRT group showed markedly better visual improvement in proportion to the decrease in CFT. 相似文献14.
Purpose
To determine the morphologic features of the optic disc and the location of visual field (VF) defect in relation to posterior staphyloma in normal tension glaucoma (NTG) eyes with myopia.Methods
One hundred and thirty-four NTG patients with myopia were enrolled. B-scan ultrasonography was performed in enrolled patients. Disc tilt ratio, disc torsion, and area of peripapillary atrophy were measured from disc photographs. Patients were classified according to the presence of posterior staphyloma and its location: staphyloma involving the optic disc, staphyloma involving either the supero-temporal side of the optic disc or the infero-temporal side of the optic disc. The relationship between the location of the posterior staphyloma and that of the VF defect was analyzed.Results
Among 134 eyes, 74 eyes (55.2%) had posterior staphyloma on B-scan ultrasonography. Mean torsion degree was significantly greater in eyes with staphyloma involving the temporal side of the optic disc (19.78±18.00°) compared with eyes with staphyloma involving the optic disc (4.65±4.92°, P=0.001). The frequency of the location of VF damage differed significantly between eyes with staphyloma involving the supero-temporal side and those involving the infero-temporal side of the optic disc (P=0.008), which was not significant in eyes with staphyloma involving the optic disc (P=0.813).Conclusions
Optic disc torsion was a prominent finding in myopic NTG eyes when posterior staphyloma was located temporal to the optic disc. The location of posterior staphyloma was related to the direction of disc torsion and the location of VF defect. 相似文献15.
Purpose
The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with the signal strengths (SS, image quality scores) of optic disc and macular images obtained using Cirrus spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT).Methods
Ninety-two glaucomatous eyes were imaged using the Cirrus OCT macular and optic disc cube modes after pupil dilation. The influences of patient age, spherical equivalent, cataract presence, and cataract and glaucoma severity (visual field mean deviation), on the SS of images obtained using the two cube modes were compared between patients whose images showed high SS (SS ≥7) and low SS (SS <7).Results
The signal strength was significantly higher in images obtained using the macular cube compared to the optic disc cube mode (7.8 ± 1.3 vs. 6.9 ± 1.1, respectively; p = 0.001). Age and visual acuity of patients differed significantly between the high- and low-SS groups when data acquired using the optic disc (p = 0.027 and 0.012, respectively) and macular cube modes (p = 0.046 and 0.014, respectively) were analyzed. When the optic disc cube mode was employed, the extent of cataracts was significantly related to SS, whereas when the macular cube mode was used, none of the factors analyzed was significantly associated with SS.Conclusions
Age, visual acuity, and the extent of cataracts were significantly associated with images of higher SS when the Cirrus OCT optic disc cube mode was employed. 相似文献16.
Purpose
To review and evaluate the effects of intravitreal bevacizumab injection (IVB) in centralserous chorioretinopathy (CSC) by meta-analysis.Patients and methods
Clinical controlled studies that evaluated the effect of IVB in CSC were identified through systematic searches of Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Data on the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in logMAR and central macular thickness (CMT) in μm at baseline and 6 months after IVB were extracted and compared with those treated by simple observation.Results
Four clinical controlled studies were included in the meta-analysis. The IVB injection group achieved better BCVA at a follow-up of 6 months. However, the analysis showed that there were no significant differences of BCVA at 6 months after injection between IVB group and the observation group (−0.02 logMAR, 95% CI −0.14 to 0.11, P=0.80). The analysis of the reduction in CMT revealed that the difference between groups was not statistically significant (−8.37 μm, 95% CI −97.26 to 80.52, P=0.85). No report assessed severe complications or side effects of IVB in patients with CSC.Conclusions
Meta-analysis failed to verify the positive effect of IVB in CSC based on the epidemiological literature published to date. 相似文献17.
Matrix γ-carboxyglutamate protein and Fetuin-A, in wet type age-related macular degeneration 下载免费PDF全文
Alireza Javadzadeh Amir Ghorbanihaghjo Ebadolah Heidari Nader Baharivan Karim Sadeghi Rana Sorkhabi Mohammad Hossein Ahoor 《国际眼科》2015,8(3):556-559
AIM:To compare therapeutic effects of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) versus intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injections for bilateral diffuse diabetic macular edema (DDME).METHODS: Forty eyes of 20 patients with bilateral DDME participated in this study. For each patient, 4 mg/0.1 mL IVTA was injected to one eye and 2.5 mg/0.1 mL IVB was injected to the other eye. The effects of injection for diabetic macular edema (DME) were evaluated using best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT) by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) by applanation tonometer. Patients underwent eye examinations, including BCVA, CMT, and IOP at pre-injection, 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24wk after injection. During the follow-up, second injections were performed to eyes which have CMT greater than 400 µm at 12wk for salvage therapy.RESULTS: BCVA (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) at pre-injection, 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24wk after injection was 0.71±0.19, 0.62±0.23, 0.63±0.12, 0.63±0.13, 0.63±0.14 and 0.61±0.24 in the IVTA group and 0.68±0.25, 0.61±0.22, 0.60±0.24, 0.62±0.25, 0.65±0.26 and 0.59±0.25 in the IVB group, respectively. CMT (μm) at pre-injection, 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24wk after injection was 544±125, 383±96, 335±87, 323±87, 333±92, 335±61 in the IVTA group and 514±100, 431±86, 428±107, 442±106, 478±112, 430±88 in the IVB group respectively. Reduction ratios of mean CMT were 29% at 1wk, 38% at 4wk, 40% at 8wk, 38% at 12wk, and 38% at 24wk in the IVTA group. Second IVTA injections were performed to the 6 eyes (30%) at 12wk. Reduction ratios of mean CMT were 16% at 1wk, 17% at 4wk, 14% at 8wk, 7% at 12wk, and 16% at 24wk in the IVB group. Second IVB injections were performed to the 15 eyes (75%) at 12wk.CONCLUSION:This study showed earlier and more frequent macular edema recurrences in the eyes treated with bevacizumab compared with the ones treated with triamcinolone acetonide. Triamcinolone acetonide was found to provide more efficient and long-standing effect in terms of reducing CMT compared with the bevacizumab. 相似文献
18.
Effect of intravitreal bevacizumab injection before vitrectomy on proliferative diabetic retinopathy 下载免费PDF全文
AIM: To evaluate the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection 1 week before pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients.
METHODS: A retrospective research was done on 46 PDR patients who were divided into PPV group (n=28) and IVB group (n =18, PPV with preoperative IVB). Bevacizumab was injected 1 week before PPV. Main outcome measures were visual acuity, incidence of iatrogenic retinal breaks, intraoperative and postoperative bleeding.
RESULTS: At 1 month after surgery, visual acuity in PPV (82.1%) and IVB group (88.9%) improved significantly (P<0.01) and the difference between the two groups was not significant (P>0.05). Iatrogenic retinal breaks were reported in 18 cases (64.3%) in PPV group and 4 cases (22.2%) in IVB group (P<0.05). Intraoperative bleeding was encountered in all cases in PPV group and 7 cases (39%) in IVB group (P<0.01). Postoperative bleeding was reported in 9 cases (32.1%) in PPV group and none in IVB group (P<0.01).
CONCLUSION: IVB injection before PPV is helpful in reducing iatrogenic retinal breaks, intraoperative and postoperative bleeding in PDR patients. 相似文献
19.
Purpose
To compare the short-term effects of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) with those of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection for diabetic macular edema (DME).Methods
The present retrospective, comparative case study included 58 eyes of 35 consecutive patients (IVTA group, 20 eyes; IVB group, 38 eyes) with DME. IVTA (4 mg) or IVB (1.25 mg) injection was performed under local anesthesia. The effects of injection for DME were evaluated using best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT) by optical coherence tomography and intraocular pressure (IOP) by applanation tonometer. Patients underwent eye examinations, including BCVA, CMT, and IOP at pre-injection, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after injection.Results
BCVA (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) ± SD at pre-injection, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after injection was 0.67 ± 0.40, 0.56 ± 0.35 (p = 0.033), 0.55 ± 0.33 (p = 0.041), and 0.43 ± 0.31 (p = 0.001) in the IVTA group and 0.51 ± 0.31, 0.42 ± 0.26 (p = 0.003), 0.43 ± 0.32 (p = 0.001), and 0.43 ± 0.27 (p = 0.015) in the IVB group, respectively. CMT (µm) ± SD at pre-injection, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after injection was 400.4 ± 94.9, 332.8 ± 47.4 (p = 0.002), 287.5 ± 49.1 (p = 0.007), and 282.5 ± 49.6 (p = 0.043) in the IVTA group and 372.6 ± 99.5, 323.2 ± 72.4 (p = 0.077), 360.9 ± 50.3 (p = 0.668), 368.2 ± 88.6 (p = 0.830) in the IVB group, respectively.Conclusions
The effects of IVTA for BCVA were more favorable than were those of IVB and were consistent throughout the eight weeks after injection. IVTA significantly reduced CMT during the eight weeks after injection, while IVB did not. 相似文献20.
K Shinohara M Moriyama N Shimada N Nagaoka T Ishibashi T Tokoro K Ohno-Matsui 《Eye (London, England)》2013,27(11):1233-1242