噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症的临床进展

<正>噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症(hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,HLH)亦称噬血细胞综合征(hemophagocytic syndrome,HPS)。HLH并非单一疾病,而是一组临床综合征,以高热、肝脾肿大、血细胞减少、病情凶险和死亡率高为其临床特征。近年免疫化学治疗和异基因造血干细胞移植的     

氟达拉滨联合地塞米松治疗血管免疫母细胞性T细胞淋巴瘤继发噬血细胞综合征1例

噬血细胞综合征（hemophagocytic syndrome，HPS）又称噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（hemophagocytic lymphohistio—eytosis，HLH），是一种良性单核细胞、巨噬细胞、组织细胞系统性增生疾病，骨髓或淋巴组织／器官中出现异常增生的组织细胞，吞噬自身血细胞，进而引起多脏器浸润及全血细胞臧少。临床表现为高热、肝脾和（或）淋巴结肿大，全血细胞减少，肝功能异常和凝血功能障碍Ⅲ。病情常发展迅速，若不及时诊断及治疗，预后很差。我们近期应用氟达拉滨联合地塞米松治疗1例血管免疫母细胞性T细胞淋巴瘤伴发HLH患者．取得良好效果，现报道如下。     

小儿噬血细胞综合征一例并文献复习

目的提高噬血细胞综合征的认识和治疗水平。方法报告一例小儿噬血细胞综合征的临床表现、实验室检查、诊治经过,并进行相关文献复习。结果该患者治疗开始时以积极抗感染、保肝、静丙球及对症等治疗,病情进展迅速,对各种治疗反应差。有各种严重并发症发生,在积极对症治疗基础上加用激素后,症状、体征迅速改善,各项指标有所好转,加强保肝和支持措施后,完全恢复,骨髓象基本正常。结论噬血细胞综合征是一类少见的死亡率很高的疾病,以淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞非恶性增生伴噬血细胞增多引起多脏器浸润及全血细胞减少为特征。病因有家族性及继发性。对继发性噬血细胞综合征应首先针对病因进行治疗,在支持治疗的基础上,迅速应用免疫抑制剂是最恰当的治疗。     

滤泡树突状细胞肉瘤伴嗜血细胞综合征1例并文献复习

滤泡树突状细胞肉瘤(follicular dendritic cell sarcoma,FDCS)是一种极为罕见的恶性肿瘤,有文献报道称树突状细胞性肿瘤和组织细胞性肿瘤共占淋巴结或软组织肿瘤的比例小于1%[1],FDCS主要起源在树突网状细胞,多以侵及颈部与腋窝的淋巴结为主要临床表现。噬血细胞综合征(hemophagocytic syndrome,HPS)又称嗜血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症(hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,HLH),也是一种发病率极低的疾病,进展迅速,致死率高,其主要特征为嗜血细胞多器官浸润和炎性细胞因子过量生成导致的血细胞减少[2]。本文报道了1例滤泡树突状肉瘤合并嗜血细胞综合征的诊疗经过,复习国内外相关文献,并介绍FCDS合并HPS相关病因、临床表现、诊断、治疗、研究和进展。     

恶性肿瘤相关噬血细胞综合征的研究新进展*

噬血细胞综合征（hemophagoc yticlymphohistiocytosis，HLH ）是由感染、风湿免疫和恶性肿瘤等多种致病因素引发的高炎症反应综合征。其中恶性肿瘤相关的噬血细胞综合征（malignancy-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis，MAHS）起病凶险、误诊率和死亡率均较高，之前对其诊断和治疗尚未达成共识。为了更好地指导临床，2015年国际组织细胞协会（HLH ）对MAHS的认识达成专家共识。本文将结合近些年MAHS 的研究进展和2015年MAHS 专家共识做一综述。      

噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症六例

 目的　提高对噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（HLH）诊断及治疗的认识。方法　总结6例HLH患者的临床特征、诊断依据、治疗方案及疗效,并进行分析讨论。结果　HLH常见的临床表现包括发热、肝脾大及血细胞减少,实验室检查异常包括高三酰甘油血症、低纤维蛋白原血症、肝功能异常、黄疸、转铁蛋白升高、低钠血症,骨髓涂片可见噬血细胞。接受包含依托泊苷的化疗方案在疗程的早期有效,但疗效短暂。结论　HLH病情凶险,预后差,提高对HLH的临床表现及实验室特征的认识,有利于加强HLH的早期诊断和治疗,依据HLH-2004治疗指南可以提高患者生存率,但造血干细胞移植仍是目前唯一能使患者获得长期缓解及治愈的有效措施。     

ALK阳性间变性大细胞淋巴瘤合并噬血细胞综合征1例

噬血细胞综合征(hemophagocytic syndrome,HPS),又称噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症(hemophagocyt ic lympho-histiocytosis,HLH),是一组罕见的、致命的以细胞因子风暴为特征的临床综合征,常以发热、脾大、血细胞减少、铁蛋白升高和肝功能受损等为主要特征[1] . ...     

淋巴瘤相关噬血细胞综合征的诊断与治疗进展

噬血细胞综合征是由多种致病因素引起的过度炎症反应,淋巴瘤是获得性噬血细胞综合征的常见病因之一.淋巴瘤相关噬血细胞综合征病情凶险,进展迅速,如不及时治疗,死亡率极高.就国内外文献对淋巴瘤相关噬血细胞综合征进行综述.     

体外膜氧合治疗腺病毒相关噬血细胞综合征1例并文献复习

目的提高体外膜氧合(ECMO)治疗噬血细胞综合征的认识。方法回顾性分析2020年2月收治的1例腺病毒相关噬血细胞综合征患者的诊治过程, 并复习相关文献。结果患者, 女性, 22岁, 以发热起病, 全血细胞减少伴铁蛋白和可溶性CD25升高, 自然杀伤(NK)细胞活性减低, 腺病毒抗体IgM阳性, CT示双肺渗出, 进展到呼吸窘迫综合征。建立ECMO系统及抗噬血活动等综合治疗后, 患者痊愈出院。结论 ECMO成功救治腺病毒相关噬血细胞综合征, 提示在细胞因子风暴情况下实施ECMO治疗是可行的, 但缺乏多中心前瞻性研究来指导如何规范管理。     

恶性肿瘤相关噬血综合征的研究进展

噬血综合征（hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,HLH）是一种少见的疾病，由于机体分泌大量细胞因子产生过度炎症反应，进而导致多器官、多系统受累的临床综合征。恶性肿瘤相关噬血综合征（malignancy-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,MA-HLH）患者多数病情危重、误诊率、延诊率和死亡率较高，对其认识不断被重视和深化。尤其是在免疫检测点抑制剂的广泛应用之后，MA-HLH的发生越来越多。本文结合近年来这一领域相关研究进展，从流行病学、易患因素、病理生理、诊断标准及治疗等方面进行综述。     

Interleukin-18 in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is characterized by dysregulated hyperactivation of macrophages and T helper 1 (Th1) cells accompanied by excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Although TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma are known to be important factors for the development of the disease, the mechanism of their overproduction has not been clarified, yet. We measured serum IL-18 levels of patients with HLH to investigate the possible significance of IL-18 in its pathophysiology, especially in IFN-gamma production. IL-18 levels were significantly increased in all patients with HLH compared with healthy controls. A significant correlation was observed between IL-18 and IFN-gamma levels. In addition to IFN-gamma and soluble Fas ligand (sFasL), IL-18 levels significantly correlated with disease activity. IL-18 may play important roles in the pathogenesis of HLH, particularly through induction of Th1 cells. In addition, IL-18 measurement may not only be useful for the diagnosis, but also for the evaluation of disease activity.     

Pathogenesis and mechanism of disease progression from hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis to Epstein-Barr virus-associated T-cell lymphoma: nuclear factor-kappa B pathway as a potential therapeutic target

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can infect T lymphocytes and manifests as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a distinct entity of hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenia, hypercytokinemia, and systemic macrophage activation with hemophagocytosis. In a substantial percentage of HLH patients, the disease may relapse or progress to T-cell lymphoma in months to years. In the present review, the authors summarize the previous studies on the pathogenesis of HLH and the potential mechanism for the progression of disease from HLH to T-cell lymphoma. The infection of T cells by EBV could activate T cells to secrete proinflammatory cytokines, particularly tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which subsequently activate macrophages. EBV latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) is the viral product responsible for the activation of the TNF receptor (TNFR) associated factors/nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)/ERK pathway to enhance cytokine secretion mediated through the suppression of the SAP/SH2D1A gene. The activation of NF-kappaB will confer resistance to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis on EBV-infected T cells through the down-regulation of TNFR-1. Consistent with in vitro observations, EBV-associated T or natural killer/T-cell lymphoma showed constitutive activation of NF-kappaB, explaining its drug resistance, hypercytokinemia, and poor prognosis. Therefore, similar to other inflammation-associated cancers, HLH provides a unique model to study the mechanism of disease progression from a benign virus-infected disorder (HLH) to T-cell lymphoma. Inhibition of the NF-kappaB signal pathway should provide a potential target for the treatment of HLH and EBV-associated T-cell lymphoma.     

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with Epstein-Barr virus-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,NOS of bone marrow-liver-spleen type: an autopsy case report

Lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) has a significantly poor prognosis among secondary HLH. We describe the rare case of a 74-year-old female with secondary HLH presenting with a rapidly fatal course. Post-mortem examination revealed Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) -positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We were unable to make a definite antemortem diagnosis because the patient did not exhibit lymphadenopathy and bone marrow biopsy demonstrated hemophagocytosis without evidence of lymphoma. She died of multiple organ failure on the twelfth day of hospitalization despite a temporary response to steroids. Autopsy revealed diffuse lymphoma cell infiltration of the bone marrow, liver and spleen, suggesting “bone marrow-liver-spleen” (BLS)-type large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL). BLS-type LBCL is a rare and clinically aggressive lymphoma, usually associated with fever, cytopenia and HLH. The disease has a high mortality rate due to the delay in diagnosis and a highly aggressive clinical course. Further studies are required to improve our understanding of this rare extranodal DLBCL.     

Gastric cancer complicated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: case report and a brief review

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) comprises a group of severe immune function disorders that can lead to immune-mediated organ damage. There are two subtypes of HLH: primary and secondary. Secondary HLH is associated with infectious, oncologic, chemotherapeutic, and other underlying causes, and studies on HLH triggered by tumors have mainly focused on hematological malignancies. Secondary HLH in patients with solid tumors is rare. Here, we present two cases of gastric cancer complicated with HLH. The patient 1 was diagnosed as gastric cancer at stage I and got intractable fever after a distal subtotal gastrectomy without any evidence of infections or other complications. The patient 2 suffered from unresectable gastric adenocarcinoma and got fever, hemorrhagic rashes, and petechiae in mouth after six cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. After detailed and comprehensive examinations, HLH was diagnosed in the two patients according to 2004 HLH diagnostic criteria, and the patients received treatment including immunosuppressive agents immediately. After therapy, the two patients showed partial remission, but both eventually died due to HLH relapse or progression of the primary tumor. The treatment regimen for HLH is intricate, and only a few relevant studies have focused on the treatment of cancer patients with HLH. The high mortality associated with this disease calls for more attention and additional research to improve the prognosis for these patients.     

Bone marrow transplantation in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Two important syndromes of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) have to be considered in infants and young children with recurrent fever, organomegaly and cytopenias. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHLH) is a genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive disease with histiocytic and lymphocytic infiltrations in multiple organs and is currently curable only by bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Secondary HLH most commonly results from viral infections and some patients may be cured by treating the causative organism, others will need chemotherapy and immunosuppression. Since infections can also trigger disease episodes in FHLH, making the correct diagnosis can prove difficult. The published experience of BMT in HLH is reviewed. Taken together, cure of the majority of patients with HLH by matched related BMT, unrelated or haploidentical BMT is possible. Incomplete resolution of disease activity does not necessarily impede a successful outcome. Central nervous system involvement will eventually develop in many HLH patients and may cause considerable morbidity. Appropriate early treatment and a timely BMT will hopefully decrease mortality rates and improve neurodevelopmental outcome in this disease.     

Bone Marrow Transplantation in Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

Two important syndromes of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) have to be considered in infants and young children with recurrent fever, organomegaly and cytopenias. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHLH) is a genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive disease with histiocytic and lymphocytic infiltrations in multiple organs and is currently curable only by bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Secondary HLH most commonly results from viral infections and some patients may be cured by treating the causative organism, others will need chemotherapy and immunosuppression. Since infections can also trigger disease episodes in FHLH, making the correct diagnosis can prove difficult. The published experience of BMT in HLH is reviewed. Taken together, cure of the majority of patients with HLH by matched related BMT, unrelated or haploidentical BMT is possible. Incomplete resolution of disease activity does not necessarily impede a successful outcome. Central nervous system involvement will eventually develop in many HLH patients and may cause considerable morbidity. Appropriate early treatment and a timely BMT will hopefully decrease mortality rates and improve neurodevelopmental outcome in this disease.     

嗜血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症患儿16例细胞因子变化趋势分析

目的 探讨嗜血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症（HLH）患儿化疗过程中细胞因子表达水平变化趋势,分析其临床意义.方法 2011年1月至2013年5月确诊的16例HLH患儿按预后分为HLH缓解组和死亡组,收集两组患儿入院时及化疗第7、14、21、28、42天的血清标本,分别分为HLH 1～6组、HLH a～d组,应用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测标本中白细胞介素（IL）-18、IL-10、IL-12、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、细胞核因子κB（NF-κB）及新蝶呤水平变化,分析两组细胞因子变化趋势.结果 缓解组患儿血清各细胞因子水平随着化疗的进行而下降,除新蝶呤及NF-κB水平HLH1组与HLH2组比较、TNF-α水平HLH1组与HLH5组及HLH6组比较差异均无统计学意义外（均P＞0.05）,HLH1组与其余组相比差异均有统计学意义（均P＜ 0.05）.死亡组患儿NF-κB、IL-12及新蝶呤水平未见下降,HLHa与其他HLH组相比差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）;TNF-α有下降趋势,HLHa组与HLHc、HLHd组相比差异均有统计学意义（P值分别为0.049、0.000）;IL-10在化疗第1周可见明显下降,HLHa组与HLHb组相比差异有统计学意义（P=0.00）;IL-18在化疗第1～2周有下降趋势,HLHa组与HLHb组、HLHa组与HLHc组相比差异均有统计学意义（P值分别为0.03、0.02）.结论 HLH缓解患儿血清IL-18、IL-10、IL-12、NF-κB及新蝶呤的表达水平均随着化疗的进行而下降,死亡组患儿上述指标下降趋势不明显,初步证实HLH患儿化疗过程中细胞因子变化趋势与预后有关.     

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced B-cell proliferative disorder after chemotherapy in a patient with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with associated EBV-induced T-cell proliferation

We report a case of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD) which developed after chemotherapy for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), who had no history of immunodeficiency or familial X-linked LPD. In HLH, the presence of EBV in T-cells was confirmed by a combination of in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunostaining. Southern blot analysis using EBV-TR and immunoglobulin JH probes revealed oligoclonal proliferation of B-cells in each organ involved by abnormal B-lymphoid cells at autopsy. Combined ISH and immunostaining disclosed the presence of EBV in proliferating B-cells. Cytokine analysis during the period of T-cell activation in HLH revealed marked elevation of interferon (IFN) gamma, interleukin (IL)-10 and soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) and mild to moderate increases of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were observed, while IFN gamma, IL-10 and sIL-2R were elevated initially during the HLH phase, which then decreased as LPD developed and B-cell proliferation predominated. Immunosuppressive chemotherapy for HLH may then have allowed latent EBV in B lymphocytes to induce transformation and oligoclonal proliferation of B-cells, finally resulting in LPD. Mechanisms of EBV-induced cell proliferation remain unclear, but alteration of various cytokines may be responsible for it.     

An exclusive case of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia in association with Kikuchi's disease and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and a review of the literature

We present a case of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) accompanied by immune-mediated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and Kikuchi's disease, both as a paraneoplastic phenomenon. As this combination, to the best of our knowledge, has not been described before, consensus on preferable treatment is lacking. Our patient was treated with prednisolone according to the few described cases of HLH and Kikuchi's disease in non-JMML patients, resulting in disappearance of the clinical symptoms.     

Successful treatment of recurrent malignancy-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with a modified HLH-94 immunochemotherapy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation

Acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) triggered by a known or still to be recognized malignancy is a life-threatening hyperinflammatory syndrome due to massive cytokine release from activated lymphocytes and macrophages. Malignancy-associated HLH (M-HLH) often impedes adequate treatment of malignancy and has the worst outcome compared with any other form of HLH. The incidence of M-HLH is unknown, and there are no published treatment recommendations addressed to this HLH form. Here, we report the case of a young woman with recurrent ALK1-positive anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma and M-HLH successfully treated with a modified HLH-94 protocol, allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) and donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI). More than 3 years after DLI, the patient is alive, in complete remission from her malignancy and HLH-free, although suffering from extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease. AlloSCT and, if needed, DLI performed to consolidate remission of malignancy and HLH may have a curative impact on both entities. We propose that when discussing possible treatment options for patients with M-HLH, alloSCT should be considered in eligible individuals.