Urine biochemistry in septic and non-septic acute kidney injury: a prospective observational study

Purpose

Determine whether there are unique patterns to the urine biochemistry profile in septic compared with non-septic acute kidney injury (AKI) and whether urinary biochemistry predicts worsening AKI, need for renal replacement therapy and mortality.

Materials and Methods

Prospective cohort study of critically ill patients with septic and non-septic AKI, defined by the RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage) criteria. Urine biochemistry parameters were compared between septic and non-septic AKI and were correlated with neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), worsening AKI, renal replacement therapy (RRT), and mortality.

Results

Eighty-three patients were enrolled, 43 (51.8%) with sepsis. RIFLE class was not different between groups (P = .43). Urine sodium (UNa) < 20 mmol/L, fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa) < 1%, and fractional excretion of urea (FeU) < 35% were observed in 25.3%, 57.8%, and 33.7%, respectively. Septic AKI had lower UNa compared with non-septic AKI (P = .04). There were no differences in FeNa or FeU between groups. Urine NGAL was higher for FeNa≥1% compared to FeNa<1% (177.4 ng/mL [31.9-956.5] vs 48.0 ng/mL [21.1-232.4], P = .04). FeNa showed low correlation with urine NGAL (P = .05) and plasma NGAL (P = .14). There was poor correlation between FeU and urine NGAL (P = .70) or plasma NGAL (P = .41). UNa, FeNa, and FeU showed poor discrimination for worsening AKI, RRT and mortality.

Conclusion

Urine biochemical profiles do not discriminate septic and non-septic AKI. UNa, FeNa, and FeU do not reliably predict biomarker release, worsening AKI, RRT or mortality. These data imply limited utility for these measures in clinical practice in critically ill patients with AKI.     

Urinary interleukin-18 does not predict acute kidney injury after adult cardiac surgery: a prospective observational cohort study

Introduction  

Urinary interleukin-18 (IL-18) measured during the immediate postoperative period could be a promising predictor of acute kidney injury following adult cardiac surgery.     

Whole-blood neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin to predict adverse events in acute kidney injury: A prospective observational cohort study

PurposeAcute kidney injury is common in intensive care units and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We evaluated the ability of whole-blood neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (wbNGAL) to predict mortality and need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) in critically ill patients with kidney dysfunction.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled adult patients in 5 Canadian intensive care units. We measured wbNGAL at the time of enrollment to determine whether NGAL concentration could predict the primary composite outcome of death or need for RRT by day 30 in addition to other secondary outcomes.ResultsWe recruited 234 patients; 227 were included in the analysis. In a multivariable model, wbNGAL did not predict 30-day mortality or need for RRT (odds ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 0.99-1.12). Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin was similar in patients who died (654 [303-1180] ng/mL) vs those who survived (541.5 [255.5-1080] ng/mL, P = .26) by 90 days. Whole-blood NGAL poorly predicted the primary outcome (area under receiver operator curve, 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.58-0.73).ConclusionsIn a cohort of critically ill patients with abnormal kidney function, wbNGAL was not effective in the prediction of death or RRT within 30 days. These data do not support the use of this biomarker for the detection of clinical outcomes in this population.     

Hypoalbuminemia and acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of observational clinical studies

Purpose  

To test the hypothesis that hypoalbuminemia is independently associated with increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI).     

NGAL、KIM-1、TIMP-2对脓毒症所致AKI早期诊断价值的前瞻性临床队列研究

目的评估血浆中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白（pNGAL）、尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白（uNGAL）、尿肾损伤分子-1（KIM-1）和尿金属蛋白酶抑制物-2（TIMP-2）对脓毒症急性肾损伤（AKI）的早期诊断价值。 方法收集2015年6月至2016年1月期间入住苏北人民医院重症医学科（ICU）的脓毒症患者,连续观察72 h,以是否出现AKI进行分组,即脓毒症AKI组及脓毒症非AKI组,收集各组患者的一般资料,入ICU时（0 h）,入ICU后6、12、24、48、72 h时的外周静脉血及尿液样本,并采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）测定各时刻pNGAL、uNGAL、尿KIM-1、尿TIMP-2的表达水平,绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,计算曲线下面积（AUC）,评价pNGAL、uNGAL、尿KIM-1、尿TIMP-2对脓毒症AKI的早期诊断价值。 结果研究期间共有522例患者入住我院ICU,最终纳入符合研究标准的脓毒症患者共90例,其中38例发生AKI,占42.22%。脓毒症AKI组患者pNGAL、uNGAL水平在入住ICU后6 h开始升高（P<0.05）,12 h开始明显升高,24 h达到峰值,在6、12、24、48、72 h时pNGAL浓度明显高于同时刻脓毒症非AKI组患者,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。脓毒症AKI组患者尿KIM-1、尿TIMP-2水平在入住ICU后6 h开始升高（P<0.05）,12 h开始明显升高并达到峰值,在6、12、24、48、72 h时尿KIM-1水平明显高于同时刻脓毒症非AKI组患者,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。ROC曲线显示pNGAL、uNGAL、尿KIM-1、尿TIMP-2的ROC的AUC分别为0.862、0.858、0.788、0.771,其诊断截断值分别为119.30、120.36、90.07、3299.50 ng/L。各时间点绘制ROC曲线显示,在T-12 h时,pNGAL、尿KIM-1及尿TIMP-2的ROC的AUC分别为1.00、0.96、0.92,在T-18 h时,uNGAL的ROC的AUC为0.95。 结论脓毒症AKI患者pNGAL、uNGAL、尿KIM-1、尿TIMP-2表达水平明显早于血肌酐升高,早于AKI临床诊断标准,有望用于脓毒症AKI的早期诊断。     

Standard operating procedures for antibiotic therapy and the occurrence of acute kidney injury: a prospective,clinical, non-interventional,observational study

Introduction

Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in 7% of hospitalized and 66% of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients. It increases mortality, hospital length of stay, and costs. The aim of this study was to investigate, whether there is an association between adherence to guidelines (standard operating procedures (SOP)) for potentially nephrotoxic antibiotics and the occurrence of AKI.

Methods

This study was carried out as a prospective, clinical, non-interventional, observational study. Data collection was performed over a total of 170 days in three ICUs at Charité – Universitaetsmedizin Berlin. A total of 675 patients were included; 163 of these had therapy with vancomycin, gentamicin, or tobramycin; were >18 years; and treated in the ICU for >24 hours. Patients with an adherence to SOP >70% were classified into the high adherence group (HAG) and patients with an adherence of <70% into the low adherence group (LAG). AKI was defined according to RIFLE criteria. Adherence to SOPs was evaluated by retrospective expert audit. Development of AKI was compared between groups with exact Chi²-test and multivariate logistic regression analysis (two-sided P <0.05).

Results

LAG consisted of 75 patients (46%) versus 88 HAG patients (54%). AKI occurred significantly more often in LAG with 36% versus 21% in HAG (P = 0.035). Basic characteristics were comparable, except an increased rate of soft tissue infections in LAG. Multivariate analysis revealed an odds ratio of 2.5-fold for LAG to develop AKI compared with HAG (95% confidence interval 1.195 to 5.124, P = 0.039).

Conclusion

Low adherence to SOPs for potentially nephrotoxic antibiotics was associated with a higher occurrence of AKI.

Trial registration

Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN54598675. Registered 17 August 2007.     

Association between systemic hemodynamics and septic acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: a retrospective observational study

Introduction

The role of systemic hemodynamics in the pathogenesis of septic acute kidney injury (AKI) has received little attention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between systemic hemodynamics and new or persistent of AKI in severe sepsis.

Methods

A retrospective study between 2006 and 2010 was performed in a surgical ICU in a teaching hospital. AKI was defined as development (new AKI) or persistent AKI during the five days following admission based on the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria. We studied the association between the following hemodynamic targets within 24 hours of admission and AKI: central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO₂) or mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO₂).

Results

This study included 137 ICU septic patients. Of these, 69 had new or persistent AKI. AKI patients had a higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) (57 (46 to 67) vs. 45 (33 to 52), P < 0.001) and higher mortality (38% vs. 15%, P = 0.003) than those with no AKI or improving AKI. MAP, ScvO₂ and CO were not significantly different between groups. Patients with AKI had lower DAP and higher CVP (P = 0.0003). The CVP value was associated with the risk of developing new or persistent AKI even after adjustment for fluid balance and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) level (OR = 1.22 (1.08 to 1.39), P = 0.002). A linear relationship between CVP and the risk of new or persistent AKI was observed.

Conclusions

We observed no association between most systemic hemodynamic parameters and AKI in septic patients. Association between elevated CVP and AKI suggests a role of venous congestion in the development of AKI. The paradigm that targeting high CVP may reduce occurrence of AKI should probably be revised. Furthermore, DAP should be considered as a potential important hemodynamic target for the kidney.     

Hemodynamic variables and progression of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with severe sepsis: data from the prospective observational FINNAKI study

Introduction

Knowledge of the association of hemodynamics with progression of septic acute kidney injury (AKI) is limited. However, some recent data suggest that mean arterial pressure (MAP) exceeding current guidelines (60–65 mmHg) may be needed to prevent AKI. We hypothesized that higher MAP during the first 24 hours in the intensive care unit (ICU), would be associated with a lower risk of progression of AKI in patients with severe sepsis.

Methods

We identified 423 patients with severe sepsis and electronically recorded continuous hemodynamic data in the prospective observational FINNAKI study. The primary endpoint was progression of AKI within the first 5 days of ICU admission defined as new onset or worsening of AKI by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. We evaluated the association of hemodynamic variables with this endpoint. We included 53724 10-minute medians of MAP in the analysis. We analysed the ability of time-adjusted MAP to predict progression of AKI by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.

Results

Of 423 patients, 153 (36.2%) had progression of AKI. Patients with progression of AKI had significantly lower time-adjusted MAP, 74.4 mmHg [68.3-80.8], than those without progression, 78.6 mmHg [72.9-85.4], P < 0.001. A cut-off value of 73 mmHg for time-adjusted MAP best predicted the progression of AKI. Chronic kidney disease, higher lactate, higher dose of furosemide, use of dobutamine and time-adjusted MAP below 73 mmHg were independent predictors of progression of AKI.

Conclusions

The findings of this large prospective multicenter observational study suggest that hypotensive episodes (MAP under 73 mmHg) are associated with progression of AKI in critically ill patients with severe sepsis.     

The impacts of thyroid function on the diagnostic accuracy of Cystatin C to detect acute kidney injury in ICU patients: a prospective,observational study

Introduction

Cystatin C (Cysc) could be affected by thyroid function both in vivo and in vitro and thereby may have limited ability to reflect renal function. We aimed to assess the association between Cysc and thyroid hormones as well as the effect of thyroid function on the diagnostic accuracy of Cysc to detect acute kidney injury (AKI).

Methods

A total of 446 consecutive intensive care unit (ICU) patients were screened for eligibility in this prospective AKI observational study. Serum Cysc, thyroid hormones and serum creatinine (Scr) were measured upon entry to the ICU. We also collected each patient''s baseline characteristics including the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE-II) score. The diagnostic performance of Cysc was assessed from the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) in each quartile of thyroid hormone(s).

Results

A total of 114 (25.6%) patients had a clinical diagnosis of AKI upon entry to the ICU. The range of free thyroxine (FT4) value was 4.77 to 39.57 pmol/L. Multivariate linear regression showed that age (standardized beta = 0.128, P < 0.0001), baseline Scr level (standardized beta = 0.290, P < 0.0001), current Scr (standardized beta = 0.453, P < 0.0001), albumin (standardized beta = -0.086, P = 0.006), and FT4 (standardized beta = 0.062, P = 0.039) were related with Cysc. Patients were divided into four quartiles based on FT4 levels. The AUC for Cysc in detecting AKI in each quartile were as follows: 0.712 in quartile I, 0.754 in quartile II, 0.829 in quartile III and 0.797 in quartile IV. There was no significant difference in the AUC between any two groups (all P > 0.05). The optimal cut-off value of Cysc for diagnosing AKI increased across FT4 quartiles (1.15 mg/L in quartile I, 1.15 mg/L in quartile II, 1.35 mg/L in quartile III and 1.45 mg/L in quartile IV).

Conclusions

There was no significant impact of thyroid function on the diagnostic accuracy of Cysc to detect AKI in ICU patients. However, the optimal cut-off value of Cysc to detect AKI could be affected by thyroid function.     

Serum bicarbonate may independently predict acute kidney injury in critically ill patients:An observational study

AIM: To explore whether serum bicarbonate at admission to intensive care unit(ICU) predicted development of acute kidney injury(AKI).METHODS:We studied all patients admitted to our ICU over a 2 year period(February 2010 to 2012).The ICU has a case mix of medical and surgical patients excluding cardiac surgical,trauma and neurosurgical patients.We analysed 2035 consecutive patients admitted to ICU during the study period.Data were collected by two investigators independently and in duplicate using a standardised spread sheet to ensure accuracy.Ambiguous data were checked for accuracy where indicated.AKI was defined using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria.Patients were divided into two groups;patients who developed AKI or those who did not,in order to compare the baseline characteristics,and laboratory and physiologic data of the two cohorts.Regression analysis was used to identify if serum bicarbonate on admission predicted the development of AKI.RESULTS:Of 2036 patients 152(7.5%)were excluded due to missing data.AKI developed in 43.1%of the patients.The AKI group,compared to the nonAKI group,was sicker based on their lower systolic,diastolic and mean arterial pressures and a higher acutephysiology and chronic health evaluation(APACHE)Ⅲand SAPSⅡscores.Moreover,patients who developed AKI had more co-morbidities and a higher proportion of patients who developed AKI required mechanical ventilation.The multi-regression analysis of independent variables showed that serum bicarbonate on admission(OR=0.821;95%CI:0.796-0.846;P0.0001),APACHEⅢ(OR=1.011;95%CI:1.007-1.015;P0.0001),age(OR=1.016;95%CI:1.008-1.024;P0.0001)and presence of sepsis at ICU admission(OR=2.819;95%CI:2.122-23.744;P=0.004)were each significant independent predictors of AKI.The area under the ROC curve was 0.8(95%CI:0.78-0.83),thereby demonstrating that the predictive model has relatively good discriminating power for predicting AKI.CONCLUSION:Serum bicarbonate on admission may independently be used to make a diagnosis of AKI.     

The effect of acute kidney injury on long-term health-related quality of life: a prospective follow-up study

Introduction

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication in critically ill patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). We hypothesized that ICU survivors with AKI would have a worse health-related quality of life (HRQOL) outcome than ICU survivors without AKI.

Methods

We performed a long-term prospective observational study. Patients admitted for > 48 hours in a medical-surgical ICU were included and divided in two groups: patients who fulfilled RIFLE criteria for AKI and patients without AKI. We used the Short-Form 36 to evaluate HRQOL before admission (by proxy within 48 hours after admission of the patient), at ICU discharge, hospital discharge, 3 and 6 months following ICU discharge (all by patients). Recovery in HRQOL from ICU-admission onwards was assessed using linear mixed modelling.

Results

Between September 2000 and January 2007 all admissions were screened for study participation. We included a total of 749 patients. At six months after ICU discharge 73 patients with AKI and 325 patients without AKI could be evaluated. In survivors with and without AKI, the pre-admission HRQOL (by proxy) and at six months after ICU discharge was significantly lower compared with an age matched general population. Most SF-36 dimensions changed significantly over time from ICU discharge. Change over time of HRQOL between the different AKI Rifle classes (Risk, Injury, Failure) showed no significant differences. At ICU discharge, scores were lowest in the group with AKI compared with the group without AKI for the physical functioning, role-physical and general health dimensions. However, there were almost no differences in HRQOL between both groups at six months.

Conclusions

The pre-admission HRQOL (by proxy) of AKI survivors was significantly lower in two dimensions compared with the age matched general population. Six months after ICU discharge survivors with and without AKI showed an almost similar HRQOL. However, compared with the general population with a similar age, HRQOL was poorer in both groups.     

Six-month outcome in acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy in the ICU: a multicentre prospective study

Objective  

To assess quality of life (QOL), mortality rate and renal function 6 months after onset of renal replacement therapy (RRT) for acute kidney injury (AKI) in the ICU.     

Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in acute kidney injury superimposed on chronic kidney disease after cardiac surgery: a multicenter prospective study

Introduction

Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is reportedly useful for post-cardiac surgery acute kidney injury (AKI). Although chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a strong risk factor for AKI development, no clinical evaluation of plasma NGAL has specifically examined AKI occurring in patients with CKD. This study evaluated plasma NGAL in AKI superimposed on CKD after cardiac surgery.

Methods

This study prospectively evaluated 146 adult patients with scheduled cardiac surgery at 2 general hospitals. Plasma NGAL was measured before surgery, at ICU arrival after surgery (0 hours), and 2, 4, 12, 24, 36, and 60 hours after ICU arrival.

Results

Based on the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD guideline, 72 (49.3%) were diagnosed as having CKD. Of 146 patients, 53 (36.3%) developed AKI after surgery. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that preoperative plasma NGAL, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and operation time are significantly associated with AKI occurrence after surgery. Plasma NGAL in AKI measured after surgery was significantly higher than in non-AKI irrespective of CKD complication. However, transient decrease of plasma NGAL at 0 to 4 hours was observed especially in AKI superimposed on CKD. Plasma NGAL peaked earlier than serum creatinine and at the same time in mild AKI and AKI superimposed on CKD with increased preoperative plasma NGAL (>300 ng/ml). Although AKI superimposed on CKD showed the highest plasma NGAL levels after surgery, plasma NGAL alone was insufficient to discriminate de novo AKI from CKD without AKI after surgery. Receiver operating characteristics analysis revealed different cutoff values of AKI for CKD and non-CKD patients.

Conclusions

Results show the distinct features of plasma NGAL in AKI superimposed on CKD after cardiac surgery: 1) increased preoperative plasma NGAL is an independent risk factor for post-cardiac surgery AKI; 2) plasma NGAL showed an earlier peak than serum creatinine did, indicating that plasma NGAL can predict the recovery of AKI earlier; 3) different cutoff values of post-operative plasma NGAL are necessary to detect AKI superimposed on CKD distinctly from de novo AKI. Further investigation is necessary to confirm these findings because this study examined a small number of patients.     

Clinical risk conditions for acute lung injury in the intensive care unit and hospital ward: a prospective observational study

Background  

Little is known about the development of acute lung injury outside the intensive care unit. We set out to document the following: the association between predefined clinical conditions and the development of acute lung injury by using the American–European consensus definition; the frequency of lung injury development outside the intensive care unit; and the temporal relationship between antecedent clinical risk conditions, intensive care admission, and diagnosis of lung injury.     

Follow-up after acute poisoning by substances of abuse: a prospective observational cohort study

Objective: To chart follow-up of patients after acute poisoning by substances of abuse, register whether patients referred to specialist health services attended, and whether patients contacted a general practitioner (GP) after the poisoning episode.

Design: Observational cohort study.

Setting: A primary care emergency outpatient clinic in Oslo, Norway.

Subjects: Patients?≥12 years treated for acute poisoning by substances of abuse were included consecutively from October 2011 to September 2012.

Main outcome measures: Follow-up initiated at discharge, proportion of cases in which referred patients attended within three months, and proportion of cases in which the patient consulted a GP the first month following discharge.

Results: There were 2343 episodes of acute poisoning by substances of abuse. In 391 (17%) cases the patient was hospitalised, including 49 (2%) in psychiatric wards. In 235 (10%) cases the patient was referred to specialist health services, in 91 (4%) advised to see their GP, in 82 (3%) to contact social services, in 74 (3%) allotted place in a homeless shelter, and in 93 (4%) other follow-up was initiated. In 1096 (47%) cases, the patient was discharged without follow-up, and in a further 324 (14%), the patient self-discharged. When referred to specialist health services, in 200/235 (85%) cases the patient attended within three months. Among all discharges, in 527/1952 (27%) cases the patient consulted a GP within one month. When advised to see their GP, in 45/91 (49%) cases the patient did.

Conclusion: Attendance was high for follow-up initiated after acute poisoning by substances of abuse.

• KEY POINTS

• Despite poor long-term prognosis, patients treated for acute poisoning by substances of abuse are frequently not referred to follow-up.

• Nearly all patients referred to specialist health services attended, indicating the acute poisoning as an opportune moment for intervention.

• Advising patients to contact their GP was significantly associated with patients consulting the GP, but few patients were so advised.

• One out of three patients was discharged without follow-up, and there seems to be an unused potential for GP involvement.

     

Urine hepcidin has additive value in ruling out cardiopulmonary bypass-associated acute kidney injury: an observational cohort study

Introduction  

Conventional markers of acute kidney injury (AKI) lack diagnostic accuracy and are expressed only late after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Recently, interest has focused on hepcidin, a regulator of iron homeostasis, as a unique renal biomarker.     

尿TIMP-2×IGFBP7在脓毒症相关性AKI中早期诊断价值的Meta分析

目的采用Meta分析系统评价尿基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-2（TIMP-2）×胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白7（IGFBP7）在脓毒症相关性急性肾损伤（AKI）中的早期诊断价值。 方法系统检索PubMed,Web of Science,Cochrane,Embase英文数据库以及中国知网、万方、维普、中国生物医学文献服务系统中文数据库,用RevMan5.3和Meta-Disc1.4软件进行数据处理和分析。 结果共纳入6篇文献592例患者。2项研究来自欧美国家,4项来自中国。TIMP-2×IGFBP7早期预测脓毒症相关性AKI的合并敏感度、特异度、阳性似然比、阴性似然比和诊断比值比及其95%CI分别为0.82（0.76~0.87）、0.59（0.54~0.64）、3.11（1.47~6.56）、0.27（0.13~0.57）和12.92（4.23~39.41）。绘制综合受试者工作特征曲线（sROC）发现TIMP-2×IGFBP7诊断脓毒症相关性AKI的曲线下面积（AUC）为0.8497,Q*为0.7809。亚组分析显示,TIMP-2×IGFBP7在AKI 1期和中国人群中的诊断价值更高,AUC分别为0.9072和0.8920。 结论TIMP-2×IGFBP7对于脓毒症相关性AKI尤其是AKI 1期及中国人群具有较好的早期诊断能力。     

基质金属蛋白酶-2和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-2在卵巢浆液性囊腺癌中的表达及意义

目的:研究基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-2(TIMP-2)在卵巢浆液性囊腺肿瘤中的表达及与卵巢浆液性囊腺癌的临床、病理特征之间的关系.方法:通过免疫组化方法检测16例卵巢浆液性囊腺瘤、15例交界性卵巢浆液性囊腺瘤及40例卵巢浆液性囊腺癌中MMP-2和TIMP-2的表达情况,并应用图像分析仪对卵巢浆液性囊腺癌MMP-2、TIMP-2阳性细胞百分面积进行定量检测,计算MMP-2/TIMP-2比值.结果:卵巢浆液性囊腺瘤、交界性卵巢浆液性囊腺瘤及卵巢浆液性囊腺癌中MMP-2的表达分别是25%、60%、73%,TIMP-2的表达分别是31%,47%,63%.MMP-2/TIMP-2比值在卵巢浆液性囊腺癌Ⅲ、Ⅳ期较Ⅰ、Ⅱ期增大,低分化(G3)较中、高分化(G2、C1)增大.结论:MMP-2和TIMP-2可能均与卵巢浆液性囊腺癌的形成和进展有关.     

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury and renal support for acute kidney injury: a KDIGO summary (Part 2)

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious problem affecting millions and causing death and disability for many. In 2012, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes completed the first ever international multidisciplinary clinical practice guideline for AKI. The guideline is based on evidence review and appraisal, and covers AKI definition, risk assessment, evaluation, prevention, and treatment. Two topics, contrast-induced AKI and management of renal replacement therapy, deserve special attention because of the frequency in which they are encountered and the availability of evidence. Recommendations are based on systematic reviews of relevant trials. Appraisal of the quality of the evidence and the strength of recommendations followed the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Limitations of the evidence are discussed and a detailed rationale for each recommendation is provided. This review is an abridged version of the guideline and provides additional rationale and commentary for those recommendation statements that most directly impact the practice of critical care.